Treatment of a disease of the gastrointestinal tract with a jak or other kinase inhibitor

ABSTRACT

This disclosure features methods and compositions for treating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract with a JAK or other kinase inhibitor.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/687,756, filed Jun. 20, 2018; and U.S. Pat. No. 62,804,385, filedFeb. 12, 2019, each of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING FILED ELECTRONICALLY

An electronic version of the Sequence Listing is filed herewith, thecontents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Theelectronic file was created on Jun. 11, 2019 and is 97.7 KB and istitled 44090_0054WO1_ST25.txt.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure features methods and compositions for treating diseasesof the gastrointestinal tract with a JAK or other kinase inhibitor.

BACKGROUND

The Janus kinase (JAK) proteins are a family of non-receptor tyrosinekinases that possess a highly conserved kinase domain responsible forits enzymatic activity. Mammals have four members of this family, JAK1,JAK2, JAK3 and Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). These kinases associate withthe intracellular portion of cytokine or hormone receptors, andtransduce signals through seven members of the STAT transcriptionfactors—STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A, STAT5B, and STAT6 in variouscombinations. JAK1 promotes signaling of multiple cytokines (e.g.,certain type I and type II cytokines), including pro-inflammatorycytokines involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.Single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the JAK/STAT pathway that confersusceptibility to IBD have been identified (Jostins et al.,“Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture ofinflammatory bowel disease,” Nature 491:119-124, 2012). Both in vivo andin vitro studies have confirmed the role of JAK/STAT signaling inregulating immune responses (O'Shea and Plenge, “JAK and STAT signalingmolecules in immunoregulation and immune-mediated disease,” Immunity36:542-550, 2012). Tofacitinib, selective oral JAK inhibitor (includingJAK1 and JAK3) has been tested in clinical trials for both ulcerativecolitis (Sandborn et al., “Tofacitinib, an Oral Janus Kinase Inhibitor,in Active Ulcerative Colitis,” New England J. Med 367:616-24, 2012;Panes et al., “Randomized trial of tofacitinib in active ulcerativecolitis: analysis of efficacy base on patient-reported outcomes,” BMCGastroenterology 15:14, doi: 10.1186/s12876-015-0239-9, 2015) andCrohn's disease.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract generally provides a therapeutic mediumfor an individual's body. One means of accessing the therapeutic mediumof the GI tract is via oral administration, however, the convenience ofper oral delivery is countered by well-established challenges. Forinstance, traditional oral delivery of a drug may lend itself tosystemic exposure associated with undesirable or potentially harmfulside effects. Another challenge associated with oral administrationrelates to potential instability of the drug upon exposure to the harshchemical and/or enzymatic degradation conditions of the GI tract.

Yet at times, therapeutic drugs may need to be dispensed to specifiedlocations within the small intestine or large intestine, which is moreeffective than traditional oral administration of the therapeutic drugsto cure or alleviate the symptoms of some medical conditions. Forexample, therapeutic drugs dispensed directly within the small intestinewould not be contaminated, digested or otherwise compromised in thestomach, and thus allow a higher dose to be delivered at a specificlocation within the small intestine.

An effective way to provide topical, local delivery of a therapeuticdrug to the GI tract (and/or to a particular portion or section of theGI tract) to treat the diseased tissue in the GI tract would bedesirable, given the following advantages over systemic administration:

-   -   Reduced systemic exposure;    -   Increase bioavailability at disease site;    -   Potential to reduce the therapeutic dose relative to that        required when delivered systemically;    -   Supply drug to the biophase only when required;    -   Maintain drug in intact form as close as possible to the target        site; and    -   Provide high residence time of the drug in an environment with        low digestive enzymatic activity, particularly for delivery to        the colon. [Van den Mooter & Kinget, Drug Delivery, 2, pp. 81-93        (1995)].

In practice, however, there are several challenges to such an approach.To begin with, identifying a “go/no-go” trigger for delivery to aspecific site is generally difficult (e.g., see Rubenstein A.,“Approaches and Opportunities in Colon-Specific Drug Delivery”; CriticalReviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 12(2&3), pp. 101-149(1995), p. 106: “A successful delivery of a drug molecule to the colonmeans that most of it has been transported intact through the stomachand the small intestine. Practically, one cannot find a physiologicfeature that may serve as a “go no-go” trigger for [delivery of]colonic-specific drugs.”). For example, dispensing therapeutic drugsdirectly within the small intestine inside a human body (e.g., thececum, the ascending colon) can be difficult, because a device ormechanism or a particular formulation would be needed to transport atherapeutically effective dose of drug to a desired location within thesmall intestine and then automatically deliver the therapeutic drug atthe desired location. Such a device or mechanism also would also need tobe operated in a safe manner in that the device or mechanism needs tophysically enter the human body. Dispensing therapeutic drugs directlywithin other locations in the GI tract of the human body can besimilarly difficult. For diseased tissue in the colon an added challengelies in the difficulty in reaching the site of disease due to itslocation.

A further hurdle exists when the drug is a biologic, such as amonoclonal antibody, in which case there is a need to achieve highconcentrations of the therapeutic drug in the large intestine fordiseases such as, for example, colitis, and Crohn's disease [Van denMooter et al., Drug Delivery (1996)]. Monoclonal antibodies (“mAbs”) aretypically delivered in single doses, generally 100 mg to 1 g protein perdose; since formulations of mAbs typically have concentrations up toabout 50 mg/mL, administration of a relatively high volume of 2-20 mLper dose is required [Yang et al., PNAS, 2003]. At the relatively highconcentrations required to deliver efficacious doses, mAbs have atendency to aggregate; in addition, these high concentrations oftenresult in very high viscosity and poor overall stability [Yang et al.].Increasing protein concentrations may also result in opalescence,complicating the visual inspection [Puhl et al., Asian J. Pharm. Sci. II(2016), pp. 469-477]. While the use of more dilute formulations may helpovercome these drawbacks, the resulting large volumes may not bepractical for oral delivery to treat diseases and conditions of the GItract, and may instead be conducive to IV infusion—which, in turn, mayenhance unwanted systemic exposure.

Methods typically employed to deliver drugs locally all have their owndrawbacks. For example, the usefulness of formulations relying onpH-mediated release (including but not limited to enteric coatedformulations) may be limited by the high inter- and intra-patientvariability of pH and microflora. The utility may be further limited inpatient populations having highly variable motility (e.g., patients withulcerative colitis), contributing to unpredictable transit times (timesfor transitioning from one portion of the GI tract to an adjacentportion). For example, budesonide formulated using Multi Matrix (MMX®)colonic delivery technology (budesonide MMX®) is a once-daily oraltablet designed for controlled release of budesonide throughout thecolon for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. The tablet relies onpH-mediated release. When ¹⁵³Sm labelled budesonide MMX® tablets wereadministered to 12 healthy subjects and evaluated for initial tabletdisintegration (ITD) within the GI tract via pharmaco-scintigraphy, highvariability in the location and time of ITD were observed, ranging fromrelease in the ileum or small intestine/ileum after 6 to 12 hours (4subjects) to release in the sigmoid colon after greater than 24 h (1subject) [Brunner M. et al., “Gastrointestinal transit, release andplasma pharmacokinetics of a new oral budesonide formulation,” Br. J.Clin. Pharmacol. (2006) 61(1), pp. 31-38.]. Moreover, pH is dysregulatedin ulcerative colitis patients, making MMX technology and otherpH-dependent drug delivery technologies less predictable. Not only arerelease and emulsification of drug unpredictable, but such technologiesalso have poor compatibility with some preferred formulation systems,including emulsifying systems. Rectal delivery forms (suppositories andenemas) have varying effectiveness since here too high variability hasbeen observed in the distribution of these forms. Suppositories are onlyeffective in the rectum because of their confined spread, and enemas mayonly offer effective topical treatment only to the sigmoid colon anddescending colon [Van den Mooter et al., Drug Delivery (1996)].

Additional proposed solutions to colonic delivery, and some associateddisadvantages, are described in Van den Mooter et al., Drug Delivery(1995). For example, attempts have been made to modify the releaseprofile of drugs using pH-sensitive polymers or bacterial-degradablepolymers as coatings. The use of pH-sensitive polymers, however, ischaracterized by the ‘unsteadiness’ of the site where the polymerdisintegration commences—so that polymer dissolution can be completed atthe end of the ileum or deep in the colon, depending on the intensity ofGI motility. Colonic pH reduction (e.g., to as low as about pH 6, due tothe presence of short-chain fatty acids, bile acid residues, CO₂ orother fermentation products) can reduce the reliability of triggeringdrug release based on the colon pH. An additional disadvantage is thedifficulty to formulate certain drugs in enteric coated deliverycapsules. As for bacterial-degradable polymers, they suffer fromvariability in absorption rates, which may be attributed to intra- andinter-subject differences in microbial degradation of the coating. Thesame drawbacks apply to delivery of drugs through bacterial-degradablematrices.

Another approach involves the preparation of prodrugs of the therapeuticagent. This approach relies on selective cleavage of the prodrug torelease the active form in the colon as a result of metabolic activityof the gut microflora. Once again, this approach relies on factors, suchas the enzymatic activity in GI tract, that may be highly variablebetween and within subjects.

The use of a non-autonomous devices and/or procedures could be seen asoffering a potential solution to the foregoing problems, but in practicethis approach too faces several challenges, such as:

-   -   Focal CT, scintigraphy, magnetic marker monitoring used to        identify the anatomical location of the device each require        external equipment and/or clinician monitoring.    -   Capsule-based devices that require external triggering (there is        no autonomous system in current practice) are not practical from        a clinical/commercial point of view.    -   Devices relying on the pH in the GI tract or a portion thereof        suffer from the drawbacks discussed above, including poor        accuracy and high variability, compounded in certain disease        populations.    -   Devices that rely on electrical, or chemical principles or on        pressure difference may be of conceptual interest but are mainly        at the research stage at this time.    -   Capsule endoscopy requires an expert read and is characterized        by its high complexity and cost. According to Journal of        Micro-Bio Robotics 11.1-4 (2016):1-18, endoscopic capsules with        enhanced diagnostic capabilities are available as a result of        progress in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). Endoscopic        capsules, however, do not have the capability of accurately        locating a disease site autonomously. They require doctor        oversight over a period of hours in order to manually determine        the location.    -   The use of catheters, for example coupled to an endoscopic        device, to place drug at or near the site if disease is highly        invasive requiring patients need to be sedated, and regular        dosing (e.g., daily, weekly) via spray catheter is not        practical. Spray catheters also cannot readily access certain        sections of GI tract such as the ascending colon, cecum and all        portions of the small intestine.

In sum, there remains a significant unmet medical need for improvedtreatment regimens for gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatorybowel disease (IBD), including a need for regimens which can dispensetherapeutics to specific locations within the GI tract, thereby reducingor avoiding the drawbacks of oral or other forms of systemicadministration.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides devices and methods for the topicaladministration of drug/mAbs to the GI tract, and more particularly,proximate to one or more disease sites.

The present disclosure provides one or more advantages:

-   -   autonomous topical delivery of a therapeutic drug to specific        locations in the GI tract using a self-localizing device that        does not require external triggering to release the drug;    -   localization based on anatomy, not variable physiological        conditions (not pH- or bacteria-dependent);    -   reduced systemic absorption/exposure;    -   possibility to deliver a higher local dose;    -   possibility to employ novel combinations of active agents that        otherwise may have a dangerous side effect profile if        administered in combination;    -   the ability to dispense the drug in virtually any form, e.g.,        liquid, non-solid, semi-solid or solid forms, or formulation,        such as emulsions or formulations in charged excipients/carriers        (e.g., micelles, surfactants) to enable even distribution in the        colon and/or the targeting of inflamed tissues, and/or such as        GI-specific formulations (to increase GI stability and/or GI        tissue penetration);    -   flexible dosing schedules, e.g., single (e.g., bolus) dosing,        multiple dosing, continuous dosing; optimized local        pharmacokinetic profiles at the site of disease through regular        dosing;    -   stability of the drug or formulation independent of the GI        environment, since the drug or formulation remains in the device        or in a reservoir until its site-specific release is triggered;        and    -   patient convenience.

The present disclosure provides novel treatment paradigms forinflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The methods andcompositions described herein allow for the regio-specific release oftherapeutic drugs at or near the site of disease in the gastrointestinaltract. By releasing a therapeutic drug locally instead of systemically,the bioavailability of the drug can be increased at the site of injuryand/or decreased in the systemic circulation, thereby resulting inimproved overall safety and/or efficacy and fewer adverse side effects.Advantages may include one or more of increased drug engagement at thetarget, leading to new and more efficacious treatment regimens, and/orlower systemic drug levels, which can translate to reduced toxicity andreduced immunogenicity, e.g., in the case of biologics. In someinstances, releasing a therapeutic drug locally also provides for newmodes of action that may be unique to local delivery in the GI tract asopposed to systemic administration. For patients, clinicians and payors,this can mean an easier or simpler route of administration, fewerco-medicaments (e.g., immunomodulators), fewer side effects, and/orbetter outcomes.

For example, a patient may present to a physician with one or moresymptoms of a disorder of the GI tract (e.g., inflammatory boweldisease), and the physician can determine the specific discretelocation(s) of diseased tissue (e.g., inflamed tissue or a lesion) inthe patient's GI tract, and then use any of the devices described hereinto topically administer a therapeutically effective amount of a JAKinhibitor proximate to or directly onto the specific discretelocation(s) of diseased tissue in the patient.

In other examples, a patient may present to a physician with one or moresymptoms of a disorder of the GI tract (e.g., inflammatory boweldisease) and the physician can use any of the devices provided herein toidentify the specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue (e.g.,inflamed tissue or a lesion) in the patient's GI tract, and then use thesame device or a different device (e.g., any of the devices describedherein) to topically administer a therapeutically effective amount of aJAK inhibitor proximate to or directly onto the specific discretelocations of diseased tissue in the patient. In some embodiments, atherapeutically effective amount of a JAK inhibitor is administered to asection or subsection of the GI tract containing one or more diseasesites. In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of a JAKinhibitor is administered proximal to a section or subsection of the GItract containing one or more disease sites.

As can be appreciated by those in the art, these methods may beperformed periodically on a patient at periodic intervals, e.g.,approximately twice a month, approximately once a month, approximatelyevery two months, approximately every three months, approximately fourmonths, approximately five months, or approximately every six months. Insome examples, these methods can provide for increased efficacy oftreatment (e.g., reduced negative side effects and/or increasedreduction in the severity, frequency, or number of symptoms) as comparedto a patient which is administered an oral dosage form of the same JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the dosage of the JAK inhibitoradministered using any of the devices described herein can differbetween the different clinical visits based on an observation ormeasurement of the severity of disease at the specific discretelocation(s) of diseased tissue (e.g., inflamed tissue or a lesion) inthe patient's GI tract at the time of each clinical visit, or based onone or more observations or measurements of systemic disease markers(e.g., inflammatory markers in the blood) or markers in stool (e.g.,calprotectin and lactoferrin). In some examples, over time, new specificdiscrete location(s) of diseased tissue may be detected or observed inthe patient, and any of the devices described herein can be used toadminister a therapeutically effective amount of a JAK inhibitor onto orproximal to the new specific discrete location(s) of diseased tissue inthe patient's GI tract.

In some examples, the identification of the specific discretelocation(s) of diseased tissue (e.g., inflamed tissue or a lesion) inthe patient's GI tract and the administration of a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a JAK inhibitor using any of the devices describedherein can be performed in a single clinical visit.

In some examples, the diagnosis of a disorder of the GI tract (e.g.,irritable bowel syndrome), the identification of the specific discretelocation(s) of diseased tissue (e.g., inflamed tissue or a lesion) inthe patient's GI tract, and the topical administration of atherapeutically effective amount of a JAK inhibitor proximate to ordirectly onto the specific discrete locations of diseased tissue in thepatient using any of the devices described herein, can be performed in asingle clinical visit.

Accordingly, described herein are methods for treating disorders of thegastrointestinal (GI) tract. The methods can include one or more of:

-   -   diagnosing a GI disease in a subject;    -   mapping, sampling, and/or assessing the site, severity,        pathology, and extent of a GI disease in the GI tract of a        subject and/or mapping, sampling, and/or assessing a patient        response to a therapeutic agent, e.g., in the patient's GI        tract;    -   identifying, quantifying, and/or monitoring one or more markers        of a GI disease in the GI tract of the subject and/or one or        more markers of patient response to a therapeutic agent, e.g.,        in the patient's GI tract; and    -   releasing a therapeutic agent proximate to the site of a GI        disease, e.g., to a section or subsection of the GI tract        containing one or more disease sites, proximal to a section or        subsection of the GI tract containing one or more disease sites,        or directly onto the specific discrete location(s) of diseased        tissue in the patient.

The present disclosure accordingly provides patients and physicians morepersonalized treatment options for GI disorders by facilitating regimenswhich can release a therapeutic agent according to desired (e.g.,customized or optimized) dosage, timing, and/or location parameters. Insome cases, the treatment methods can employ one or more ingestibledevices to achieve the benefits disclosed herein.

Provided in the present disclosure is a method of treating agastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory disease or condition in a subject inneed thereof that includes topically administering to the subject apharmaceutical formulation that contains a therapeutically effectiveamount of a JAK inhibitor, said topical administration including orallyadministering an ingestible device to the subject, said devicecontaining the pharmaceutical formulation; and releasing thepharmaceutical formulation from the device (a) to a section orsubsection of the subject's GI tract containing one or more inflammatorydisease sites; or (b) proximal to a section or subsection of thesubject's GI tract containing one or more inflammatory disease sites;thereby treating at least one of the one or more disease sites.

In some embodiments, the GI inflammatory disease or condition is aninflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the device includes a self-localization mechanismconfigured to determine the device location within the subject's GItract, and the method further includes determining the device locationwithin the subject's GI tract via the device self-localizationmechanism. In some embodiments, determining the device location withinthe subject's GI tract via the device self-localization mechanismincludes detecting one or more device transitions between portions ofthe subject's GI tract. In some embodiments, the one or more detecteddevice transitions occurs between portions of the GI tract selected fromthe group consisting of: mouth and stomach; esophagus and stomach;stomach and duodenum; duodenum and jejunum; jejunum and ileum; ileum andcecum; and cecum and colon; and combinations of any two or more of theforegoing. In some embodiments, the portions are adjacent portions. Insome embodiments, determining the device location within the subject'sGI tract via the device self-localization mechanism includes confirmingthe one or more device transitions between the portions of the GI tractof the subject.

In some embodiments, the device self-localization mechanism is based ondata comprising light reflectance occurring external to the device andwithin the GI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the deviceself-localization mechanism is based on data comprising elapsed timeafter entry of the device into the GI tract of the subject, elapsed timeafter detecting at least one of the one or more device transitionsbetween the portions of the subject's GI tract, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the device self-localizes to the stomach,duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum or colon with at least 80% accuracy. Insome embodiments, the device self-localizes to the stomach, duodenum,jejunum, ileum, cecum or colon with at least 85% accuracy.

In some embodiments, the release of the formulation from the device isautonomously triggered based on the self-localization of the device to apre-selected location within the subject's GI tract. In someembodiments, the pre-selected location is selected from the groupconsisting of the stomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum, thececum and the colon. In some embodiments, the release of the formulationfrom the device occurs at substantially the same time as the deviceself-localizes to the pre-selected location. In some embodiments, therelease of the formulation from the device commences within a period oftime of at most about 5 minutes after the device detects or confirms thetransition to the pre-selected location. In some embodiments, the periodof time is at most about 1 minute, at most about 30 seconds, at mostabout 10 seconds, or at most about 1 second after the device detects orconfirms the transition to the pre-selected location. In someembodiments, the release of the formulation is as a bolus.

In some embodiments, the release of the formulation from the deviceoccurs over a predetermined period of time. In some embodiments, thepre-determined period of time over which the formulation is releasedfrom the device is about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about30 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, or about 5 minutes. Insome embodiments, the pre-determined period of time commences within atmost about 5 minutes, at most about 1 minute, at most about 30 seconds,at most about 10 seconds, or at most about 1 second after the devicedetects or confirms the transition to the pre-selected location.

In some embodiments, the method further includes identifying the sectionor subsection of the GI tract containing at least one of the one or moredisease sites. In some embodiments, the one or more disease sites isidentified prior to the administration, wherein the identification ofthe one or more disease sites prior to the administration comprisesimaging the GI tract, endoscopy, biopsy, computer-aided (CT)enterography, magnetic resonance enterography, sampling the GI tract forone or more disease markers, or a combination of any two or more of theforegoing.

In some embodiments of the method, the release of the formulation fromthe device is proximal to the section or subsection of the GI tractcontaining the one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, therelease of the formulation is to a section or subsection of the GI tractimmediately proximal to (immediately preceding) the section orsubsection of the subject's GI tract containing at least one of the oneor more disease sites. In some embodiments, the immediately precedingsection or subsection of the GI tract does not contain a disease siteand/or has not been determined to contain a disease site.

In some embodiments, determining the device location as the cecumautonomously triggers the release of the formulation to the cecum,thereby delivering the JAK inhibitor to at least one of the one or moredisease sites in the colon. In some embodiments, determining the devicelocation as the cecum autonomously triggers the release of theformulation to the cecum, thereby treating at least one of the one ormore disease sites in the colon. In some embodiments, determining thedevice location as the ileum autonomously triggers the release of theformulation to the ileum, thereby delivering the JAK inhibitor to atleast one of the one or more disease sites in the cecum. In someembodiments, determining the device location as the ileum autonomouslytriggers the release of the formulation to the ileum, thereby treatingat least one of the one or more disease sites in the cecum. In someembodiments, determining the device location as the duodenumautonomously triggers the release of the formulation to the duodenum,thereby delivering the JAK inhibitor to at least one of the one or moredisease sites in the jejunum. In some embodiments, determining thedevice location as the duodenum autonomously triggers the release of theformulation to the duodenum, thereby treating at least one of the one ormore disease sites in the jejunum. In some embodiments, determining thedevice location as the jejunum autonomously triggers the release of theformulation to the jejunum, thereby delivering the JAK inhibitor to atleast one of the one or more disease sites in the ileum. In someembodiments, determining the device location as the jejunum autonomouslytriggers the release of the formulation to the jejunum, thereby treatingat least one of the one or more disease sites in the ileum. In someembodiments, determining the device location as the jejunum autonomouslytriggers release of the formulation to the jejunum, and wherein the oneor more disease sites is present in the ileum, the colon, or both. Insome embodiments, determining the device location as the jejunumautonomously triggers release of the formulation to the jejunum, andwherein the disease to be treated is ileal or ileal colonic Crohn'sdisease. In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tractwhere the device is determined to be located does not contain a diseasesite and/or has not been determined to contain a disease site. In someembodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract where theformulation is released does not contain a disease site and/or has notbeen determined to contain a disease site. In some embodiments, theimmediately preceding section or subsection of the GI tract does notcontain a disease site and/or has not been determined to contain adisease site. In some embodiments, the device determines the locationwith at least 80% accuracy; preferably, with at least 85% accuracy.

In some embodiments of the method, the release of the formulation fromthe device is to the section or subsection of the subject's GI tractcontaining at least one of the one or more inflammatory disease sites.In some embodiments, determining the device location as the colonautonomously triggers the release of the formulation to the colon,thereby delivering the JAK inhibitor to at least one of the one or moredisease sites in the colon. In some embodiments, determining the devicelocation as the colon autonomously triggers the release of theformulation to the colon, thereby treating at least one of the one ormore disease sites in the colon. In some embodiments, determining thedevice location as the ileum autonomously triggers the release of theformulation to the ileum, thereby delivering the JAK inhibitor to atleast one of the one or more disease sites in the ileum. In someembodiments, determining the device location as the ileum autonomouslytriggers the release of the formulation to the ileum, thereby treatingat least one of the one or more disease sites in the ileum. In someembodiments, determining the device location as the jejunum autonomouslytriggers the release of the formulation to the jejunum, therebydelivering the JAK inhibitor to at least one of the one or more diseasesites in the jejunum. In some embodiments, determining the devicelocation as the jejunum autonomously triggers the release of theformulation to the jejunum, thereby treating at least one of the one ormore disease sites in the jejunum. In some embodiments, determining thedevice location as the duodenum autonomously triggers the release of theformulation to the duodenum, thereby delivering the JAK inhibitor to atleast one of the one or more disease sites in the duodenum. In someembodiments, determining the device location as the duodenumautonomously triggers the release of the formulation to the duodenum,thereby treating at least one of the one or more disease sites in theduodenum. In some embodiments, the device determines the location withat least 80% accuracy; preferably, with at least 85% accuracy.

In some embodiments of the method, the section of the GI tractcontaining the one or more inflammatory disease sites is selected fromthe group consisting of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum,ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon andrectum; and a combination of any two or more of the foregoing. In someembodiment, the subsection of the GI tract containing the one or moreinflammatory disease sites is selected from the group consisting of theproximal duodenum, distal duodenum, proximal jejunum, distal jejunum,proximal ileum, distal ileum, proximal cecum, distal cecum, proximalascending colon, distal ascending colon, proximal transverse colon,distal transverse colon, proximal descending colon and distal descendingcolon, and a combination of any two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments of the method, the device self-localizationmechanism does not require monitoring the pH of the subject's GI tract.In some embodiments, the method excludes a pH-dependent drug releasemechanism. In some embodiments, the device self-localization mechanismdoes not require monitoring the pressure of the subject's GI tract, thetemperature of the subjects GI tract, or both.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of JAK inhibitorconcentration in the subject's GI tissue to JAK inhibitor concentrationin the subject's blood, serum, or plasma ranging from about 2:1 to about3000:1, about 2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about2:1 to about 600:1.

In some embodiments, the method suppresses the subject's local GI tractimmune response as compared to the subject's peripheral immune response.

In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of the JAKinhibitor is an induction dose. In some embodiments, the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments of the methods, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments of the method, the JAK inhibitor is a smallmolecule. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule andthe formulation includes one or more pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor istofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments of the method, the pharmaceutical formulation isprovided as a solid, and the JAK inhibitor is present in thepharmaceutical formulation at a concentration of at least about 75%(w/w), about 80% (w/w), about 85% (w/w), or at least about 90% (w/w);optionally, at least about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about99% (w/w). In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments of the method, the pharmaceutical formulation isprovided as a solution, a dispersion or a suspension. In someembodiments, the formulation is provided as a dispersion or a suspensionthat contains the JAK inhibitor in a suspending agent, where thesuspending agent is selected from the group consisting of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), one or more PEGs (e.g., PEG 100 to 1000, PEG 3350),hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the formulation includes one or more excipients selectedfrom the group consisting of castor oil, modified starch, sorbitol,cellulose, pectin, sucrose, citric acid, poloxamers, EDTA, cocamide DE,glycerol, Cremophor RH40, dextrose, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, propylene glycol, a gum, propyleneglycol alginate, methyl paraben, povidone, water, and a surfactant,which is optionally polysorbate 20, 40, 60 or 80. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is provided as a micronized solid dispersed orsuspended in the suspending agent and the one or more optionalexcipients. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation containsthe JAK inhibitor at a concentration of at least about 10 mg/mL or 10mg/g or at least about 15 mg/mL or 15 mg/g. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments of the method, the JAK inhibitor selectivelydecreases the activity of JAK1, JAK3, or both.

In some embodiments, the method includes administering an additionalagent in addition to the JAK inhibitor, wherein the additional agent isadministered topically or by another form of administration. In someembodiment, the topical administration is via an ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the additional agent is selected from the groupconsisting of an immunosuppressant, an aminosalicylate, a second JAKinhibitor, an SIP modulator, a PDE4 inhibitor, an integrin inhibitor, anIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor, a GM-CSF and an anti-TNF agent. In someembodiments, the immunosuppressant is a corticosteroid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor.In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab, brazikumab,and mirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof. In some embodiments, theIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In someembodiments, the ustekinumab or the biosimilar thereof is administeredsystemically. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is acompound selected from the group consisting of PTG-200, apilimodmesylate, Compound A, Compound B, or Compound C as described in U.S.Pat. No. 9,624,268; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an SiP modulator. In someembodiments, the SiP inhibitor is selected from the group consisting offingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod, cenerimod, ozanimod,ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod; and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof. In some embodiments, the SiP modulator is ozanimod,etrasimod, or amiselimod; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a GM-CSF. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or abiosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF isadministered during maintenance therapy.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a PDE4 inhibitor. In someembodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofapremilast, cilomilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, lotamilast, roflumilast,and tetomilast; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In someembodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof; or tetomilast or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an integrin inhibitor. Insome embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of vedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab andPF-00547659; and biosimilars thereof. In some embodiments, the integrininhibitor is vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the vedolizumab or the biosimilar thereof is administered systemically.In some embodiments, the additional agent is an integrin inhibitorselected from the group consisting of AJM-300, carotegrast (HCA2969),firategrast, valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090,ELND-004, PN-10943 (PN-943) and PTG-100; and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof. In some embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is AJM-300 ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or carotegrast or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an anti-TNF agent selectedfrom the group consisting of adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab,certolizumab, certolizumab pegol, and etanercept; and biosimilarsthereof. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF agent is adalimumab or abiosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the adalimumab is administeredsystemically.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an immunosuppressant. Insome embodiments, the immunosuppressant is a corticosteroid selectedfrom the group consisting of prednisone, methylprednisolone,hydrocortisone and budesonide; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an aminosalicylate. In someembodiments, the aminosalicylate is mesalazine or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is selected from the groupconsisting of methotrexate, Traficet-EN, alicaforsen (ISIS 2302), SB012,tacrolimus, cyclosporin A, and neuregulin-4; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a second JAK inhibitor,where the second JAK inhibitor is different from the first JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the second JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is administered topically viaan ingestible device. In some embodiments, the additional agent isadministered together with the JAK inhibitor in the same ingestibledevice as the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the additional agentis administered separately from the JAK inhibitor in a separateingestible device from the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered orally. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered systemically. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered intravenously. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered subcutaneously. In some embodiments,the additional agent is administered rectally.

Also provided in the present disclosure is a method of treating aninflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in a subject in need thereof, themethod including topically administering a pharmaceutical formulationincluding a therapeutically effective amount of tofacitinib, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (a) to a section or subsectionof the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the subject; or (b) proximal to asection or subsection of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the subject;wherein said section or subsection contains one or more inflammatorydisease sites; thereby treating at least one of the one or moreinflammatory disease sites. In some embodiments, the IBD is Crohn'sdisease. In some embodiments, the IBD is ulcerative colitis. In someembodiments, the tofacitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tractcontaining the one or more disease sites is selected from the groupconsisting of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon,transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum;preferably, the section or subsection of the GI tract containing the oneor more disease sites is selected from the group consisting of ileum,cecum, colon and rectum; and a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is contained in adevice selected from an endoscope, an ingestible device, or a reservoir.In some embodiments, the endoscope comprises a catheter. In someembodiments, the catheter is a spray catheter. In some embodiments, theendoscope is connected to the reservoir. In some embodiments, thereservoir is an anchorable reservoir.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is a solidformulation, a solution formulation, a dispersion formulation, asuspension formulation, or an emulsion formulation. In some embodiments,the pharmaceutical formulation is a suppository for rectaladministration. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation isan enema for rectal administration. In some embodiments, the enema forrectal administration is for sustained release or for delayed release.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation containingtofacitinib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is containedin an ingestible device, said device containing a self-localizationmechanism configured to determine a device location within the subject'sGI tract, and the method further includes determining the devicelocation within the subject's GI tract via the device self-localizationmechanism.

Thus, in some embodiments, the topical administration includes orallyadministering the ingestible device to the subject; and releasing thepharmaceutical formulation from the device (a) to a section orsubsection of the subject's GI tract containing one or more inflammatorydisease sites; or (b) proximal to a section or subsection of thesubject's GI tract containing one or more inflammatory disease sites.

In some embodiments, determining the device location within thesubject's GI tract via the device self-localization mechanism includesdetecting one or more device transitions between portions of thesubject's GI tract. In some embodiments, the one or more devicetransitions occurs between portions of the GI tract selected from thegroup consisting of: mouth and stomach; esophagus and stomach; stomachand duodenum; duodenum and jejunum; jejunum and ileum; ileum and cecum;and cecum and colon; and combinations of any two or more of theforegoing. In some embodiments, the portions are adjacent portions.

In some embodiments, the device self-localization mechanism is based ondata comprising light reflectance occurring external to the device andwithin the GI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the deviceself-localization mechanism is based on data comprising elapsed timeafter entry of the device into the GI tract of the subject, elapsed timeafter detecting at least one of the one or more device transitionsbetween the portions of the subject's GI tract, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, determining the device location within thesubject's GI tract via the device self-localization mechanism furtherincludes confirming the one or more device transition between theportions of the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the device self-localizes to the stomach, duodenum,jejunum, ileum, cecum or colon with at least 80% accuracy. In someembodiments, the device self-localizes to the stomach, duodenum,jejunum, ileum, cecum or colon with at least 85% accuracy.

In some embodiments, the self-localization of the device to apre-selected location within the subject's GI tract autonomouslytriggers a release of the formulation from the device. In someembodiments, the release of the formulation from the device is proximalto the section or subsection of the subject's GI tract containing atleast one of the one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, therelease of the formulation is to a section or subsection of the GI tractimmediately proximal (immediately preceding) the section or subsectionof the subject's GI tract containing at least one of the one or moredisease sites. In some embodiments, the release of the formulation is asa bolus.

In some embodiments, the release of the formulation from the deviceoccurs at substantially the same time as the device self-localizes tothe pre-selected location. In some embodiments, the release of theformulation from the device commences within a period of time of at mostabout 5 minutes after the device detects or confirms the transition tothe pre-selected location. In some embodiments, the period of time is atmost about 1 minute, at most about 30 seconds, at most about 10 seconds,or at most about 1 second after the device detects or confirms thetransition to the pre-selected location. In some embodiments, therelease of the formulation from the device occurs over a pre-determinedperiod of time. In some embodiments, the pre-determined period of timeis about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about 30 minutes,about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, or about 5 minutes. In someembodiments, the pre-determined period of time commences within at mostabout 5 minutes, at most about 1 minute, at most about 30 seconds, atmost about 10 seconds, or at most about 1 second after the devicedetects or confirms the transition to the pre-selected location.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering an additionalagent in addition to the tofacitinib, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, where the additional agent is administered topically or byanother form of administration. In some embodiments, the topicaladministration is via an ingestible device.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is selected from the groupconsisting of an immunosuppressant, an aminosalicylate, an IL-12/IL-23inhibitor, an SIP modulator, a PDE4 inhibitor, an integrin inhibitor, asecond JAK inhibitor, a GM-CSF and an anti-TNF agent. In someembodiments, the immunosuppressant is a corticosteroid. In someembodiments, the additional agent is an IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor. In someembodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the additional agent is an integrininhibitor. In some embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab ora biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the vedolizumab or thebiosimilar thereof is administered systemically. In some embodiments,the additional agent is a GM-CSF. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. Insome embodiments, the GM-CSF is administered during maintenance therapy.In some embodiments, the additional agent is an anti-TNF agent. In someembodiments, the anti-TNF agent is adalimumab or a biosimilar thereof.In some embodiments, the adalimumab or the biosimilar thereof isadministered systemically.

Also provided in the present disclosure is a device that includes apharmaceutical formulation containing a JAK inhibitor; one or moreprocessing devices; and one more machine-readable hardware storagedevices storing instructions that are executable by the one or moreprocessing devices to (a) determine a location of the ingestible devicein the GI tract of the subject; and (b) release the formulation from thedevice at a pre-selected location of the GI tract; where the device is aself-localizing ingestible device configured for use in treating aninflammatory gastrointestinal disease or condition in a subject. In someembodiments, the device self-localizes in the pre-selected location ofthe GI tract of the subject with an accuracy of at least 80%. In someembodiments, the pre-selected location is selected from the groupconsisting of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon.

In some embodiments, the device includes a first light source and asecond light source, where the first light source is configured to emitlight at a first wavelength, and the second light source is configuredto emit light at a second wavelength different from the firstwavelength. In some embodiments, the device includes a first detectorand a second detector, where the first detector is configured to detectlight at the first wavelength, and the second detector is configured todetect light at the second wavelength. In some embodiments, the firstwavelength and the second wavelength are each independently selectedfrom the group consisting of red light, green light and blue light. Insome embodiments, each of the first and second wavelengths is selectedfrom the group consisting of 600 nm to 750 nm; 495 nm to 600 nm; and 400nm to 495 nm. In some embodiments, the first and second wavelengths areseparated by at least 50 nm.

In some embodiments, the device is configured to detect a transitionbetween a first section or subsection and a second section or subsectionof the GI tract. In some embodiments, the first and second section ofthe GI tract is selected from the group consisting of the mouth andstomach; the esophagus and stomach; the stomach and duodenum; theduodenum and jejunum; the jejunum and ileum; the ileum and cecum; andthe cecum and colon; and a combination of any two or more of theforegoing.

In some embodiments, the device includes a mechanism configured tomonitor elapsed time after entry of the device into the GI tract of thesubject. In some embodiments, the mechanism is further configured tomonitor elapsed time after detecting a device transition between a firstsection or subsection and a second section or subsection of thesubject's GI tract.

In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more storage devicestores instructions to release the formulation from the device into thepre-selected location at substantially the same time as the deviceself-localizes to the pre-selected location. In some embodiments, thepre-selected location is selected from the group consisting of thestomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum, the cecum, and the colon.

In some embodiments, the device further includes a housing; a forcegenerator located within the housing; and a storage reservoir locatedwithin the housing, where the storage reservoir stores thepharmaceutical formulation; and where the ingestible device isconfigured such that the force generator generates a force, therebyinitiating the release of the formulation from the ingestible deviceinto the pre-selected location of the GI tract. In some embodiments, theforce generator is a gas generating cell that generates a gas.

In some embodiments, the device is not configured to release theformulation based on the pH of the subject's GI tract. In someembodiments, determining the location of the ingestible device in the GItract of the subject is not based on pressure in the GI tract of thesubject. In some embodiments, releasing the formulation from the deviceis not based on temperature of the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation consists of, orconsists essentially of, the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical formulation contains a therapeutically effective amountof the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments of the device, the JAKinhibitor is a small molecule, and the formulation optionally furthercomprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients;optionally, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof, alternatively, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor istofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the device does not contain an environmental pHsensor, an environmental temperature sensor, and/or an environmentalpressure sensor.

Aspects and embodiments as described herein are intended to be freelycombinable. For example, any details or embodiments described herein formethods of treatment apply equally to a JAK inhibitor, composition oringestible device for use in said treatment. Any details or embodimentsdescribed for a device apply equally to methods of treatment using thedevice, or to a JAK inhibitor or composition for use in a method oftreatment involving the device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a view of an example embodiment of an ingestible device, inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the ingestible device of FIG. 1, inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an ingestible device during an example transitthrough a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments of thedisclosure.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an ingestible device during an example transitthrough a jejunum, in accordance with some embodiments of thedisclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for determining a locationof an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordancewith some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting transitionsfrom a stomach to a duodenum and from a duodenum back to a stomach,which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device asit transits through a GI tract, in accordance with some embodiments ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a plot illustrating data collected during an example operationof an ingestible device, which may be used when determining a locationof an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordancewith some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 is another plot illustrating data collected during an exampleoperation of an ingestible device, which may be used when determining alocation of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transitionfrom a duodenum to a jejunum, which may be used when determining alocation of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 10 is a plot illustrating data collected during an exampleoperation of an ingestible device, which may be used when detecting atransition from a duodenum to a jejunum, in accordance with someembodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a plot illustrating muscle contractions detected by aningestible device over time, which may be used when determining alocation of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transitionfrom a jejunum to an ileum, which may be used when determining alocation of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transitionfrom a jejunum to an ileum, which may be used when determining alocation of an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transitionfrom an ileum to a cecum, which may be used when determining a locationof an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordancewith some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transitionfrom a cecum to a colon, which may be used when determining a locationof an ingestible device as it transits through a GI tract, in accordancewith some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 16 illustrates an ingestible device for delivering a substance inthe GI tract.

FIG. 17 illustrates aspects of a mechanism for an ingestible device witha gas generating cell configured to generate a gas to dispense asubstance.

FIG. 18 illustrates an ingestible device having a piston to push fordrug delivery.

FIG. 19 illustrates an ingestible device having a bellow structure for astorage reservoir of dispensable substances.

FIG. 20 illustrates an ingestible device having a flexible diaphragm todeform for drug delivery.

FIG. 21 shows an illustrative embodiment of an ingestible device withmultiple openings in the housing.

FIG. 22 shows a highly cross-section of an ingestible device including avalve system and a sampling system.

FIG. 23 illustrates a valve system.

FIGS. 24A and 24B illustrate a portion of a two-stage valve system inits first and second stages, respectively.

FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate a portion of a two-stage valve system inits first and second stages, respectively.

FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate a portion of a two-stage valve system inits first and second stages, respectively.

FIG. 27 illustrates a more detailed view of an ingestible deviceincluding a valve system and a sampling system.

FIG. 28 illustrates a portion of an ingestible device including asampling system and a two-stage valve system in its second stage.

FIG. 29 is a highly schematic illustrate of an ingestible device.

FIG. 30 is a graph showing the percentage (%) change in body weight atday 14 (SEM) for DSS mice treated with anti-IL-12 p40 antibodyintraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) daily (QD), when compared to mice treated withanti-IL-12 p40 antibody intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day(Q3D) and vehicle control (Vehicle). Mann-Whitney's U¬-test andStudent's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian andGaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant(Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 31 is a graph showing the concentration of anti-IL-12 p40 rat IgG2A(μg/mL) in plasma of anti-IL-12 p40 intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) andintracecally (10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg) administered treatment groups givendaily (QD) or every third day (Q3D) when compared to vehicle control(Vehicle) and when IP is compared to IC. ELISA analysis was used todetermine the concentration of anti-IL-12 p40 (IgG2A). Data presented asmean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U¬-test and Student's t-test were used forstatistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. Avalue of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 32 is a graph showing the concentration of anti-IL-12 p40 antibody(IgG2A) (μg/mL) in the cecum and colon content of anti-IL-12 p40antibody intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) and intracecally (10 mg/kg and 1mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day(Q3D), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle) and when IP iscompared to IC. ELISA analysis was used to determine the concentrationof rat IgG2A. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test andStudent's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian andGaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant(Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 33 is a graph showing the mean overall tissue immunolabel scores(intensity and extent) in acute DSS colitis mouse colon of anti-IL-12p40 antibody intracecally-treated versus vehicle control-treated DSSmice. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 34 is a graph showing the mean location-specific immunolabel scoresin acute DSS colitis mouse colon of anti-IL-12 p40 intracecally-treatedversus vehicle control-treated DSS mice. Data presented as mean±SEM.Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statisticalanalysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value ofp<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 35 is a graph showing the ratio of anti-IL-12 p40 antibody in thecolon tissue to the plasma concentration of the anti-IL-12 p40 antibodyin mice treated with the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody on day 0 (Q0) or day 3(Q3D) of the study, when measured at the same time point after theinitial dosing. An outlier animal was removed from Group 5.

FIG. 36 is a graph showing the concentration of Il-1β (μg/mL) in colontissue lysate of acute DSS colitis mice treated with anti-IL-12 p40intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) administered daily (QD), when compared to vehiclecontrol (Vehicle). Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test andStudent's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian andGaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant(Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 37 is a graph showing the concentration of Il-6 (μg/mL) in colontissue lysate of acute DSS colitis mice treated with anti-IL-12 p40intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10mg/kg or 1 mg/kg) administered daily (QD), when compared to vehiclecontrol (Vehicle). Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test andStudent's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian andGaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant(Graph Pad Software, Inc.

FIG. 38 is a graph showing the concentration of Il-17A (μg/mL) in colontissue lysate of acute DSS colitis mice treated with anti-IL-12 p40intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10mg/kg and 1 mg/kg) administered daily (QD), when compared to vehiclecontrol (Vehicle). Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test andStudent's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian andGaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant(Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 39 is a graph showing the percentage (%) change in body weight atday 14 (SEM) for DSS mice treated with DATK32 (anti-α4β7) antibodyintraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (25mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) administered daily (QD), when compared to vehiclecontrol (Vehicle) and when IC is compared to IP. Data presented as meanSEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used forstatistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. Avalue of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 40 is a graph showing the plasma concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2A(μg/mL) of intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) and intracecally (25 mg/kg and 5mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day(Q3D), where IP is compared to IC. Data presented as mean±SEM.Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statisticalanalysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value ofp<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 41 is a graph showing the concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2Aantibody (μg/mL) in cecum and colon content of intraperitoneally (25mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) administered treatmentgroups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D), where IP is comparedto IC. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student'st-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussiandata respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant (GraphPad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 42 is a graph showing the concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2A (μg/mL)in the colon content of intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD), andconcentration over time (1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours), where IP iscompared to IC. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test andStudent's t-test were used for statistical analysis on non-Gaussian andGaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant(Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 43 is a graph showing the concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2A (μg/g)in colon tissue of intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) orevery third day (Q3D), where IP is compared to IC. Data presented asmean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used forstatistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. Avalue of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 44 is a graph showing the concentration of DATK32 rat IgG2A (μg/g)in the colon tissue of intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD), andthe concentration over time (1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours) was determined,where IP is compared to IC. Data presented as mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney'sU-test and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis onnon-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value of p<0.05 wasconsidered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 45 is a graph showing the mean overall tissue immunolabel scores(intensity and extent) in acute DSS colitis mouse colon of DATK32(anti-α4β7) antibody treated versus vehicle control (Vehicle) treatedDSS mice. The data are presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 46 is a graph showing the mean location-specific immunolabel scoresin acute DSS colitis mouse colon of DATK32 (anti-α4β7) antibody-treatedversus vehicle control (Vehicle)-treated DSS mice. Data presented asmean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used forstatistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. Avalue of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 47 is a graph showing the ratio of the DATK-32 antibody in thecolon tissue to the plasma concentration of the DATK-32 antibody in micetreated with the DATK-32 antibody on day 0 (Q0) or day 3 (Q3D) of thestudy (Groups 9-12), when measured after initial dosing.

FIG. 48 is a graph showing the mean percentage of Th memory cells(mean±SEM) in blood for DATK32 (anti-α4β7) antibody intraperitoneally(25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) administered treatmentgroups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D), when compared tovehicle control (Vehicle) and when IP is compared to IC. Mean percentageTh memory cells were measured using FACS analysis. Data presented asmean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used forstatistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. Avalue of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 49 is an exemplary image of a histological section of a distaltransverse colon of Animal 1501 showing no significant lesions (i.e.,normal colon).

FIG. 50 is an exemplary image of a histological section of a distaltransverse colon of Animal 2501 (treated with TNBS) showing areas ofnecrosis and inflammation.

FIG. 51 is a representative graph of plasma adalimumab concentrationsover time following a single subcutaneous (SQ) or topical administrationof adalimumab. The plasma concentrations of adalimumab were determined6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after administration of adalimumab. N/D=notdetectable.

FIG. 52 is a representative table of the plasma adalimumabconcentrations (g/mL) as shown in FIG. 51.

FIG. 53 is a graph showing the concentration of TNFα (pg/mL per mg oftotal protein) in non-inflamed and inflamed colon tissue afterintracecal administration of adalimumab, as measured 6, 12, 24, and 24hours after the initial dosing.

FIG. 54 is a graph showing the concentration of TNFα (pg/mL per mg oftotal protein) in colon tissue after subcutaneous or intracecal(topical) administration of adalimumab, as measured 48 hours after theinitial dosing.

FIG. 55 is a graph showing the percentage (%) change in body weight atday 14 (SEM) in acute DSS colitis mice treated with cyclosporin A orally(10 mg/kg) every third day (Q3D) or intracecally (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg)daily (QD), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle). Data presentedas mean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used forstatistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. Avalue of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 56 is a graph showing the plasma cyclosporin A (CsA) (ng/mL)concentration over time (1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 24 h) in acute DSS colitismice treated daily (QD) with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC)(10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 57 is a graph showing the colon tissue cyclosporin A (CsA) (ng/g)concentration over time (1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 24 h) in acute DSS colitismice treated daily (QD) with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC)(10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg) administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 58 is a graph showing the peak colon tissue cyclosporin A (CsA)(ng/g) concentration in acute DSS colitis mice treated daily (QD) withorally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg)administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 59 is a graph showing the trough tissue concentration ofcyclosporin (CsA) (ng/g) in colon of acute DSS colitis mice treateddaily (QD) with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or3 mg/kg) administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 60 is a graph showing the interleukin-2 (Il-2) concentration(μg/mL) in colon tissue of acute DSS colitis mice treated daily (QD)with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg)administered CsA, where PO is compared to IC. Data presented asmean±SEM. Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used forstatistical analysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. Avalue of p<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 61 is a graph showing the interleukin-6 (Il-6) concentration(μg/mL) in colon tissue of acute DSS colitis mice treated daily (QD)with orally (PO) (10 mg/kg) or intracecally (IC) (10 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg)administered CsA. Data presented as mean±SEM.

FIG. 62 illustrates a nonlimiting example of a system for collecting,communicating and/or analyzing data about a subject, using an ingestibledevice.

FIGS. 63A-63F are graphs showing rat IgG2A concentration as measured in(A) colon homogenate, (B) mLN homogenate, (C) small intestinehomogenate, (D) cecum contents, (E) colon contents, and (F) plasma byELISA. Standards were prepared with plasma matrix. Samples were diluted1:50 before analysis. Sample 20 was removed from cecum contents analysisgraph (outlier). *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ****p<0.001 were determined usingthe unpaired t test.

FIG. 64 illustrates a tapered silicon bellows.

FIG. 65 illustrates a tapered silicone bellows in the simulated devicejig.

FIG. 66 illustrates a smooth PVC bellows.

FIG. 67 illustrates a smooth PVC bellows in the simulated device jig.

FIGS. 68A-68B demonstrate a principle of a competition assay performedin an experiment. FIG. 68A shows binding of anti-TNFα to TNFα receptorwithout drug. FIG. 68B shows binding of anti-TNFα to TNFα with drug.

FIG. 69 shows AlphaLISA data. Dose response curves after 4 hoursexposure show drug (Exemptia® (adalimumab biosimilar)) binding to TNFα(10,000 pg) of drug dispensed from a standard injector, Si bellows orPVC bellows.

FIG. 70 shows AlphaLISA data. Dose response curves after 24 hoursexposure show drug (Exemptia® (adalimumab biosimilar)) binding to TNFα(10,000 pg) of drug dispensed from a standard injector, Si bellows orPVC bellows.

FIG. 71 shows AlphaLISA data. Dose response curves after 336 hoursexposure show drug (Exemptia® (adalimumab biosimilar)) binding to TNFα(10,000 pg) of drug dispensed from a standard injector, Si bellows orPVC bellows.

FIG. 72 is a flowchart of illustrative steps of a clinical protocol, inaccordance with some embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 73 is a graph showing the level of FAM-SMAD7-AS oligonucleotide inthe cecum tissue of DSS-induced colitis mice at 12-hours. The barsrepresent from left to right, Groups 2 through 5 in the experimentdescribed in Example 9.

FIG. 74 is a graph showing the level of FAM-SMAD7-AS oligonucleotide inthe colon tissue of DSS-induced colitis mice at 12-hours. The barsrepresent from left to right, Groups 2 through 5 in the experimentdescribed in Example 9.

FIG. 75 is a graph showing the level of FAM-SMAD7-AS oligonucleotide inthe cecum contents of DSS-induced colitis mice at 12-hours. The barsrepresent from left to right, Groups 2 through 5 in the experimentdescribed in Example 9.

FIG. 76 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in thececum tissue and the proximal colon tissue 12 hours after intra-cecal ororal administration of tacrolimus to swine as described in Example 10.

FIG. 77 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in theblood 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours afterintra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus to swine asdescribed in Example 13.

FIG. 78 is a graph showing the AUC₀₋₁₂ hours of tacrolimus in the bloodafter intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus inswine as described in Example 13.

FIG. 79 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in thececum tissue, the proximal colon tissue, the spiral colon tissue, thetransverse colon tissue, and the distal colon tissue after intra-cecal(IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus in swine as described inExample 13. **** P<0.0001, *** P<0.001.

FIG. 80 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in thececum lumen, the proximal lumen, the spiral colon lumen, the transversecolon lumen, and the distal colon lumen in swine after intra-cecal (IC)or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus in swine as described inExample 13. **** P<0.0001, *** P<0.001 FIG. 81 is a bar graph showingthe mean concentration of tacrolimus in the rectal content 1 hour, 3hours, 6 hours and 12 hours after intra-cecal (IC) or oraladministration (PO) of tacrolimus to swine as described in Example 13.

FIG. 82 is a line graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus inthe rectal content 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours and 12 hours afterintra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus to swine asdescribed in Example 13.

FIG. 83 is a graph showing the mean concentration of a SMAD7 antisensemolecule (SMAD7-AS-FAM) in the cecum tissue in untreated swine or inswine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of SMAD7-AS-FAMas described in Example 9.

FIG. 84 is a graph showing the mean concentration of SMAD7-AS-FAM in thecolon tissue in untreated swine or in swine after intra-cecal (IC) ororal administration(PO) of SMAD7-AS-FAM as described in Example 9.

FIG. 85 is a graph showing the mean concentration of SMAD7-AS-FAM in thecolon contents in untreated swine or in swine after intra-cecal (IC) ororal administration(PO) of SMAD7-AS-FAM as described in Example 9.

FIG. 86 is a graph showing the mean concentration of SMAD7-AS-FAM in thececum contents in untreated swine or in swine after intra-cecal (IC) ororal administration(PO) of SMAD7-AS-FAM as described in Example 9.

FIG. 87 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in theblood of swine 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, and 12 hoursafter intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus asdescribed in Example 10.

FIG. 88 is a graph showing the AUC₀₋₁₂ hours of tacrolimus in the bloodof swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) oftacrolimus as described in Example 10.

FIG. 89 is a representative table showing the T_(max), C_(max), trough(at 12 hours post-administration), and AUC₀₋₁₂ hours of tacrolimus inswine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) as described inExample 10.

FIG. 90 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in thececum, the proximal colon, the spiral colon, the transverse colon, andthe distal colon of swine after intra-cecal (IC) or oral administration(PO) of tacrolimus as described in Example 10.

FIG. 91 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in thececum lumen, the proximal colon lumen, the spiral colon lumen, thetransverse colon lumen, and the distal colon lumen of swine afterintra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus as describedin Example 10.

FIG. 92 is a graph showing the mean concentration of tacrolimus in therectal content of swine at 1 hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, and 12 hours afterintra-cecal (IC) or oral administration (PO) of tacrolimus as describedin Example 10.

FIG. 93 is a representative table showing the quantitative histologicalgrading of colitis as described in Example 11.

FIG. 94 is a graph showing the histopathological scores of two slidesfor animal 1502 (healthy control swine treated with placebo), animal2501 (swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treated with 1.86 mg/kgadalimumab), animal 2503 (swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treatedwith 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab), and animal 2504 (swine with 8.5%DSS-induced colitis treated with 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) at the placeboor adalimumab administration site prior to administration of placebo oradalimumab, respectively. Absence of a bar for a particular parameterindicates that the value for this parameter was 0.

FIG. 95 is a representative hematoxylin- and eosin-stained image of thetransverse colon of animal 1501 (healthy control swine). M, mucosa; SM,submucosa; TM, tunica muscularis. Numerous intestinal crypts (asterisks)are present and the surface epithelium (top two arrows) is intact.Mononuclear inflammatory cells are prominent in the lamina propria(light arrows) of the mucosa and extend a short distance into thesubmucosa (bottom two arrows). This amount of inflammatory cellinfiltrate was expected background change and considered unrelated tothe experimental protocol.

FIG. 96 is a representative hematoxylin- and eosin-stained image of thetransverse colon of animal 2504 (8.5% DSS-induced colitis swineadministered 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) prior to administration ofadalimumab. M, mucosa; SM, submucosa; TM, tunica muscularis. Extensiveloss (light asterisks) of intestinal crypts is present in the mucosa.Scattered crypts remain (dark asterisks) and are often dilated andfilled with inflammatory cell debris and mucus. The luminal epitheliumpersists in some areas (upper left arrow), but is absent in others(erosion; top middle and top right arrows). Inflammatory cells in themucosa (light arrow) are abundant and extend into the submucosa (bottomleft and bottom middle arrows).

FIG. 97 is a representative immunohistochemistry micrograph of thetransverse colon of animal 1501 (healthy control swine) stained forhuman IgG. M, mucosa; SM, submucosa; TM, tunica muscularis. Serosalsurface (arrows) and loose connective mesentery tissue (asterisks) areindicated. Faint 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining in this tissue wasconsidered a background effect and not indicative of human IgG.

FIG. 98 is a representative immunohistochemistry micrograph of thetransverse colon of animal 2504 (8.5% DSS-induced colitis swine treatedwith 1.86 mg/kg dose of adalimumab) stained for human IgG. M, mucosa;SM, submucosa; TM, tunica muscularis. DAB staining demonstrates thepresence of human IgG at the surface of luminal epithelium (two topright arrows) and at the luminal surface of an area of inflammation anderosion (top two left arrows). Intense staining is also present in theloose connective mesentery tissue (asterisks) and extends a shortdistance into the outer edge of the tunica muscularis (bottom left twoarrows). This type of staining was considered strong (grade 4) or verystrong (grade 5).

FIG. 99 is a representative immunohistochemistry micrograph of the largeintestine of animal 2504 (8.5% DSS-induced colitis swine treated with1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) stained for human IgG. M, mucosa; SM, submucosa;TM, tunica muscularis. Lesions of DSS-induced colitis are present inthis section. The luminal epithelium is absent (erosion) and diffuseloss of crypts (glands) is seen (top two asterisks). Very strong (grade5) DAB (brown) staining demonstrates the presence of human IgG in theloose mesentery connective tissue (bottom two asterisks) and extending ashort distance into the outer edge of the tunica muscularis (bottom twoarrows). Strong (grade 4) staining for human IgG is seen at the erodedluminal surface (top two arrows pointing down) and within theinflammatory exudate. Weak (grade 2) staining for human IgG extends intothe lamina propria (top two arrows pointing up) near the luminalsurface.

FIG. 100 is a graph showing the presence of human IgG (adalimumab) atthe specified locations (lumen/superficial mucosa, lamina propria, andtunica muscularis-outer/serosa) (scored level) in two slides from eachof animal 1502 (placebo-treated healthy control swine), animal 2501(swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treated with 1.86 mg/kgadalimumab), animal 2503 (swine with 8.5% DSS-induced colitis treatedwith 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) and animal 2504 (swine with 8.5% DSS-inducedcolitis treated with 1.86 mg/kg adalimumab) at the placebo or adalimumabadministration site. Absence of a bar for a particular locationindicates that the value for this location was 0. Scoring: 0=notpresent; 1=minimal; 2=weak; 3=moderate; 4=strong; and 5=very strongimmunolabel.

FIG. 101 is a graph showing the mean of Th memory cells (mean±SEM) inPeyer's Patches (PP) for DATK32 antibody (anti-α4β7 integrin antibody)intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg)administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day (Q3D),when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle) and when IP is compared toIC. Mean Th memory cells were measured using FACS analysis.Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statisticalanalysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value ofp<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 102 is a graph showing the mean of Th memory cells (mean±SEM) inmesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) for DATK32 antibody (anti-α4β7 integrinantibody) intraperitoneally (25 mg/kg) or intracecally (25 mg/kg or 5mg/kg) administered treatment groups given daily (QD) or every third day(Q3D), when compared to vehicle control (Vehicle) and when IP iscompared to IC. Mean Th memory cells were measured using FACS analysis.Mann-Whitney's U-test and Student's t-test were used for statisticalanalysis on non-Gaussian and Gaussian data respectively. A value ofp<0.05 was considered significant (Graph Pad Software, Inc.).

FIG. 103 is a graph showing the Disease Activity Index (DAI) of naïvemice (Group 1), mice administered vehicle only both intraperitoneally(IP) and intra-cecally (IC) (Group 2), mice administered an anti-TNFαantibody IP and vehicle IC (Group 7), and mice administered an anti-TNFαantibody IC and vehicle IP (Group 8) at Day 28 and Day 42 of the studydescribed in Example 16.

FIG. 104 is a set of graphs showing the colonic tissue concentration ofTNFα, IL-17A, IL-4, and IL-22 in mice administered vehicle only both IPand IC (Group 2), mice administered IgG control antibody IP and vehicleIC (Group 3), mice administered IgG control IC and vehicle IP (Group 4),mice administered anti-TNFα antibody IP and vehicle IC (Group 7), andmice administered anti-TNFα antibody IC and vehicle IP (Group 8) at Day42 of the study described in Example 16.

FIG. 105 is a graph showing the Disease Activity Index (DAI) of naïvemice (Group 1), mice administered vehicle only both IP and IC (Group 2),mice administered an anti-IL12 p40 antibody IP and vehicle IC (Group 5),and mice an anti-IL12 p40 antibody IC and vehicle IP (Group 6) at Day 28and Day 42 of the study described in Example 16.

FIG. 106 is a set of graphs showing the colonic tissue concentration ofIFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-17A, TNFα, IL-22, and IL-1b in naïve mice (Group 1),mice administered vehicle only both IP and IC (Group 2), miceadministered anti-IL12 p40 antibody IP and vehicle IC (Group 5), andmice administered anti-IL12 p40 antibody IC and vehicle IP (Group 8) atDay 42 of the study described in Example 16.

FIGS. 107A-107B show body weight changes (mean % SEM). FIG. 107A showsthe influence of anti-TNF alpha; FIG. 107B shows the influence ofanti-IL12p40. The AUC was calculated using the trapezoidal rule and isshown in the figure inset. Differences in body weight loss werecalculated as AUC for individual mouse from Days 0 to 42. Two-tailedMann-Whitney U-Test; p<0.05*; p<0.01**; p<0.005***, n=5-9.

FIG. 108 shows total histopathology score (mean %±SEM) in ileum,proximal colon and distal colon tissues after targeted IC anti-TNF alphatreatment compared with vehicle and IP treatment groups. Pair-wisecomparisons by two-tailed Mann-Whitney U-Test for treatment effects;p<0.05*.

FIGS. 109A-109D show mean lymphocyte counts from luminal to externalsubmucosa of proximal colon and represented images of H&E stains and IHCstains of the proximal colon.

FIG. 109A shows the mean lymphocyte count from most inner lumen tosubmucosal of the proximal colon in groups treated with Vehiclecontrols, anti-TNFα (IP) and anti-TNFα (IC), Group mean+/−SEM.Kruskal-Wallis Test with Dunn's multiple comparison for treatmenteffects; p<0.05*. FIG. 109B is a representative image of H&E stain ofproximal colon in proximal colon of anti-TNFα (IC) group. Anintraepithelial lymphocyte (white arrowhead), example lamina propriallymphocytes (black arrowheads), and the tunica muscularis externa (TME)are indicate. FIGS. 109C and 109D are representative images of IHC stainof CD4 marker for lymphocytes in proximal colon of anti-TNFα (IC) (FIG.109C) or anti-TNFα (IP) (FIG. 109D) group.

FIGS. 110A-110B show mean plasma (FIG. 110A) and colon tissue (FIG.1101B) concentrations of tofacitinib (free base) over a 24-hour periodpost-treatment with tofacitinib citrate or vehicle in a DSS-inducedcolitis mouse model. Dashed lines indicate in vitro IC₅₀ values forJAK1/3, JAK1/2 and JAK2/2 in whole blood. Error bars represent standarddeviation.

FIGS. 111A-111C show plasma (FIG. 111A), colon content (FIG. 111B) andcolon tissue (FIG. 111C) tofacitinib exposure (AUC_(0-24h)) aftertreatment with vehicle or tofacitinib citrate via per oral (PO) orintracecal (IC) administration in a DSS-induced colitis mouse model.

FIGS. 112A-112B show IL-6 concentrations in colon tissue over a 24-hourperiod post-treatment with vehicle or tofacitinib citrate via per oral(PO) or intracecal (IC) administration in a DSS-induced colitis mousemodel on Study Day 12. FIG. 112A shows IL-6 concentrations in colontissue at various timepoints on Study Day 12. FIG. 112B shows therelationship between tofacitinib concentration in colon tissue (openshapes and dotted lines; right y-axis) and % IL-6 in colon tissue aftertreatment with tofacitinib citrate, normalized to DSS vehicle control(Group 2) (solid shapes and solid lines; left y-axis).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is directed to various methods and formulationsfor treating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract with a JAKinhibitor. For example, in an embodiment, a method of treating a diseaseof the gastrointestinal tract in a subject comprises administering tothe subject a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a JAK inhibitorwherein the pharmaceutical formulation is released in the subject'sgastrointestinal tract proximate to one or more sites of disease. Forexample, in an embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation comprises atherapeutically effective amount of a JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the formulation is contained in an ingestibledevice, and the device releases the formulation at a location proximateto the site of disease. The location of the site of disease may bepredetermined. For example, an ingestible device, the location of whichwithin the GI tract can be accurately determined as disclosed herein,may be used to sample one or more locations in the GI tract and todetect one or more analytes, including markers of the disease, in the GItract of the subject. A pharmaceutical formulation may be thenadministered via an ingestible device and released at a locationproximate to the predetermined site of disease. The release of theformulation may be triggered autonomously, as further described herein.

The following disclosure illustrates aspects of the formulations andmethods embodied in the claims.

Formulations and Pharmaceutical Formulations

As used herein, a “formulation” of a JAK inhibitor may refer to eitherthe JAK inhibitor in pure form, such as, for example, a lyophilized JAKinhibitor, or a mixture of the JAK inhibitor with one or morephysiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers. Thus,therapeutic formulations or medicaments can be prepared by mixing theJAK inhibitor having the desired degree of purity with optionalphysiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers(Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)),in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions. Acceptablecarriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at thedosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such asphosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants includingascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such asoctadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride;benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzylalcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol;resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecularweight (less than about 10 residues) antibody; proteins, such as serumalbumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine,asparagine, histidine, arginine, or lysine; monosaccharides,disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, ordextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugars such as sucrose,mannitol, trehalose or sorbitol; salt-forming counter-ions such assodium; metal complexes (e.g., Zn-protein complexes); and/or non-ionicsurfactants such as TWEEN™, PLURONICS™ or polyethylene glycol (PEG).Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers herein further includeinsterstitial drug dispersion agents such as soluble neutral-activehyaluronidase glycoproteins (sHASEGP), for example, human soluble PH-20hyaluronidase glycoproteins, such as rHuPH20 (HYLENEX®, BaxterInternational, Inc.). Certain exemplary sHASEGPs and methods of use,including rHuPH20, are described in US Patent Publication Nos.2005/0260186 and 2006/0104968. In one aspect, a sHASEGP is combined withone or more additional glycosaminoglycanases such as chondroitinases.Exemplary lyophilized formulations are described in U.S. Pat. No.6,267,958. Aqueous formulations include those described in U.S. Pat. No.6,171,586 and WO 2006/044908, the latter formulations including ahistidine-acetate buffer.

A formulation of a JAK inhibitor as disclosed herein, e.g.,sustained-release formulations, can further include a mucoadhesiveagent, e.g., one or more of polyvinyl pyrolidine, methyl cellulose,sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyl propyl cellulose, carbopol, apolyacrylate, chitosan, a eudragit analogue, a polymer, and a thiomer.Additional examples of mucoadhesive agents that can be included in aformulation with a JAK inhibitor are described in, e.g., Peppas et al.,Biomaterials 17(16):1553-1561, 1996; Kharenko et al., PharmaceuticalChemistry J 43(4):200-208, 2009; Salamat-Miller et al., Adv. Drug Deliv.Reviews 57(11):1666-1691, 2005; Bernkop-Schnurch, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.57(11):1569-1582, 2005; and Harding et al., Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. News16(1):41-86, 1999.

In some embodiments, components of a formulation may include any one ofthe following components, or any combination thereof. Acacia, Alginate,Alginic Acid, Aluminum Acetate, an antiseptic, Benzyl Alcohol, ButylParaben, Butylated Hydroxy Toluene, an antioxidant. Citric acid, Calciumcarbonate, Candelilla wax, a binder, Croscarmellose sodium, Confectionersugar, Colloidal silicone dioxide, Cellulose, Carnuba wax, Corn starch,Carboxymethylcellulose calcium, Calcium stearate, Calcium disodium EDTA,Chelation agents, Copolyvidone, Castor oil hydrogenated, Calciumhydrogen phosphate dehydrate, Cetylpyridine chloride, Cysteine HCl,Crosspovidone, Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, Disodium hydrogen phosphate,Dimethicone, Erythrosine Sodium, Ethyl Cellulose, Gelatin, Glycerylmonooleate, Glycerin, Glycine, Glyceryl monostearate, Glyceryl behenate,Hydroxy propyl cellulose, Hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose,Hypromellose, HPMC Pthalate, Iron oxides or ferric oxide, Iron oxideyellow, Iron oxide red or ferric oxide, Lactose (hydrous or anhydrous ormonohydrate or spray dried), Magnesium stearate, Microcrystallinecellulose, Mannitol, Methyl cellulose, Magnesium carbonate, Mineral oil,Methacrylic acid copolymer, Magnesium oxide, Methyl paraben, PEG,Polysorbate 80, Propylene glycol, Polyethylene oxide, Propylene paraben,Polaxamer 407 or 188 or plain, Potassium bicarbonate, Potassium sorbate,Potato starch, Phosphoric acid, Polyoxy140 stearate, Sodium starchglycolate, Starch pregelatinized, Sodium crossmellose, Sodium laurylsulfate, Starch, Silicon dioxide, Sodium benzoate, Stearic acid, Sucrosebase for medicated confectionery, a granulating agent, Sorbic acid,Sodium carbonate, Saccharin sodium, Sodium alginate, Silica gel,Sorbiton monooleate, Sodium stearyl fumarate, Sodium chloride, Sodiummetabisulfite, Sodium citrate dehydrate, Sodium starch, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Succinic acid, Sodium propionate, Titanium dioxide,Talc, Triacetin, Triethyl citrate.

Accordingly, in some embodiments of the method of treating a disease asdisclosed herein, the method comprises administering to the subject apharmaceutical composition that is a formulation as disclosed herein. Insome embodiments the formulation is a dosage form, which may be, as anexample, a solid form such as, for example, a capsule, a tablet, asachet, or a lozenge; or which may be, as an example, a liquid form suchas, for example, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion, or a syrup.

In some embodiments, the formulation is not comprised in an ingestibledevice. In some embodiments wherein the formulation is not comprised inan ingestible device, the formulation may be suitable for oraladministration. The formulation may be, for example, a solid dosage formor a liquid dosage form as disclosed herein. In some embodiments whereinthe formulation is not comprised in an ingestible device, theformulation may be suitable for rectal administration. The formulationmay be, for example, a dosage form such as a suppository or an enema. Inembodiments where the formulation is not comprised in an ingestibledevice, the formulation releases the JAK inhibitor at a location in thegastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or moresites of disease. Such localized release may be achieved, for example,with a formulation comprising an enteric coating. Such localized releasemay be achieved, an another example, with a formulation comprising acore comprising one or more polymers suitable for controlled release ofan active substance. A non-limiting list of such polymers includes:poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethylmethacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate),(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide, poly(β-benzyl-1-aspartate),poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), and cellulose derivatives.

In some embodiments, the formulation is comprised in an ingestibledevice as disclosed herein. In some embodiments wherein the formulationis comprised in an ingestible device, the formulation may be suitablefor oral administration. The formulation may be, for example, a soliddosage form or a liquid dosage form as disclosed herein. In someembodiments the formulation is suitable for introduction and optionallyfor storage in the device. In some embodiments the formulation issuitable for introduction and optionally for storage in a reservoircomprised in the device. In some embodiments the formulation is suitablefor introduction and optionally for storage in a reservoir comprised inthe device. Thus, in some embodiments, provided herein is a reservoircomprising a therapeutically effective amount of a JAK inhibitor,wherein the reservoir is configured to fit into an ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the reservoir comprising a therapeutically effectiveamount of a JAK inhibitor is attachable to an ingestible device. In someembodiments, the reservoir comprising a therapeutically effective amountof a JAK inhibitor is capable of anchoring itself to the subject'stissue. As an example, the reservoir capable of anchoring itself to thesubject's tissue comprises silicone. As an example, the reservoircapable of anchoring itself to the subject's tissue comprises polyvinylchloride.

In some embodiments the formulation is suitable for introduction in aspray catheter, as disclosed herein.

The formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound asnecessary for the particular indication being treated, for example,those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect eachother. For instance, the formulation may further comprise another JAKinhibitor or a chemotherapeutic agent. Such molecules are suitablypresent in combination in amounts that are effective for the purposeintended.

The active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared,for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacialpolymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose orgelatin-microcapsule and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsule,respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example,liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles andnanocapsules) or in macroemulsions. Such techniques are disclosed inRemington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980).

The formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile.This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtrationmembranes.

Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples ofsustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solidhydrophobic polymers containing the JAK inhibitor, which matrices are inthe form of shaped articles, e.g., films, or microcapsule. Examples ofsustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example,poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides(U.S. Pat. No. 3,773,919), copolymers of L-glutamic acid and7-ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradablelactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOT™(injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymerand leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-(−)-3-hydroxybutyric acid. Whilepolymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate and lactic acid-glycolic acidenable release of molecules for over 100 days, certain hydrogels releaseproteins for shorter time periods. When encapsulated JAK inhibitorsremain in the body for a long time, they may denature or aggregate as aresult of exposure to moisture at 37° C., resulting in a loss ofbiological activity and possible changes in immunogenicity. Rationalstrategies can be devised for stabilization depending on the mechanisminvolved. For example, if the aggregation mechanism is discovered to beintermolecular S—S bond formation through thio-disulfide interchange,stabilization may be achieved by modifying sulfhydryl residues,lyophilizing from acidic solutions, controlling moisture content, usingappropriate additives, and developing specific polymer matrixcompositions.

Pharmaceutical formulations may contain one or more JAK inhibitors. Thepharmaceutical formulations may be formulated in any manner known in theart. In some embodiments the formulations include one or more of thefollowing components: a sterile diluent (e.g., sterile water or saline),a fixed oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerin, propylene glycol, or othersynthetic solvents, antibacterial or antifungal agents, such as benzylalcohol or methyl parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid,thimerosal, and the like, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or sodiumbisulfite, chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid,buffers, such as acetates, citrates, or phosphates, and isotonic agents,such as sugars (e.g., dextrose), polyalcohols (e.g., mannitol orsorbitol), or salts (e.g., sodium chloride), or any combination thereof.Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811, incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety). The formulations can be formulated and enclosedin ampules, disposable syringes, or multiple dose vials. Where required,proper fluidity can be maintained by, for example, the use of a coating,such as lecithin, or a surfactant. Controlled release of the JAKinhibitor can be achieved by implants and microencapsulated deliverysystems, which can include biodegradable, biocompatible polymers (e.g.,ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen,polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid; Alza Corporation and NovaPharmaceutical, Inc.).

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is present in a pharmaceuticalformulation within the device.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is present in solution within thedevice.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is present in a suspension in aliquid medium within the device.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is present as a pure, powder(e.g., lyophilized) form of the JAK inhibitor.

Liquid pharmaceutically administrable formulations can, for example, beprepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc. a therapeutic agent providedherein and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier (e.g., water,saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, glycols, ethanol or the like) toform a solution, colloid, liposome, emulsion, complexes, coacervate orsuspension. If desired, the pharmaceutical formulation can also containminor amounts of nontoxic auxiliary substances such as wetting agents,emulsifying agents, co-solvents, solubilizing agents, pH bufferingagents and the like (e.g., sodium acetate, sodium citrate, cyclodextrinderivatives, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine acetate,triethanolamine oleate, and the like).

Small Molecule Drug Formulations—General Properties

In one embodiment, the formulation comprises a small molecule drug. Insome embodiments, the small molecule drug formulation is suitable fortopical delivery to the GI tract, especially for topical delivery to thesmall intestine, including the duodenum, the jejunum and/or the ileum;the large intestine; the cecum; and/or the colon. In a furtherembodiment, the formulation is suitable for topical delivery of the drugto the GI tract containing one or more sites of disease. In someaspects, the small molecule drug formulation, when released into the GItract, is dispersed such that the formulation and/or the drug istopically administered to one or more tissues of the GI tract, includingtissue comprising one or more disease site(s). In some embodiments, thedrug formulation when released in the GI tract, is dispersed into themucosa, and the formulation and/or the drug is distributed locally tothe site of administration and or/distal to the site of administration,thereby providing topical administration of the drug to one or moretissues of the GI tract, including tissue comprising one or more diseasesite(s).

Preferably, the formulation provides one or more of the followingcharacteristics: substantial distribution of the formulation and/or drugin the target tissue; highly localized drug tissue concentration; lowsystemic drug exposure; stability of the formulation and/or drug in thedrug product (e.g., stability within a delivery device, such as aningestible device as described herein, prior to and/or afteradministration); stability of the formulation and/or drug in the GIenvironment upon administration, including a disease state GIenvironment (for example, temperature stability, pH stability, oxidativestability); and the ability of the formulation and/or drug to permeateinto disease tissue.

In some aspects, the drug substance is provided as a solid for directuse in a drug delivery system (for example, in an ingestible device asdescribed herein), or for combination with one or more excipients toprovide a formulation suitable for delivery to the GI tract. In someembodiments, the drug substance is provided in amorphous form. In otherembodiments, the drug substance is provided in crystalline form.

In some embodiments, the drug substance is provided as micronized drugparticles. In some aspects, the micronized drug particles have beensized to enhance absorption and/or penetration in the GI tract and/or atthe disease site. In other aspects, the micronized drug particles havebeen sized to optimize topical administration and absorption of the drugto the mucosal layer. In yet other aspects, the micronized drugparticles have been sized to increase the dispersion loading of asuspension, i.e., to increase the concentration of the drug in thesuspension in order to increase the drug load to the site of deliveryupon dispersion.

In some embodiments, the drug is provided as a lyophilized powder. Insome aspects, the lyophilized drug powder comprises, consists of orconsists essentially of the drug. In some embodiments, the smallmolecule drug formulation is provided as a liquid. Preferably, theliquid formulation has a viscosity that does not exceed 5000 cps. Insome embodiments, the liquid formulation has a viscosity ranging fromabout 0.8 to about 1000 cps.

Preferably, the small molecule drug formulation is a high concentrationformulation. In some embodiments, the concentration of the drug in theformulation is expressed in units of mg/mL, for example, when theformulation is a solution formulation. In some aspects, theconcentration of the drug in the formulation is at least 3 mg/mL. Inother aspects, the concentration of the drug in the formulation is atleast 5 mg/mL. In yet other aspects, the concentration of the drug inthe formulation ranges from about 5 mg/mL to about 20 mg/mL, from about5 mg/mL to about 15 mg/mL, or from about 10 mg/mL to about 15 mg/mL.Preferably, the concentration of the drug in the formulation is at leastabout 10 mg/mL, or at least about 15 mg/mL. In some embodiments, theconcentration of the drug in the formulation is expressed in units ofmg/g, for example, when the formulation is a solid formulation or asuspension or dispersion formulation. In some aspects, the concentrationof drug in the formulation is at least 3 mg/g. In other aspects, theconcentration of the drug in the formulation is at least 5 mg/g. In yetother aspects, the concentration of the drug in the formulation rangesfrom about 5 mg/g to about 20 mg/g, from about 5 mg/g to about 15 mg/g,or from about 10 mg/g to about 15 mg/g. Preferably, the concentration ofthe drug in the formulation is at least about 10 mg/g, or at least about15 mg/g.

In one embodiment, the small molecule formulation is provided as asolution formulation, such as a fully solubilized formulation or astabilized solution formulation. In another embodiment, the smallmolecule drug formulation is provided as a solid formulation, forexample a solid drug alone or in combination with one or moreexcipients. In yet another embodiment, the small molecule formulation isprovided as a dispersion or suspension formulation. In anotherembodiment, the formulation is provided as an emulsion formulation,including but not limited to a micelle-solubilized formulation, alipid-based or liposomal formulation, a self-micro-emulsifying drugdelivery system (SMEDDS) or a self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system(SNEDDS). The foregoing categories are also not intended to be mutuallyexclusive. Thus, for example, a stabilized solution, a suspension or anemulsion formulation may incorporate micelles or liposomes.

In some aspects, the formulations in the foregoing categories furthercomprise one or more additional excipients to enhance performance, suchas GI penetration/absorption and/or stability. Excipients that may beincorporated to enhance absorption by the GI tract and/or at the diseasesite within the GI tract include bile salts, chelators, surfactants,anti-oxidants, fatty acids and derivatives thereof, cationic polymers,anionic polymers, and acylcarnitines.

Bile salts may be incorporated into a formulation of the presentdisclosure, for example, in order to form reverse micelles, disrupt acell membrane, open up tight junctions between cells, and/or to inhibitenzymes and/or mucolytic activity. Non-limiting examples of suitablebile salts include sodium deoxycholate, sodium taurocholate, sodiumglycodeoxycholate, sodium taurodihydrofusidate, and sodiumglycodihydrofudisate.

Chelators may be incorporated into a formulation of the presentdisclosure, for example, in order to interfere with calcium ions,disrupt intracellular junctions and/or decrease transepithelialelectrical resistance. Non-limiting examples of suitable chelatorsinclude EDTA, citric acid, succinic acid and salycilates.

Surfactants may be incorporated into a formulation of the presentdisclosure, for example, in order to perturb intercellular lipids, lipidorder, orientation and/or fluidity, and/or to inhibit efflux mechanisms.Non-limiting examples of suitable surfactants include sodium laurylsulfate, laureth-9, sodium dodecylsulfate, sodium taurodihydrofusidate,polyoxyethylene ethers, polysorbate (polyoxyethylene sorbitanmonolaurate, for example, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60and polysorbate 80); TRITON (t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, nonionicdetergent, Union Carbide subsidiary of Dow Chemical Co., Midland Mich.);sodium octyl glycoside; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl-, orstearyl-sulfobetaine; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl- orstearyl-sarcosine; linoleyl-, myristyl-, or cetyl-betaine;lauroamidopropyl-, cocamidopropyl-, linoleamidopropyl-,myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropyl-betaine (e.g.lauroamidopropyl); myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, orisostearamidopropyl-dimethylamine; sodium methyl cocoyl-, or disodiummethyl oleyl-taurate; sorbitan monopalmitate; and the MONAQUAT series(Mona Industries, Inc., Paterson, N.J.); polyethyl glycol (PEG),polypropylene glycol (PPG), and copolymers of poloxyethylene andpoloxypropylene glycol (e.g. Pluronics/Poloxamer, PF68, etc.); etc.

Fatty acids or derivatives thereof (for example, salts, esters or ethersthereof) may be incorporated into a formulation of the presentdisclosure, for example, in order to increase the fluidity ofphospholipid membranes, contraction of actin myofilaments and/or theopening of tight junctions. Non-limiting examples of suitable fattyacids or derivatives thereof include oleic acid, linoleic acid, caprylicacid, capric acid, acyl carnitines, mono-glyceride and diglycerides.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least one adhesiveagent, such as a mucoadhesive agent, In some embodiments, theformulation containing the (muco)adhesive agent is particularly usefulin the topical treatment of gastrointestinal mucosal lesions.Non-limiting examples of the at least one adhesive agent forincorporation into formulations of the present disclosure includealginate, gelatin, collagen, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid),poly(L-lysine), poly(ethyleneimine), poly(ethylene oxide),poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), P(MAA-g-EG) hydrogel microparticles,lectin-conjugated alginate microparticles, thiolated polymer, naturaloligosaccharides gum, drum dried waxy maize starch, Carbopol 974P,chitin, chitosan and derivatives thereof (for example, trimethylchitosan), sea curve 240, scleroglucan, HE-starch, hydroxyl propylcellulose, cellulose derivatives, pectin, xanthan gum, polycarbophil,amino dextran, DEAE-dextran, aminocaprylate, hyaluronic acid and/or ahyaluronate salt, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), cellulose derivatives such ascellulose sodium glycolate, methyl cellulose, carboxy methylhydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, 3-O-ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose, 6-O-alkylatedcellulose, cellulose octanoate sulfate, cellulose lauroate sulfate,cellulose stearate sulfate, and cationic derivatives thereof,6-O-benzylcellulose, 2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-benzylcellulose,2,3-di-O-benzylcellulose, 2,3-di-O-benzyl-6-O-methylcellulose,2,3,6-tri-O-benzylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetatesuccinate, O-2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetyl cellulose, sodiumalginate, starch, dextrin, a polyvinyl alcohol, a (poly)vinyl resin,sodium silicate, poloxamers, and the like. When the adhesive agent issodium alginate, a compound containing divalent ions, such as CaCl₂), ispreferably present in the composition. Other mucoadhesive agents includecationic and anionic polymers, as described below.

Cationic polymers may be incorporated into a formulation of the presentdisclosure, for example, in order to enhance mucoadhesion, to open tightjunctions, or both, for example, via ionic interactions with cellmembrane(s). Non-limiting examples of suitable cationic polymers includechitin, chitosan and derivatives thereof (for example, trimethylchitosan).

Anionic polymers may be incorporated into a formulation of the presentdisclosure, for example, in order to inhibit enzymes, to open tightjunctions, or both, for example, via removal of extracellular calciumions. Non-limiting examples of suitable anionic polymers includepolymers of acrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or divinylglycol (e.g., Carbopol®) and polyacrylic acid derivatives, includingsalts, esters and ethers thereof.

Acylcarnities may be incorporated into a formulation of the presentdisclosure, for example, in order to disrupt membranes and/or open tightjunctions via a calcium-independent mechanism. Non-limiting examples ofsuitable acylcarnitines include lauroyl-L-carnitine chloride andpalmitoylcarnitine chloride.

Antioxidants may be incorporated into a formulation of the presentdisclosure, for example, in order to reduce the viscosity of the mucuslayer, which may involve breaking and/or preventing the formation ofdisulfide bonds. In a non-limiting embodiment, the antioxidant isN-acetylcysteine.

Other excipients that may be incorporated to enhance drug and/or drugformulation stability include antioxidants, reducing agents andpreservatives. Non-limiting examples of these agents include thosepresent in some commercial drug products listed in the tables below. Theconcentration ranges are illustrative and non-limiting.

TABLE 1 Antioxidants and reducing agents and usage in some commercialproducts Excipient Range Example Ascorbate (sodium/acid)    0.1-4.8% w/vVibramycin ® (Roerig) 4.8% Bisulfite sodium   0.02-0.66% w/v Amikin ®(Bristol Myers) 0.66% Butylated hydroxy anisole 0.00028-0.03% w/vAquasol ® (Astra) 0.03% (BRA) Butylated hydroxy toluene 0.00116-0.03%w/v Aquasol ® (Astra) 0.03% (BHT) Cystein/Cysteinate, HCl   0.07-0.10%w/v Acthar Gel ® (Rhone-Poulanc) 0.1% w/v Dithionite sodium (Na 0.10%Nurorphan ® (DuPont) 0.10% hydrosulfite, Na sulfoxylate) Gentisic acid0.02% w/v OctreoScan ® (Mallinckrodt) Gentisic acid ethanolamine   2%M.V.I. 12 ® (Astra) 2% Glutamate monosodium  0.1% w/v Varivas ® (Merck)0.1% w/v Formaldehyde sulfoxylate   0.075-0.5% w/v Terramycin Solution(Roerig) 0.5% sodium Metabisulfite potassium 0.10% Vasoxyl ®(Glaxo-Wellcome) 0.10% Metabisulfite sodium    0.02-1% w/v Intropin ®(DuPont) 1% w/v Monothioglycerol 0.1-1% Terramycin Solution (Roerig) 1%(Thioglycerol) Propyl gallate 0.02% Navane ® (Roerig) Sulfite, sodium  0.05-0.2% w/v Enion ® (Ohmeda) 0.2% w/v Thioglycolate, sodium     0.66% w/v Sus-Phrine ® (Forest) 0.66% w/v

TABLE 2 Preservatives and usage in some commercial products ExcipientRange Example Benzethonium chloride  0.01% Benadryl ® (Parke-Davis)0.01% w/v Benzyl alcohol 0.75-5%  Dimenhydrinate ® (Steris) 5%Chlorobutanol  0.25-0.5%  Codine phosphate (Wyeth-Ayerst) 0.5% m-Cresol 0.1-0.3% Humatrope ® (Lilly) 0.30% Myristyl gamma-picolinium 0.0195-0.169% Depo-Provera ® (Upjohn) 0.169% w/v Paraben methyl 0.05-0.18% Inapsine ® (Janssen) 0.18% w/v Paraben propyl  0.01-0.1% Xylocaine w/Epinephrine (Astra) 0.1% w/v Phenol  0.2-0.5% Calcimar ®(Rhone Poulanc) 0.5% w/v 2-Phenoxyethanol  0.50% Havrix ® (SmithKlineBeecham) 0.50% w/v Phenyl mercuric nitrate 0.001% Antivenin ®(Wyeth-Ayerst) 0.001% Thimerosal  0.003-0.01% Atgam ® (Upjohn) 0.01%

Solution Formulations

Solutions

In one embodiment, the small molecule drug formulation is provided as asolution. In some aspects, the solution formulation comprises the drugdissolved in one or more solvents, i.e., the drug is fully solubilizedin the one or more solvents. Preferably, the one or more solvents isgenerally regarded as safe (GRAS). Non-limiting examples of solventssuitable for providing the small molecule solution formulation includewater (e.g., WFI or a pH-adjusted water), one or more aqueous buffers,polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300-600 (e.g., PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 500 orPEG 600), ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and combinations of any two ormore of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the solution formulationconsists of or consists essentially of the drug and the one or moresolvents.

Non-limiting examples of aqueous buffers for use as a solutionformulation solvent include a phosphate buffer, a phosphate bufferedsaline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), a histidine buffer, a citrate buffer, aTRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer, a glycine-NaOH buffer, an acetatebuffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleate buffer, a PIPES buffer, a HEPESbuffer, an MES buffer, a MOPS buffer, a phosphate-citrate buffer, and abarbital buffer. In some aspects, the pH of the aqueous buffer, and/orthe pH of the final solution formulation containing the buffer, rangesfrom about pH 5.5 to about pH 8.5, or about pH 6 to about pH 8;preferably, the pH ranges from about pH 6.5 to about pH 7.2. In someembodiments, the buffer and/or final solution formulation pH is about 7.

In some embodiments, the solution formulation comprises a co-solventsystem, wherein the co-solvent system consists of or consistsessentially of a mixture of an organic solvent (such as ethanol) and anaqueous solvent (such as water, water for injection (WFI), a pH-adjustedwater, a saline solution (e.g., normal saline), a dextrose solution(e.g., dextrose 5% for injection), or an aqueous buffer, such asphosphate buffer, a phosphate buffered saline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), ahistidine buffer, a citrate buffer, a TRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer,a glycine-NaOH buffer, an acetate buffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleatebuffer, a PIPES buffer, a HEPES buffer, an MES buffer, a MOPS buffer, aphosphate-citrate buffer, and a barbital buffer.

In one embodiment, the formulation is an ethanolic solution formulation.In some aspects, the ethanolic solution formulation comprises at leastabout 50% ethanol, at least about 60% ethanol, at least about 70%ethanol, at least about 75% ethanol, or at least 80% ethanol, whereinthe % is (w/w) with respect to the total mass of the solvent(s). In yetfurther aspects, the ethanolic solution formulation comprises an aqueousmedium (e.g., water, water for injection (WFI), a pH-adjusted water, asaline solution (e.g., normal saline), a dextrose solution (e.g.,dextrose 5% for injection), or an aqueous buffer (e.g., a phosphatebuffer, a phosphate buffered saline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), a histidinebuffer, a citrate buffer, a TRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer, aglycine-NaOH buffer, an acetate buffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleatebuffer, a PIPES buffer, a HEPES buffer, an MES buffer, a MOPS buffer, aphosphate-citrate buffer, and a barbital buffer). In some embodiments,the ethanolic solution formulation comprises at most about 20%, about25%, about 30%, about 40% or about 50% water (e.g., WFI or pH-adjustedwater) or aqueous buffer, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to thetotal mass of the solvent(s).

In some embodiments, the small molecule drug formulation is a solutioncomprising polyethylene glycol (PEG) 300-600 (e.g., PEG 300, PEG 400,PEG 500, or PEG 600). In some embodiments, the solution furthercomprises an aqueous vehicle. For example, the aqueous vehicle can bewater, water-for-injection (WFI), pH-adjusted water, or a buffer, suchas an aqueous buffer, for example, a phosphate buffer, a phosphatebuffered saline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), a histidine buffer, a citratebuffer, a TRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer, a glycine-NaOH buffer, anacetate buffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleate buffer, a PIPES buffer, aHEPES buffer, an MES buffer, a MOPS buffer, a phosphate-citrate buffer,and a barbital buffer.

Stabilized Solutions

In another embodiment, the small molecule drug formulation is providedas a stabilized solution. In some aspects, the stabilized solutioncomprises the drug, one or more solvents and a stabilizing agent. Thestabilizing agent may facilitate and maintain the dissolution of thedrug in the one or more solvents. Non-limiting examples of solventssuitable for providing the stabilized solution formulation include water(e.g., WFI or pH-adjusted water), one or more aqueous buffers,polyethylene glycol 300-600 (e.g., PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 500 or PEG600), ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone,dimethylacetamide, dimethylsulfoxide, and combinations of two or more ofthe foregoing.

Non-limiting examples of aqueous buffers for use in a small moleculestabilized solution formulation solvent include a phosphate buffer, aphosphate buffered saline (PBS, TBS, TNT, PBT), a histidine buffer, acitrate buffer, a TRIS buffer, a glycine-HCl buffer, a glycine-NaOHbuffer, an acetate buffer, a cacodylate buffer, a maleate buffer, aPIPES buffer, a HEPES buffer, an MES buffer, a MOPS buffer, aphosphate-citrate buffer, and a barbital buffer. In some aspects, the pHof the aqueous buffer, and/or the pH of the final solution formulationcontaining the buffer, ranges from about pH 5.5 to about pH 8.5, orabout pH 6 to about pH 8; preferably, the pH ranges from about pH 6.5 toabout pH 7.2. In some embodiments, the buffer and/or final solutionformulation pH is about 7.

Non-limiting examples of a stabilizing agent to be combined with the oneor more solvents to provide the small molecule drug stabilized solutionformulation include surfactants, water-insoluble lipids, organic liquidsor semi-solids, cyclodextrins, phospholipids, and combinations of two ormore of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a surfactant. Non-limitingexamples of surfactants for incorporation into the stabilized solutionformulation include Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor RH 60,d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, polysorbate 20,polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, Solutol HS 15, sorbitanmonooleate, poloxamer 407, Labrafil M-1944CS, Labrafil M-2125CS,Labrasol, Gellucire 44/14, Softigen 767, mono- and di-fatty acid estersof PEG 300, 400 or 1750; and combinations of two or more of theforegoing.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a water-insoluble lipid.Non-limiting examples of water-insoluble lipids for incorporation intothe stabilized solution formulation include castor oil, corn oil,cottonseed oil, olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil,sesame oil, soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenatedsoybean oil, and medium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil and palm seedoil; and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is an organic liquid orsemi-solid. Non-limiting examples of an organic liquid or semi-solid forincorporation into the stabilized solution formulation include beeswax,d-alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid, medium-chain mono- and diglycerides; andcombinations of two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a cyclodextrin.Non-limiting examples of a cyclodextrin for incorporation into thestabilized solution formulation include alpha-cyclodextrin,beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin andsulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin.

In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is a phospholipid.Non-limiting examples of a phospholipid for incorporation into thestabilized solution formulation include hydrogenated soyphosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol,L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine andL-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol; and combinations of two or moreof the foregoing.

In one embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises,consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents(such as ethanol), and a water insoluble lipid; optionally, theformulation further comprises a polyol, such as a sugar or sugaralcohol; in some embodiments, the polyol is sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises,consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents,and an organic liquid or semi-solid.

In another embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises,consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents,and a cyclodextrin.

In another embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises,consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents,and a phospholipid.

In another embodiment, the stabilized solution formulation comprises,consists essentially of or consists of the drug, one or more solvents,and a surfactant.

In one embodiment, the formulation is a stabilized ethanolic solutionformulation comprising the drug, ethanol, a stabilizing agent, andoptionally, a second solvent. In further aspects of this embodiment, theethanolic formulation comprises at least about 50% ethanol, at leastabout 60% ethanol, at least about 70% ethanol, at least about 75%ethanol, t least 80% ethanol, at least about 85% ethanol, or at leastabout 90% ethanol, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to the total massof the solvent(s) or the total mass of the solvent(s) and thestabilizing agent. In yet further aspects, the stabilized ethanolicsolution formulation further comprises water (e.g., WFI or a pH-adjustedwater) or an aqueous buffer as the second solvent. In some embodiments,the stabilized ethanolic solution formulation comprises at most about20%, at most about 25%, at most about 30%, at most about 40% or at mostabout 50% water or aqueous buffer, wherein the % is (w/w) with respectto the total mass of the solvent(s) or the total mass of the solvent(s)and the stabilizing agent. In some embodiments, the stabilized ethanolicsolution formulation comprises between about 0.1% and about 50% of thestabilizing agent, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to the total massof the solvent(s) and the stabilizing agent. Non-limiting examples of astabilizing agent suitable for providing the stabilized ethanolicsolution formulation include surfactants (e.g., Cremophor EL, CremophorRH 40, Cremophor RH 60, d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000succinate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate80, Solutol HS 15, sorbitan monooleate, poloxamer 407, LabrafilM-1944CS, Labrafil M-2125CS, Labrasol, Gellucire 44/14, Softigen 767,mono- and di-fatty acid esters of PEG 300, 400, or 1750),water-insoluble lipids (e.g., castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil,olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil,soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean oil, andmedium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil, palm seed oil), organicliquids or semi-solids (e.g., beeswax, d-alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid,medium-chain mono- and diglycerides), cyclodextrins (e.g.,(alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin,and sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin), phospholipids (e.g.,hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol,L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine andL-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol), and combinations of two ormore of the foregoing.

In another embodiment, the formulation is a stabilized ethanolicsolution formulation comprising the drug, ethanol, a stabilizing agentor carrier, and optionally, a second solvent. In further aspects of thisembodiment, the ethanolic formulation comprises from 0.1 to 99.9% of thestabilizing agent or carrier, wherein the % is (w/w) with respect to thetotal mass of the solvent(s) or the total mass of the solvent(s) and thestabilizing agent. In yet further aspects, the stabilized ethanolicsolution formulation further comprises water (e.g., WFI or a pH-adjustedwater) or an aqueous buffer as the second solvent. Non-limiting examplesof a stabilizing agent or carrier suitable for providing the stabilizedethanolic solution formulation include surfactants (e.g., Cremophor EL,Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor RH 60, d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol1000 succinate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60,polysorbate 80, Solutol HS 15, sorbitan monooleate, poloxamer 407,Labrafil M-1944CS, Labrafil M-2125CS, Labrasol, Gellucire 44/14,Softigen 767, mono- and di-fatty acid esters of PEG 300, 400, or 1750),water-insoluble lipids (e.g., castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil,olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil,soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean oil, andmedium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil, palm seed oil), organicliquids or semi-solids (e.g., beeswax, d-alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid,medium-chain mono- and diglycerides), cyclodextrins (e.g.,(alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin,and sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin), phospholipids (e.g.,hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol,L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine andL-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol), and combinations of two ormore of the foregoing.

In a particular embodiment, the formulation comprises, consistsessentially of or consists of the drug, ethanol, and a surfactant, suchas Labrasol or a polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil such asCremophor. In a more particular embodiment, the formulation comprises,consists essentially of or consists of the drug, ethanol, and apolyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil (e.g., Cremophor).

In one embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of the drug, ethanol and Cremophor.

Optionally, each of the foregoing formulations comprising the drug, theethanol and the Cremophor further comprises a second solvent.Optionally, the second solvent is a PEG (for example, PEG 300 or PEG400). Alternatively, the second solvent is water (e.g., WFI or apH-adjusted water) or an aqueous buffer, thereby optionally providingthe formulation as a micelle-solubilized formulation.

In another embodiment, the comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of the drug and a solvent, such as a PEG (for example, PEG 300or PEG400), optionally further comprising a stabilizing agent orcarrier, and/or a second solvent. In some embodiments, the secondsolvent is water (e.g., WFI or a pH-adjusted water) or an aqueousbuffer. In other embodiments, the second solvent is ethanol.Non-limiting examples of a stabilizing agent or carrier suitable forproviding the formulation include surfactants (e.g., Cremophor EL,Cremophor RH 40, Cremophor RH 60, d-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol1000 succinate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60,polysorbate 80, Solutol HS 15, sorbitan monooleate, poloxamer 407,Labrafil M-1944CS, Labrafil M-2125CS, Labrasol, Gellucire 44/14,Softigen 767, mono- and di-fatty acid esters of PEG 300, 400, or 1750),water-insoluble lipids (e.g., castor oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil,olive oil, peanut oil, peppermint oil, safflower oil, sesame oil,soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oils, hydrogenated soybean oil, andmedium-chain triglycerides of coconut oil, palm seed oil), organicliquids or semi-solids (e.g., beeswax, d-alpha-tocopherol, oleic acid,medium-chain mono- and diglycerides), cyclodextrins (e.g.,(alpha-cyclodextrin, beta-cyclodextrin, hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin,and sulfobutylether-beta-cyclodextrin), phospholipids (e.g.,hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylglycerol,L-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine andL-alpha-dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol), and combinations of two ormore of the foregoing. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent isCremophor.

Solid Formulations

In one embodiment, the small molecule drug formulation is provided as asolid. In some aspects, the solid formulation, upon administration, isreleased into the GI tract where it is dispersed and distributed locallyand or/distal to the site of administration. In some embodiments, thesolid drug formulation is dispersed into the mucosa and distributedlocally and or/distal to the site of administration. In a non-limitingexample, the solid drug formulation is released in the cecum, dispersedinto the mucosa, and distributed to the colon. In some embodiments, thesolid drug formulation is loaded into an ingestible device for releaseinto the GI tract. In some aspects, upon administration, the solid drugformulation is emulsified in the GI tract via contact with one or moresubstances present in the local environment, for example, with bilesalts present in the GI tract; in further aspects, the emulsificationenhances drug distribution to and/or absorption by the surroundingtissues, and/or enhances the stability of the formulation.

In one embodiment, the solid drug formulation comprises, consists of orconsists essentially of the drug. In some aspects, the drug is incrystalline form. In other aspects, the drug is in amorphous form. Insome embodiments, the drug is provided in as micronized drug particles,a lyophilized powder or in extruded form.

In another embodiment, the solid formulation comprises the drug and oneor more excipients. In some aspects, the drug (which may be crystallineor amorphous, micronized or lyophilized) is physically admixed with theone or more excipients. In some embodiments, the one or more excipientsis selected from the group consisting of preservatives andanti-oxidants. In some embodiments, the drug is physically admixed withan excipient such as a solvent (for example, PEG) and extruded.

In another embodiment, the solid drug formulation is an enteric-coatedformulation.

In another embodiment, the solid drug formulation is not anenteric-coated formulation.

In another embodiment, the solid drug formulation does not contain apH-dependent drug release matrix.

Dispersion or Suspension Formulations

Dispersion Formulations

In one embodiment, the small molecule drug formulation is provided as adispersion formulation. Typically, the dispersion formulation comprisesat least two phases, a dispersed phase and a dispersion medium orvehicle. In one embodiment, solid drug particles (the dispersed phase)are dispersed in a continuous dispersion vehicle, which is preferably asolution in which the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble, andthroughout which the drug particles are distributed.

In some embodiments, the solid drug particles comprise micronized drugparticles; advantageously, the micronized drug particles increasedispersion loading. In other embodiments, the solid drug is provided inan extruded form, for example, the drug may be admixed with an excipient(for example, a solvent such as PEG and extruded; advantageously, theextruded drug formulation increases dispersion loading. In otherembodiments, the solid drug is provided in a lyophilized form;advantageously, the lyophilized drug formulation increases dispersionloading.

In some aspects, the dispersion formulation is prepared using solventevaporation techniques, which may increase dispersion loading.

In other embodiments, the drug is a liquid or a semi-solid, and thedispersion formulation comprises the drug in the form of dropletsdispersed throughout the dispersion vehicle, which may be a solutionphase in which the drug is insoluble or poorly soluble, and throughoutwhich the drug droplets are distributed.

Suspension Formulations

In one embodiment, the formulation is provided as a suspension. In someaspects, the suspension formulation comprises the drug suspended via asuspending agent in an aqueous media, such as an aqueous buffer.

Non-limiting examples of suitable suspending agents includecarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), PEGs (e.g., PEG 100-1000, PEG 3350),hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and combinations thereof. Theformulation may further comprise one or more excipients, such as castoroil, modified starch, sorbitol, cellulose, pectin, sucrose, citric acid,poloxamers, tetrasodium edetate (EDTA), PEG(s), cocamide DE, glycerol,Cremophor RH40, dextrose, polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxyethyl cellulose,hydroxypropyl cellulose, propylene glycol, gums (various), propyleneglycol alginate, methyl paraben, providone, water, and surfactants (suchas polysorbate 20, 40, 60 or 80).

In one example, the suspension formulation comprises the drugsolubilized in a lipid, which is further suspended in an aqueous vehicle(e.g., WIFI, a pH-adjusted water, or an aqueous buffer). In anotherexample, the suspension formulation comprises micronized drug substancesuspended in an excipient, such as an excipient suitable for solutionformulations as disclosed herein. In another example, the suspensionformulation comprises micronized drug substance suspended in a solvent,such as a solvent suitable for solution formulations as disclosedherein. In a further example, the suspension formulation comprises drugsolubilized in a lipid, which is further suspended in an excipient, suchas an excipient suitable for solution formulations as disclosed herein.In another example, the suspension formulation comprises drugsolubilized in a lipid, which is further suspended in a solvent, such asa solvent suitable for solution formulations as disclosed herein.

Emulsion Formulations

In one embodiment, the formulation is provided as an emulsion.

Water-In-Oil Emulsions

In some aspects, the emulsion formulation is a water-in-oil emulsionformulation. In further aspects, the water-in-oil emulsion formulationcomprises a water-insoluble excipient, a triglyceride and one or moresurfactants. Typically, the water-in-oil emulsion will contain two (2)surfactants.

In one embodiment, the emulsion comprises a non-ionic surfactant. Insome embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant contains the followingfunctionality or agent: ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol; polyoxyethylenesurfactants; carboxylic esters; polyethylene glycol esters;anhydrosorbitol ester and its ethoxylated derivatives; glycol esters offatty acids; amides; monoalkanolamine condensates; polyoxyethylene fattyacid amides.

In one embodiment, the emulsion comprises an amphoteric surfactant. Insome embodiments, the amphoteric surfactant contains the followingfunctionality or agent: n-coco 3-aminopropionic acid/sodium salt;n-tallow 3-iminodipropionate, disodium salt; n-carboxymethyl n-dimethyln-9 octadecenyl ammonium hydroxide; n-cocoamidethyln-hydroxyethylglycine, sodium salt.

In other embodiments, the emulsion is a cationic emulsion, whichpreferably interacts with negatively charged tissue of the GI tract,thereby facilitating the topical administration of the drug to the GItissue. In some embodiments, the cationic emulsion comprises one or moreexcipients comprising one or more of the following functional groups:quaternary ammonium salts; amines with amide linkages; polyoxyethylenealkyl and alicyclic amines; N,N,N′,N′ tetrakis substitutedethylenediamines; 2-alkyl 1-hydroxethyl 2-imidazolines.

In some embodiments, the emulsion is an anionic emulsion, whichpreferably interacts with positively charged inflamed tissue at adisease site, thereby facilitating the targeted topical administrationof the drug to the disease site. In some embodiments, the anionicemulsion comprises one or more excipients comprising one or more of thefollowing functional groups: carboxylates; sulfonates; petroleumsulfonates; alkylbenzenesulfonates; naphthalenesulfonates; olefinsulfonates; alkyl sulfates; sulfates; sulfated natural oils and fats;sulfated esters; sulfated alkanolamides; alkylphenols, and ethoxylatedand sulfated derivatives.

Non-limiting examples of water-insoluble excipients for incorporationinto the emulsion formulation include bees wax, oleic acid, soy fattyacids, d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), corn oil monoglycerides, corn oildiglycerides, corn oil triglycerides, medium chain (C8-C10)monoglycerides, medium chain (C8-C10) diglycerides, propylene glycolesters of fatty acids, and combinations of two or more of the foregoing.

Non-limiting examples of triglycerides for incorporation into theemulsion formulation include long-chain triglycerides, such ashydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil, corn oil, oliveoil, peanut oil, sesame oil; and medium-chain triglycerides, such ascaprylic/capric triglycerides, triglycerides derived from coconut oil orpalm seed oil; and combinations thereof.

Non-limiting examples of surfactants for incorporation into the emulsionformulation include polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), polysorbate 80 (Tween80), sorbitanmonolaurate (Span 20), d-alpha-tocopheryl PEG 1000succinate (TPGS), glycerylmonoolate, polyoxyl 35 castor oil (CremophorEL), polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor RH40), polyoxyl 60hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor RH60), PEG 300 oleic glycerides(Labrafil® M-1944CS), PEG 300 linoleic glycerides (Labrafil® M-2125CS),PEG 400 caprylic/capric glycerides (Labrasol®), PEG 1500 lauricglycerides (Gelucire® 44/14); and combinations thereof.

Lipid-Based Emulsions

In some embodiments, the formulation is a lipid-based formulationcomprising the drug, an aqueous phase (e.g., water, water for injection(WFI), a pH-adjusted water, a saline solution (e.g., normal saline), adextrose solution (e.g., dextrose 5% for injection), or an aqueousbuffer) and an emulsifier. Non-limiting examples of the emulsifierssuitable for use in the lipid-based emulsion formulations are listed inTable 3. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a non-aqueousco-solvent; non-limiting examples of the cosolvent include ethanol,propylene glycol, glycerol, and a PEG (e.g, PEG 400). Suitablecombinations of agents used to formulate the small molecule drug arefound in Table 4, which discloses some commercial lipid-basedformulations.

TABLE 3 Emulsifiers used in lipid-based formulations Low hydrophiliclipophilic balance (HLB) (<10) emulsifier Phosphatidylcholine andPhosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine phosphatidylcholine/ inpropylene glycol, phosphatidylcholine solvent mixtures in medium chaintriglycerides, and phos- phatidylcholine in safflower oil/ethanolUnsaturated poly- Oleoyl macrogolglycerides, linoleoyl glycolizedglycerides macrogolglycerides Sorbitan esters Sorbitan monooleate,sorbitan mono- stearate, sorbitan monolaurate, and sorbitanmonopalmitate High HLB (>10) emulsifier Polyoxyethylene Polysorbate 20,polysorbate 40, sorbitan esters polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80Polyoxyl castor oil Polyoxyl 35 castor oil, polyoxyl 40 derivativeshydrogenated castor oil Polyoxyethylene Poloxamer 188, poloxamer 407polyoxypropylene block copolymer Saturated poly- Lauroylmacrogolglycerides, stearoyl glycolized glycerides macrogolglyceridesPEG-8 caprylic/capric Caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides glyceridesVitamin E derivative Tocopherol PEG succinate

TABLE 4 Some Commercial Lipid formulations Oils: triglyceridesWater-insoluble Water-soluble or mixed mono and surfactants surfactantsHydrophilic Drug diglycerides (HLB < 12) (HLB > 12) cosolventIsotretinoin Beeswax, (Accutane ®) hydrogenated Discontinued soybean oilflakes, hydrogenated vegetable oil, soybean oil Cyclosporin A Olive oilpolyoxyethylated Ethanol (Sandimmune ®) oleic glycerides 12.5%Dronabinol Sesame oil (Marinol ®) Clofazimine Beeswax (Lamprene ®) 100mg Discontinued Cyclosporin A Corn oil Linoleic Ethanol (Sandimmune ®)macroglycerides 12.7% Ranitidine Medium chain Mixed (Zantac ®)triglycerides glycerides of Discontinued long chain fatty acids(Gelucire 33/01) Cyclosporin A Corn oil mono-di- Polyoxyl 40 Ethanol(Neoral ®) triglycerides hydrogenated 11.9%, castor oil glycerol,propylene glycol Cyclosporin A Corn oil-mono-di- Polyoxyl 40 Ethanol(Neoral ®) triglycerides hydrogenated 11.9%, castor oil propylene glycolTretinoin Beeswax, (Vesanoid ®) hydrogenated Discontinued soybean oilflakes, hydrogenated vegetable oil, soybean oil Ritonavir Oleic acidPolyoxyl 35 Ethanol (Norvir ®) castor oil Saquinavir Medium chain(Fortovase ®) mono- and di- Discontinued glycerides Progesterone Peanutoil (Prometrium ®) Amprenavir Vitamin E TPGS PEG400, (Agenerase ®)propylene discontinued glycol Bexarotene Polysorbate 20 PEG400(Targretin ®) Doxercalciferol Coconut oil Alcohol (Hectorol ®) SirolimusPhosphatidylcholine, Polysorbate 80 1.5-2.5% (Rapamune ®) mono- and di-ethanol, glycerides, soy fatty propylene acids, ascorbyl glycolpalmitate Cyclosporin A Polysorbate 80, Propylene (Gengraf ®) Polyoxyl35 glycol, castor oil alcohol 12.8% v/v Cyclosporin A Polyoxyl 40Propylene (Gengraf ®) hydrogenated glycol castor oil, Polysorbate 80Ritonavir/ Oleic acid Polyoxyl 35 Propylene lopinavir castor oil glycol(Kaletra ®) Discontinued Dutasteride Mono-di-glycerides (Avodart ®) ofcaprylic/capric acid Isotretinoin Hydrogenated Polysorbate 80(Claravis ®) vegetable oil, soybean oil, white wax Omega-3-acid Soybeanoil ethyl esters (Lovaza ®) Tipranavir Mono-/di-glycerides Polyoxyl 35Ethanol, (Aptivus ®) of caprylic/capric castor oil propylene acidsglycol Tipranavir Vitamin E TPGS PEG 400, (Aptivus ®) propylene glycol,water Paricalcitol Medium chain Alcohol (Zemplar ®) triglyceridesfractionated from coconut oil or palm kernel oil Lubiprostone Mediumchain (Amitiza ®) triglycerides Fenofibrate Gelucire 44/14 (Lipofen ®)(lauroyl macrogol glyceride type 1500) Topotecan HCl HydrogenatedGlyceryl (Hycamtin ®) vegetable oil monostearate LoratadineCaprylic/capric Polysorbate 80 (Claritin ®) glycerides IsotretinoinSoybean oil, stearoyl Sorbitan (Absorica ®) polyoxylglyceridesmonooleate Enzalutamide Caprylocaproyl (Xtandi ®) polyoxyglyceridesNintedanib MCTs, hard fat Lecithin (Ofev ®) Calcifediol (Rayaldee ™)Mixture of lipophilic emulsifier with a HLB <7 and an absorptionenhancer with HLB of 13-18 Oily vehicle—mineral oil, liquid paraffins,or squalene

Formulations Containing Tofacitinib

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingtofacitinib is tofacitinib in the form of micronized particles, such asparticles micronized with PEG.

In some more particular embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulationcomprises tofacitinib citrate. More particularly, the pharmaceuticalformulation is XELJANZ®.

Thus, in some more particular embodiments, the pharmaceuticalformulation comprises tofacitinib citrate and the pharmaceuticalformulation comprises microcrystalline cellulose, lactose monohydrate,croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, HIPMC 2910/Hypromellose 6 cP,titanium dioxide, macrogol/PEG3350, and triacetin.

In other embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is provided as adispersion or a suspension comprising the tofacitinib in a suspendingagent, wherein the suspending agent is optionally carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), one or more PEGs (e.g., PEG 100 to 1000, PEG 3350),hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), or a combination thereof.Optionally, the formulation further comprises one or more excipientsselected from the group consisting of castor oil, modified starch,sorbitol, cellulose, pectin, sucrose, citric acid, poloxamers, EDTA,cocamide DE, glycerol, Cremophor RH40, dextrose, polyvinyl alcohol,hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, propylene glycol, agum, propylene glycol alginate, methyl paraben, providone, water, and asurfactant, which is optionally polysorbate 20, 40, 60 or 80.Optionally, the tofacitinab is provided as a micronized solid dispersedor suspended in the suspending agent and the one or more optionalexcipients. Preferably, the pharmaceutical formulation contains thetofacitinib at a concentration of at least about 5 mg/mL or 5 mg/g, atleast about 10 mg/mL or 10 mg/g; optionally, at least about 15 mg/mL or15 mg/g. In some embodiments, the tofacitinib is tofacitinib citrate.

In other embodiments, the formulation is provided as a solid, and thetofacitinib is present in the pharmaceutical formulation at aconcentration of at least about 75% (w/w), about 80% (w/w), about 85%(w/w), or at least about 90% (w/w); optionally, at least about 95%,about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99% (w/w). In some embodiments,the tofacitinib is tofacitinib citrate.

Formulations for Delivery of Antibodies and Other Therapeutic Proteins

In some aspects, a JAK inhibitor is administered in combination with asecond agent, wherein the second agent is an antibody or othertherapeutic protein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor itself is anantibody or other therapeutic protein. The antibody or other therapeuticprotein (i.e., the JAK inhibitor itself or the second agent) can bedelivered systemically, for example, via intravenous or subcutaneousadministration, or can be administered using the devices and methodsdescribed herein, including an ingestible device as disclosed herein.The antibodies or other therapeutic proteins can be incorporated intopharmaceutical formulations, which may be loaded into a device forrelease and delivery to a subject, or more particularly, for topicaldelivery of the formulation and/or antibody or therapeutic protein tothe gastrointestinal tract of a subject. The formulations can be liquid,semi-solid, or solid formulations, and can comprise the agent and aphysiologically acceptable carrier. Exemplary carriers include water,saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and thelike. Polyamines or polyols, including sugars and polyalcohols (e.g.,mannitol or sorbitol), may be incorporated into the presentformulations, for example, for use as stabilizing agents, e.g., topreserve the biological activity of an antibody or other therapeuticprotein under various stress conditions. Formulations can include othersubstances, such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives,buffers, and/or mucoadhesive agents, which can enhance the shelf lifeand/or effectiveness of the agent. Formulations that are particularlyuseful for the methods and compositions described herein are describedin detail below. Some formulations disclosed herein, which may becommercially or otherwise available for IV or subcutaneous delivery, andwhich may be available in pre-loaded syringes or pens, may alternativelybe incorporated or loaded into a device, such as an ingestible device,as disclosed herein, for release and topical delivery of the formulationand/or antibody or therapeutic protein to the gastrointestinal tract ofa subject.

General Description of Formulations and Ingredients

An antibody or other therapeutic protein can be formulated in a solution(e.g., aqueous formulation), dry formulation (e.g., lyophilized solidformulation), microemulsion, nanoemulsion, solid composition, semi-solidcomposition, dispersion, liposome, or a particulate compositioncontaining a micro- or nanoencapsulated antibody or other therapeuticprotein. In some embodiments, the formulation can be suitable for highantibody concentration (e.g., about 150 mg/mL and greater). Solutionscan be prepared, e.g., by incorporating an antibody in the requiredamount in an appropriate solvent with at least one, or a combination of,ingredients described above. Generally, dispersions can be prepared byincorporating an antibody into a vehicle that contains a basicdispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thosedescribed above. In some embodiments, proper fluidity of a solution maybe maintained, for example, using a coating such as lecithin, by themaintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion, andby the use of surfactants. Prolonged absorption of compositions can bebrought about by including in the composition an agent that delaysabsorption, for example, monostearate salts and/or gelatin. In someembodiments, formulations containing an antibody or therapeutic proteinfurther comprises one or more additional excipients to enhanceperformance, such as GI penetration/absorption and/or stability.Excipients that may be incorporated to enhance absorption by the GItract and/or at the disease site within the GI tract include bile salts,chelators, surfactants, anti-oxidants, fatty acids and derivativesthereof, cationic polymers, anionic polymers, and acylcarnitines, suchas lauroyl-L-carnitine chloride or palmitoylcarnitine chloride.

Polyols

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a formulationcomprising a polyol. As used herein, the term “polyol” refers anexcipient with multiple hydroxyl groups, and includes sugars (e.g.,reducing and nonreducing sugars), sugar alcohols and sugar acids. Insome embodiments, the polyol is a small molecule. A “reducing sugar” isone which contains a hemiacetal group that can reduce metal ions orreact covalently with lysine and other amino groups in proteins. A“nonreducing sugar” is one which does not have these properties of areducing sugar. Polyols that are suitable for use in formulations of thepresent application include, for example, polyols selected from thegroup consisting of mannitol, sucrose, trehalose, sorbitol, erythritol,isomalt, lactitol, maltitol, maltose, xylitol, raffinose, stachyose,melezitose, dextran, palatinit, glycerol, lactitol, propylene glycol,polyethylene glycol, inositol, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compositioncomprising an antibody and a polyol, which may be a sugar (e.g., anon-reducing sugar). In one example, these excipients increase stabilityof an antibody or another therapeutic protein in the formulation that issusceptible to deamidation, oxidation, isomerization and/or aggregation.Hence, inclusion of a sugar in the formulation improves stability,reduces aggregate formation, and retards degradation of the therapeuticprotein therein. Suitable examples of polyols include mannitol,sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combinationthereof.

A molar ratio of the polyol to the antibody or other therapeutic proteincan be, e.g., at least about 600:1; about 625:1; about 650:1; about675:1, about 700:1; about 750:1, about 800:1, about 1000:1, about1200:1, about 1400:1, about 1500:1, about 1600:1, about 1700:1, about1800:1, about 1900:1, or about 2000:1. In some embodiments, sucrose,mannitol, sorbitol, trehalose, or any combination thereof, is thenon-reducing sugar for use in an antibody formulation (solid or liquid).In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the non-reducing sugar to theantibody (mole:mole) is at least about 600:1.

Amino Acids

In some embodiments, a formulation can include any desired free aminoacid, a salt thereof, or a combination thereof, which can be in theL-form, the D-form or any desired mixture of these forms. Free aminoacids that can be included in the formulation include, for example, anyone of the 20 essential amino acids, or more particular amino acids,such as histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, serine,lysine, tryptophan, valine, cysteine, methionine, and any combinationthereof. The amino acids can stabilize an antibody against degradationduring manufacturing, drying, lyophilization and/or storage, e.g.,through hydrogen bonds, salt bridges antioxidant properties orhydrophobic interactions or by exclusion from the protein surface. Aminoacids can act as tonicity modifiers or can act to decrease viscosity ofthe formulation. Free amino acids, such as histidine and arginine, canact as cryoprotectants and lyoprotectants, and do not crystallize whenlyophilized as components of the formulation.

Free amino acids, such as glutamic acid and histidine, alone or incombination, can act as buffering agents in an aqueous formulation inthe pH range of about 5 to about 7.5, or about 4.7 to about 5.7. In someembodiments, when a combination of amino acids, such as histidine andarginine, is used in a formulation, the molar ratio of total amino acidamount to antibody ratio can be at least about 200:1, about 200:1 toabout 500:1, or at least about 400:1. In some embodiments, the freeamino acid in the formulation is histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine,glutamic acid, or any combination thereof. The molar ratio of free aminoacid to antibody may be at least about 200:1, about 250:1, about 300:1,about 400:1, or about 500:1.

Surfactants

In some embodiments, a formulation may contain a surfactant. Whenpresent, the surfactant is generally included in an amount which reducesformation of insoluble aggregates of an antibody, e.g., during bottling,freezing, drying, lyophilization and/or reconstitution. A “surfactant”herein refers to an agent that lowers surface tension of a liquid. Thesurfactant can be a nonionic surfactant. Non-limiting examples of usefulsurfactants include polysorbate (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate,for example, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, andpolysorbate 80); TRITON (t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, nonionicdetergent); sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); sodium laurel sulfate; sodiumoctyl glycoside; lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl-, or stearyl-sulfobetaine;lauryl-, myristyl-, linoleyl- or stearylsarcosine; linoleyl-, myristyl-,or cetyl-betaine; lauroamidopropyl-, cocamidopropyl-,linoleamidopropyl-, myristamidopropyl-, palmidopropyl-, orisostearamidopropylbetaine (e.g. lauroamidopropyl); myristamidopropyl-,palmidopropyl-, or isostearamidopropyl-dimethylamine; sodium methylcocoyl-, or disodium methyl oleyl-taurate; sorbitan monopalmitate; andthe MONAQUAT series; polyethyl glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG),and copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene glycol (e.g.,pluronics/poloxamer, PF68, etc.); etc. In some embodiments, thesurfactant is polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, thesurfactant:antibody molar ratio is about 1:1.

Bile Salts

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least one bile salt.When present, the one or more bile salts is generally included in anamount enhances absorption of the formulation and/or antibody by the GItract and/or at the disease site within the GI tract include.Non-limiting examples of bile salts for incorporation into a formulationof the present disclosure include sodium deoxycholate, sodiumtaurocholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium taurodihydrofusidate,sodium glycodihydrofusidate.

Mucoadhesive Agents

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least one adhesiveagent, such as a mucoadhesive agent, wherein the adhesive agent isoptionally a thermoreversible adhesive agent. In some embodiments, theformulation is particularly useful in the topical treatment ofgastrointestinal mucosal lesions. Non-limiting examples of the at leastone adhesive agent for incorporation into formulations of the presentdisclosure include alginate, gelatin, collagen, poly(acrylic acid),poly(methacrylic acid), poly(L-lysine), poly(ethyleneimine),poly(ethylene oxide), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), P(MAA-g-EG)hydrogel microparticles, lectin-conjugated alginate microparticles,thiolated polymer, natural oligosaccharides gum, drum dried waxy maizestarch, Carbopol 974P, chitin, chitosan and derivatives thereof (forexample, trimethyl chitosan), sea curve 240, scleroglucan, HE-starch,hydroxyl propyl cellulose, cellulose derivatives, pectin, xanthan gum,polycarbophil, amino dextran, DEAE-dextran, aminocaprylate, hyaluronicacid and/or a hyaluronate salt, polyvinyl acetate (PVA), cellulosederivatives such as cellulose sodium glycolate, methyl cellulose,carboxy methylhydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, propylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, ethylcellulose,3-O-ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate,ethyl(hydroxyethyl)cellulose, 6-O-alkylated cellulose, celluloseoctanoate sulfate, cellulose lauroate sulfate, cellulose stearatesulfate, and cationic derivatives thereof, 6-O-benzylcellulose,2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-benzylcellulose, 2,3-di-O-benzylcellulose,2,3-di-O-benzyl-6-O-methylcellulose, 2,3,6-tri-O-benzylcellulose,hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate,O-2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetyl cellulose, sodium alginate,starch, dextrin, a polyvinyl alcohol, a (poly)vinyl resin, sodiumsilicate, poloxamers, and the like. When the adhesive agent is sodiumalginate, a compound containing divalent ions, such as CaCl₂), can bepresent in the composition.

In some embodiments, the mucoadhesive agent is a cationic polymer. Whenpresent, the cationic polymer is generally included in an amount whichenhances mucoadhesion, opens tight junctions between cells, or both, forexample, via ionic interactions with cell membrane(s). Non-limitingexamples of suitable cationic polymers include chitin, chitosan andderivatives thereof (for example, trimethyl chitosan).

In some embodiments, the mucoadhesive agent is an anionic polymer. Whenpresent, the anionic polymer is generally included in an amount whichenhances mucoadhesion, opens tight junctions between cells, or both.Non-limiting examples of suitable anionic polymers include polymers ofacrylic acid cross-linked with polyalkenyl ethers or divinyl glycol(e.g., Carbopol®), polyacrylic acid derivatives, including salts, estersand ethers thereof, and hyaluronic acid, including salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises the antibody and one ormore adhesive agents, such as a poloxamer, a hyaluronic acid and/orhyaluronate salt, or a combination thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the one or more adhesive agentsincludes a thermoreversible adhesive agent, and the formulationcomprising the thermoreversible adhesive agent may be a thermoreversibleformulation, essentially as described in WO 2018/019881, which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety. Accordingly, in someembodiments, a formulation of the present disclosure comprises theantibody, a hyaluronic acid or a salt thereof and two thermoreversibleadhesive agents, wherein one of the two thermoreversible agents is apoloxamer, and wherein the poloxamer and the hyaluronic acid or saltthereof are present in a specific ratio. In some embodiments, the weightratio between the poloxamer and the hyaluronic acid or its salt is from60:1 to 10:1. In more particular embodiments, the weight ratio betweenthe poloxamer and the hyaluronic acid or its salt is from 60:1 to 20:1,more particularly from 50:1 to 30:1, more particularly is from 45:1 to35:1, and even more particularly about 40:1. In some more particularembodiments, the weight ratio between the poloxamer and the secondthermoreversible adhesive agent is from about 4:1 to about 25:1, moreparticularly from about 8:1 to about 12:1, more particularly still fromabout 9:1 to about 11:1, even more particularly the ratio is 10:1. Insome embodiments, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of, orconsists of the antibody, the hyaluronic acid or salt thereof, and theone or more mucoadhesive agents, wherein one of the two thermoreversibleagents is a poloxamer. In other embodiments, the formulation comprises,consists essentially of, or consists of the antibody, the hyaluronicacid or salt thereof, the one or more mucoadhesive agents, wherein oneof the two thermoreversible agents is a poloxamer, and an aqueousmedium, such as water, a pH-adjusted water or an aqueous buffer. In somemore particular embodiments, the hyaluronic acid or salt thereof ispresent in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2% (w/w), about0.25 to about 1.5%, about 0.3 to about 0.8% (w/w), or more particularlyabout 0.4% (w/w) with respect to the total weight of all formulationexcipients (including the aqueous medium), or with respect to the totalmass of the formulation, including the antibody. In some furtherembodiments, the formulation comprises from about 10 to about 25% (w/w)of two thermoreversible adhesive agents, with respect to the totalweight of all formulation excipients (including the aqueous medium), orwith respect to the total mass of the formulation, including theantibody; wherein one of the thermoreversible adhesive agents is apoloxamer.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises the antibody and one ormore thermoreversible adhesive agents, such as a poloxamer, and does notcontain a hyaluronic acid or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody; optionally,the monoclonal antibody is selected from the group consisting ofadalimumab, vedolizumab, infliximab, etrolizumab, golimumab,certolizumab, certolizumab pegol, ustekinumab, risankizumab, etanercept,brazikumab, natalizumab, PF-00547659, guselkumab, mirikizumab, or anyantigen-binding fragment thereof, glycosylation variant thereof, orbiosimilar thereof.

Other Excipients

Metal chelators may be a useful component to a formulation. Suitablemetal chelators include, for example, methylamine, ethylenediamine,desferoxamine, trientine, histidine, malate, succinate, phosphonatecompounds, e.g., etidronic acid, succinic acid, citric acid,salicylates, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA),ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA), and the like.

Formulations may include an anti-oxidant. Suitable anti-oxidantsinclude, for example, citric acid, uric acid, ascorbic acid, lipoicacid, glutathione, methionine, tocopherol, carotene, lycopene, cysteineand the like.

A preservative may be a useful addition to a formulation. Suitableexamples of preservatives include benzyl alcohol, phenol, m-cresol,chlorobutanol and benzethonium Cl.

In some embodiments, a formulation can include an antibody and at leastone amphiphilic polysaccharide. Suitable examples of amphiphilicpolysaccharides are described, for example, in US 2011/0014189, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, a formulation can include an antibody and at leastone alkylglycoside. Alkylglycoside may have a critical micelleconcentration (CMC) of less than about 1 mM. Presence of analkylglycoside may reduce aggregation and immunogenicity of the antibodyin the formulation. Suitable examples of alkylglycosides include dodecylmaltoside, tridecyl maltoside, tetradecyl maltoside, sucrosemono-dodecanoate, sucrose mono-tridecanoate, and sucrosemono-tetradecanoate. Examples of formulations containing analkylglycoside are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,226,949,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

A formulation may include N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). Concentration ofN-methyl pyrrolidone may be, for example, from about 1 mM to about 1000mM. N-methyl pyrrolidone provides reduced viscosity of the formulation.Exemplary concentrations of NMP include about 50 mM, about 60 mM, about70 mM, about 80 mM, about 90 mM, about 100 mM, about 110 mM, about 120mM, about 130 mM, about 140 mM, about 150 mM, about 160 mM, about 170mM, about 180 mM, about 190 mM, about 200 mM, about 250 mM, about 275mM, about 300 mM, about 325 mM, about 350 mM, about 375 mM, about 400mM, about 425 mM, about 450 mM, about 475 mM, about 500 mM, about 525mM, about 550 mM, about 575 mM, about 600 mM, about 625 mM, about 650mM, about 675 mM, or about 700 mM. Ranges of amounts of NMP include, butare not limited to, about 50 mM to about 600 mM, about 50 mM to about150 mM, about 50 mM to about 200 mM, and about 370-600 mM. Additionalexamples of NMP formulations are disclosed, for example, in WO2018/067987, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Effective Dose

In some embodiments, a formulation can include a dose of about 30-90 mg,about 70-90 mg, about 30-110 mg, about 70-110 mg, about 150-450 mg, orabout 300-1200 mg of an antibody, an antigen-binding portion or abiosimilar thereof, or other therapeutic protein. In some embodiments,an effective dose of an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion or abiosimilar thereof, or other therapeutic protein, in a formulation isabout 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 125 mg, about 150 mg, about 160mg, about 175 mg, about 200 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 450mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 750 mg, about 1000 mg, or about1200 mg. In some embodiments, the dose is an induction dose. In otherembodiments, the dose is a maintenance dose.

Exemplary Antibodies for Formulations

A formulation described herein may include any antibody or fragmentthereof, or other therapeutic protein (e.g., a recombinant protein,therapeutic enzyme, etc.). Antibodies can be of any type, e.g., a human,humanized, chimeric, or murine antibody (e.g., a human IgG1 kappaantibody). For example, a formulation described herein may include ananti-TNF-alpha antibody. Exemplary antibodies useful for inclusion in aformulation described herein include adalimumab, vedolizumab,infliximab, etrolizumab, golimumab, certolizumab, certolizumab pegol,ustekinumab, risankizumab, etanercept, brazikumab, natalizumab,PF-00547659 (SHP647), guselkumab, mirikizumab, or any antigen-bindingfragment thereof, glycosylation variant thereof, or biosimilar thereof.In some embodiments, a formulation includes an antibody, orantigen-binding fragment thereof, selected from the group consisting of:adalimumab, vedolimumab, vatelizumab, golimumab, certolizumab,certolizumab pegol, and ustekinumab, any antigen binding fragmentthereof or a biosimilar thereof. Additional pharmaceutical formulationsof antibodies potentially useful in the presently described compositionsand methods are disclosed in US Publication Nos. 2012/0282249, US2009/0291062; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,420,081 and 8,883,146; and PCTPublication No. WO 02/072636, the disclosures of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

Antibodies in Crystalline Form

In some embodiments, an antibody or other therapeutic protein iscrystalline. Advantages afforded by crystalline protein particlesinclude their dense packing, allowing high drug loading; reduced surfacearea, which reducing interactions with solvent and polymeric scaffoldsand thus may show improved stability over amorphous formulations;potential for controlled/sustained release, which may be attributable todelayed dissolution of crystals even absent polymeric encapsulation(Puhl et al., “Recent Advances in Crystalline and Amorphous ParticulateProtein Formulations for Controlled Delivery”; Asian J. Pharm. Sci. II(2016), pp. 469-477, which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety). In some embodiments, antibody crystals are prepared by batchcrystallization. Suitable methods for batch crystallization ofantibodies and crystals obtained by those methods include thosedescribed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,034,906 and 8,436,149; and U.S.Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0034823, the disclosures of eachof which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety;examples of needle morphology of the antibody crystals include needleswith a maximum length l of about 2-500 m or about 100-300 m and an l/dratio of about 3 to 30. In a more particular embodiment, the antibody isadalimumab or a biosimilar thereof. Other suitable methods for antibodybatch crystallization are disclosed in Yang et al., “Crystallinemonoclonal antibodies for subcutaneous delivery,” PNAS, 100(12), 2003,6934-6939, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

Exemplary Formulations

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody and a polyol. In one example, the polyol in the formulation isselected from: sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, trehalose, raffinose,maltose, and any combination thereof. In another example, the polyol inthe formulation is sucrose. In yet another example, the polyol in theformulation is mannitol. In yet another example, the polyol in theformulation is sorbitol.

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody and a surfactant. In one example, the surfactant in theformulation is non-ionic. In one example, the non-ionic surfactant is apolysorbate. The polysorbate is typically selected from polysorbate 80,polysorbate 60, polysorbate 40, and polysorbate 20. In another example,the non-ionic surfactant is a poloxamer such as poloxamer 188.

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody and at least one amino acid (e.g., one, two, or three aminoacids). In one example, the amino acid in the formulation is selectedfrom arginine, histidine, alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, andmethionine. In another example, the formulation comprises L-argininehydrochloride. In yet another example, the formulation comprisesarginine and histidine (e.g., L-arginine and L-histidine). In yetanother example, the formulation comprises L-histidine and L-histidinemonohydrochloride monohydrate. In yet another example, the formulationcomprises L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, andL-methionine. In yet another example, the formulation comprisesL-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and L-arginine.

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody and sodium chloride.

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody and a buffer. In some embodiments, the buffer comprises aphosphate. In one example, the phosphate is selected from: monobasicsodium phosphate, dibasic sodium phosphate, sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, sodium phosphatemonobasic dihydrate, and sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate. In someembodiments, the buffer comprises a citrate. In one example, the citrateis selected from: sodium citrate and citric acid monohydrate. In someembodiments, the buffer comprises an acetate. In one example, theacetate is sodium acetate trihydrate. In some embodiments, aformulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody and a buffer whichis not phosphate or citrate. In one example, an amount of phosphate orcitrate in the formulation is negligible or non-detectable.

In many embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, a polyol, and a surfactant. In other embodiments, aformulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a polyol, asurfactant, and at least one amino acid. In yet other embodiments, theformulation, at a bare minimum, comprises an antibody, a polyol, asurfactant, and a buffer. In yet other embodiments, a formulation, at abare minimum, comprises an antibody, a polyol, a surfactant, at leastone amino acid, and a buffer.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, sodium chloride, a phosphate buffer (for example, containingsodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicheptahydrate), and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation isliquid and comprises water for injection. In some embodiments, theformulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoingcomponents.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate and/or citratebuffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugar orsugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. Inanother example, the formulation contains low levels of ionic excipientsand has low conductivity. In some embodiments, the formulation consistsof or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, sodium chloride, a phosphate buffer (for example, containingsodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof), L-arginine hydrochloride, andsucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains waterfor injection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of orconsists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, sodium chloride, a phosphate buffer (for example, containingsodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof), a citrate buffer (for example,containing sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combinationthereof), mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationis liquid and contains water for injection. In another example, pH ofthe liquid formulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2. In someembodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of theforegoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate and/or citratebuffer, a polyol selected from: mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose,raffinose, maltose; and a combination thereof, and a non-ionicsurfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation contains low levelsof ionic excipients and has low conductivity. In another example, theconcentration of the antibody in the formulation is at least about 10mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 200mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the formulation consistsof or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, a phosphate buffer (for example, containing monobasic sodiumphosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate), sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, an amino acid selected from arginine, histidine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, theformulation further comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulationis a lyophilized powder. In some embodiments, the formulation consistsof or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, a free amino acid selected from histidine, alanine, arginine,glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol,sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and a surfactant.Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. In one example,the formulation is liquid. In another example, the formulation is solid(e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution). In some embodiments, theformulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoingcomponents.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetate trihydrate, an aminoacid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof, sorbitol, and a non-ionicsurfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally, the formulation furthercomprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In one example, theformulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. In anotherexample, pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about 5.3. Inyet another example, the formulation contains a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate. In some embodiments,the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoingcomponents.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and/or a salt thereof(for example, wherein the L-histidine salt is L-histidinemonohydrochloride monohydrate), and a combination thereof, sorbitol andpolysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and compriseswater for injection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of orconsists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, a L-histidine salt(for example, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate), L-methionine,and a combination of any two or more of the foregoing, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation also contains a metalchelating agent such as EDTA disodium salt dihydrate. In anotherexample, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection. Insome embodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially ofthe foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and a L-histidine salt(for example, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate), and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In some embodiments,the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoingcomponents. In other embodiments, the formulation further compriseswater for injection (WFI), or a pH-adjusted water (e.g., pH-adjustedWFI). In further embodiments, the pH-adjusted water is pH-adjusted to pH5.8.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine, a L-histidine salt(for example, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate), a L-argininesalt (for example, L-arginine hydrochloride), and a combination of anytwo or more of the foregoing, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In someembodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of theforegoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, an amino acid selected from L-histidine and L-arginine, and acombination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinic acid. In someembodiments, the formulation consists of or consists essentially of theforegoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody (for example, at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,or at least about 110 mg/mL or 125 mg/mL), mannitol, and polysorbate 80.In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains water forinjection. In some embodiments, the formulation consists of or consistsessentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, a polyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from apolysorbate (e.g., polysorbate 20 or 80) and a poloxamer (for example,poloxamer 188); and wherein the formulation contains a negligible ornon-detectable amount of salt, and a negligible or non-detectable amountof buffer. In one example, the formulation has an antibody concentrationof at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100 mg/mL orgreater, and has low conductivity. In some embodiments, the formulationconsists of or consists essentially of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises anantibody, a mineral salt such as sodium chloride and an acetate salt,such as sodium acetate. In one example, the formulation is a liquidformulation which comprises a water for injection. In some embodiments,the formulation consists of or consists essentially of the foregoingcomponents.

In one embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, a salt, abuffer system, a polyol and a non-ionic surfactant. The formulation maybe provided in an aqueous medium or in dry powder form. In moreparticular embodiments, the buffer system includes a citrate buffersystem (for example, sodium citrate and citric acid monohydrate), aphosphate buffer system (for example, monobasic sodium phosphatedihydrate and dibasic sodium phosphate) or both. In more particularembodiments, the polyol is mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose,raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof. In more particularembodiments still, the non-ionic surfactant is a polysorbate (e.g.,polysorbate, 20, 40, 60, 80, or a combination thereof) and/or apoloxamer (e.g., 188). In some embodiments, the salt is sodium chloride.In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation ranges from about 5 toabout 8. In other embodiments, the pH ranges from about 5 to about 5.5,from about 5.1 to about 5.3, or is about 5.2. Optionally, the monoclonalantibody is adalimumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In another embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentiallyof, or consists of an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, anacetate salt, a polyol, a non-ionic surfactant, one or more amino acids,and negligible or non-detectable levels of salts other than the acetatesalt (e.g., the formulation may exclude sodium chloride); theformulation contains negligible or non-detectable levels of citrate andphosphate buffer systems. The formulation may be provided in an aqueousmedium or in dry powder form. The aqueous formulation or thereconstituted dry powder has an acidic pH, e.g., less than 6. In moreparticular embodiments, the acetate salt is sodium acetate trihydrate.In more particular embodiments, the polyol is mannitol, sorbitol,sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof, insome embodiments, the polyol is sorbitol. In more particular embodimentsstill, the non-ionic surfactant is a polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate, 20,40, 60, 80, or a combination thereof) and/or a poloxamer (e.g., 188); insome embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is polysorbate 80. In yetmore particular embodiments, the one or more amino acids is histidine ora salt thereof, optionally further including arginine or a salt thereof.Optionally, the monoclonal antibody is adalimumab or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation ranges fromabout 5 to about 8.

In another embodiment, the formulation comprises, consists essentiallyof, or consists of an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, a polyol,a non-ionic surfactant and one or more free amino acids; the formulationcontains negligible or non-detectable levels of ionic excipients, andthus negligible or non-detectable levels of an acetate buffer or salt,negligible or non-detectable levels a citrate buffering system andnegligible or non-detectable levels of a phosphate buffering system. Theformulation may be provided in an aqueous medium or in dry powder form.Accordingly, when the formulation is in an aqueous media or the drypowder form is reconstituted or exposed to an aqueous media, theresulting composition has a low conductivity. In more particularembodiments, the polyol is mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose,raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof; in some embodiments, thepolyol is mannitol or sucrose. In more particular embodiments, thenon-ionic surfactant is a polysorbate (e.g., polysorbate, 20, 40, 60,80, or a combination thereof) and/or a poloxamer (e.g., 188); in someembodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is polysorbate 80. In yet moreparticular embodiments, the one or more free amino acids is selectedfrom histidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, glutamic acid, andcombinations of any two or more of the foregoing; in some embodiments,the amino acid is histidine and/or arginine. In some embodiments, themonoclonal antibody is vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof. In someembodiments, the pH of the formulation ranges from about 5 to about 8.

In another embodiment, the formulation consists essentially of orconsists of an antibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, a polyol, and anon-ionic surfactant; the formulation contains low, negligible ornon-detectable levels of salts and/or buffering systems; for example,the formulation contains negligible or non-detectable levels of acetatesalt, citrate buffers, phosphate buffers, and amino acids salts. Theformulation may be provided in an aqueous medium or in dry powder form.In more particular embodiments, the polyol is mannitol, sorbitol,sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, or a combination thereof; insome embodiments, the polyol is mannitol. In more particularembodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is a polysorbate (e.g.,polysorbate, 20, 40, 60, 80, or a combination thereof) and/or apoloxamer (e.g., 188); in some embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant ispolysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the monoclonal antibody isadalimumab or a biosimilar thereof.

Aqueous Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a liquidpharmaceutical formulation comprising a therapeutically effective amountof an antibody, which is a solution, suspension, or a dispersion (e.g.,a buffered aqueous solution). A buffered solution can include a citratebuffer or a phosphate buffer, e.g., citric acid, sodium citrate,disodium phosphate dihydrate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate;polyols, such as mannitol or sucrose; salts, such as sodium chloride orsodium acetate; a detergent, such as a non-ionic surfactant, includingpolysorbate 20 or 80; and a mineral base or acid, such as sodiumhydroxide or hydrochloric acid, for pH adjustment.

pH of Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, the pH of a liquid composition can be from about 4to about 8, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7,from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2. In someembodiments, the pH of a liquid composition can be from about 5 to about8, from about 5.5 to about 7.5, about 6.0 to about 7.0, or about 6.0 toabout 6.5, such as about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4or about 6.5.

Concentration of Antibody in a Liquid Composition

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulation caninclude a high concentration of an antibody, e.g., ranging from about 40to about 400 mg/mL, about 1 to about 150 mg/mL, or about 50 to about 200mg/mL. In some embodiments, the formulation is stable without the needfor any additional agents. Concentration of an antibody in a liquidaqueous pharmaceutical formulation may for example be greater than about45 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, or about 200 mg/mL. In someembodiments, an antibody, or an antigen-binding portion or a biosimilar,or other therapeutic protein, can remain soluble at a high proteinconcentration (e.g., at least about 40 mg/mL, about 45 mg/mL, about 50mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 65 mg/mL, about 70 mg/mL,about 75 mg/mL, about 80 mg/mL, about 85 mg/mL, about 90 mg/mL, about 96mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 105 mg/mL, about 110 mg/mL, or more) anddoes not contain a buffer or a salt. In some embodiments, theconcentration of an antibody, or an antigen-binding fragment or abiosimilar thereof, in the formulation can be about 90-110 mg/mL, about95-105 mg/mL, or about 75-125 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation is a high concentration formulationwherein the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is greaterthan 100 mg/mL. In other aspects, the concentration of the antibody inthe formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL or at least about or atleast about 125 mg/mL. In other aspects, the concentration of theantibody in the formulation is at least about 150 mg/mL. In otheraspects, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation is atleast about 175 mg/mL. In yet other aspects, the concentration of theantibody in the formulation ranges from about 100 mg/mL to about 200mg/mL, from about 110 mg/mL to about 250 mg/mL, from about 125 mg/mL toabout 200 mg/mL, or from about 150 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL. In someaspects, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation rangesfrom about 140 mg/mL to about 180 mg/mL. In some aspects, theconcentration of the antibody is about 150 mg/mL. In some aspects, theconcentration of the antibody is about 175 mg/mL.

Concentration of Surfactant in a Liquid Composition

In some embodiments, a surfactant used in a liquid formulation is apolysorbate (e.g., polysorbate 80). For example, the concentration of asurfactant (such as polysorbate) in a liquid formulation may be about0.1-1.5 mg/mL, about 0.2-1.4 mg/mL, about 0.3-1.3 mg/mL, about 0.4-1.2mg/mL, about 0.5-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.6-1.0 mg/mL, about 0.6-1.1 mg/mL,about 0.7-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.8-1.1 mg/mL, or about 0.9-1.1 mg/mL. Insome embodiments, the polysorbate in a liquid formulation is at aconcentration of about 0.1-10 mg/mL, about 0.5-5 mg/mL, about 0.1-2mg/mL, or about 1 mg/mL. In another example, the concentration of thesurfactant in a formulation may be from about 10 mg/mL to about 200mg/mL, such as for example about 20 mg/mL, about 30 mg/mL, about 40mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 60 mg/mL, about 70 mg/mL, about 80 mg/mL,about 90 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 110 mg/mL, about 120 mg/mL, about130 mg/mL, about 140 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 180 mg/mL, or about200 mg/mL.

Concentration of a Polyol in a Liquid Composition

In some embodiments, the concentration of a polyol in a liquidformulation is less than about 50 mg/mL or about 45 mg/mL. In others, aliquid formulation contains about 38-46 mg/mL of the polyol (e.g.,mannitol). That is, a liquid formulation can include about 35 mg/mL,about 36 mg/mL, about 37 mg/mL, about 38 mg/mL, about 39 mg/mL, about 40mg/mL, about 41 mg/mL, about 42 mg/mL, about 43 mg/mL, about 44 mg/mL,about 45 mg/mL, about 46 mg/mL, about 47 mg/mL, about 48 mg/mL, about 49mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 51 mg/mL, about 52 mg/mL, about 53 mg/mL,about 54 mg/mL, or about 55 mg/mL of the polyol. In addition, ranges ofvalues using a combination of any of the above recited values as upperand/or lower limits are intended to be included, e.g., there may beabout 39-45 mg/mL, about 40-44 mg/mL, or about 37-47 mg/mL of polyol inthe composition. In some embodiments, a liquid formulation includesabout 12-72 mg/mL of polyol, e.g., mannitol. A liquid formulation mayinclude mannitol or sorbitol.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises an antibody, or anantigen binding portion or a biosimilar thereof, at a concentration ofmore than about 50 mg/mL, less than about 50 mg/mL of a polyol (such asmannitol), and a surfactant, such as polysorbate. In some embodiments, aliquid formulation comprises an antibody at a concentration of about90-110 mg/mL, and a polyol at a concentration of less than about 50mg/mL, and a surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 80).

In some embodiments, the concentration of polyol (e.g., non-reducingsugar) in a liquid antibody formulation (e.g., pre-drying orpost-reconstitution) can be in the range from about 10 mM to about 1 M,for example, from about 60 mM to about 600 mM, about 100 mM to about 450mM, about 200 mM to about 350 mM, about 250 mM to about 325 mM, or about275 mM to about 300 mM.

Amino Acids in Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation can include one or more aminoacids and/or salts thereof, such as histidine or a combination ofhistidine and arginine, or more particularly, L-histidine and/orL-arginine. In some embodiments, the concentrations of the amino acidand/or salts thereof for liquid formulations are in the range from about10 mM to about 0.5 M, about 15 mM to about 300 mM, about 20 mM to about200 mM, about 25 mM to about 150 mM, about 50 mM, or about 125 mM.

Exemplary Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises an antibodyor antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), asurfactant, and a polyol, and does not contain a buffer or a salt. Insome embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises less than 50mg/mL of a polyol. In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulationcomprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or othertherapeutic protein), a surfactant, and a polyol; wherein theconcentration of the antibody, or antigen-binding portion or abiosimilar thereof, is at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about100 mg/mL, or greater than about 100 mg/mL. In some embodiments, aliquid aqueous formulation comprises an antibody or antigen-bindingfragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), at a concentration ofat least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, or greaterthan about 150 mg/mL, a surfactant, and a polyol; wherein theformulation does not contain a buffer and a salt. In some embodiments, aliquid aqueous formulation consists essentially of a surfactant andabout 30-90 mg of an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (orother therapeutic protein), wherein concentration of the antibody isabout 90-110 mg/mL.

In one example, the polyol is mannitol and the surfactant is polysorbate80. In another example, the liquid composition includes about 5-20 mg/mLof mannitol and about 0.1-10 mg/mL of polysorbate 80. In someembodiments, a liquid formulation comprises at least about 50 mg/mL toabout 100 mg/mL of an antibody, a buffering agent (e.g., histidine), andat least about 9% (w/w) of a non-reducing sugar (e.g., sucrose,trehalose or mannitol). In some embodiments, a liquid formulationcomprises at least about 50 mg/mL to about 80 mg/mL (or about 60 mg/mL)of an antibody, a buffering agent (e.g., histidine), a free amino acid(e.g., arginine) and at least about 9% or 10% (w/w) of a non-reducingsugar (e.g., sucrose, trehalose or mannitol). In some embodiments, aliquid formulation comprises at least about 60 mg/mL of an antibody, atleast about 10% (w/v) of a non-reducing sugar, and at least about 125 mMof one or more free amino acids. In some embodiments, a liquidformulation comprises at least about 60 mg/mL of an antibody, at leastabout 10% (w/v) of a non-reducing sugar, and at least about 175 mM ofone or more free amino acids. In some embodiments, a liquid formulationcomprises from about 60 mg/mL to about 80 mg/mL of an antibody, abuffering agent and at least about 10% (w/w) of a sugar. In someembodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 60 mg/mL to about80 mg/mL of an antibody, histidine and at least about 10% (w/w) ofsucrose.

Special Properties of Liquid Formulations/Conductivity

An antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeuticprotein), may be formulated in an aqueous formulation essentially asdescribed in US 2009/0291062 A1 and U.S. Pat. No. 8,420,081, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In somecases, despite the high concentration of protein, the formulation canhave minimal aggregation and can be stored using various methods andforms, e.g., freezing, without deleterious effects that might beexpected with high protein formulations. Formulations of the disclosuremay in some embodiments not require excipients, such as, for example,surfactants and buffering systems, which are used in traditionalformulations to stabilize proteins in solution. However, theformulations may contain these excipients for enhanced stability.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation of the disclosure caninclude low levels of ionic excipients, and thus has low conductivity,e.g., less than 2 mS/cm. The methods and compositions also provideaqueous antibody formulations having low osmolality, e.g., no greaterthan 30 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, a formulation has a lowconductivity, including, for example, a conductivity of less than about2.5 mS/cm, about 2 mS/cm, about 1.5 mS/cm, about 1 mS/cm, about 0.9mS/cm, or about 0.5 mS/cm. In some embodiments, a formulation has anosmolality of no more than about 15 mOsmol/kg. In some embodiments, thedisclosure provides for an aqueous formulation comprising an antibody,or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, wherein the protein has ahydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of less than about 5 μm, about 4 μm, about 3μm, about 2 μm, or about 1 μm.

In some embodiments, the liquid aqueous formulation comprises anantibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeuticprotein), at a concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, a surfactantand a polyol, wherein the formulation has a conductivity of less thanabout 2 mS/cm. In some embodiments, the liquid aqueous formulationcomprises an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or othertherapeutic protein) at a concentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, asurfactant, and a polyol; wherein the antibody or antigen-bindingfragment thereof (or other therapeutic protein), has a hydrodynamicdiameter of less than about 5 nm, about 4 nm, or about 3 nm in theformulation. In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprisesan antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or other therapeuticprotein), a surfactant, and less than about 50 mg/mL of a polyol,wherein the formulation has a conductivity of less than about 2 mS/cm, ahydrodynamic diameter (Dh) which is at least about 50% less than the Dhof the protein in a buffered solution at a given concentration; and ahydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of less than about 4 nm. In some embodiments,the formulation has a conductivity of less than about 1 mS/cm, or about0.9 mS/cm.

Water-based formulations may comprise non-ionizable excipients thatimprove, for example, the osmolality or viscosity features of theformulation. Examples of non-ionizable excipients which may be includedin aqueous formulations for altering desired characteristics of theformulation include, but are not limited to, mannitol, sorbitol, anon-ionic surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate60 or polysorbate 80), sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, and maltose.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides for an aqueous formulationcomprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or othertherapeutic protein) at a concentration of at least 20 mg/mL and water,wherein the formulation has a conductivity of less than about 2.5 mS/cmand the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof (or othertherapeutic protein), has a molecular weight greater than about 47 kDa.In some embodiments, the concentration of the antibody orantigen-binding fragment thereof is at least 50 mg/mL, and theformulation has an osmolality of no more than about 30 mOsmol/kg. Insome embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof has ahydrodynamic diameter (Dh) which is at least about 50% less than the Dhof the antibody, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, in a bufferedsolution at the same concentration; more particularly, wherein thebuffered solution is PBS.

Methods of Making Aqueous Formulations

Skilled practitioners will appreciate that any number of methods may beused to make an aqueous formulation. Methods of making aqueousformulations, as disclosed in US 2009/0291062 and U.S. Pat. No.8,420,081, may be based on a diafiltration process wherein a firstsolution containing a protein is diafiltered using water as adiafiltration medium. Protein production operations often involve finaldiafiltration of a protein solution into a formulation buffer once theprotein has been purified from impurities resulting from its expression.For example, an aqueous formulation may be made by subjecting a proteinsolution to diafiltration using water alone as a diafiltration solution.Proteins may be transferred into pure water for use in a stableformulation, wherein the protein remains in solution and can beconcentrated at high levels without the use of other agents to maintainits stability. Diafiltration uses membranes to remove, replace, or lowerthe concentration of salts or solvents from the protein solutions.Diafiltration or diafiltration/ultrafiltration (DF/UF) selectivelyutilizes permeable (porous) membrane filters to separate the componentsof solutions and suspensions based on their molecular size. Oneparameter for selecting a membrane for concentration is its retentioncharacteristics for the sample to be concentrated. To assure completeretention, the molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the membrane should beabout ⅓^(rd) to about ⅙^(th) of the molecular weight of the molecule tobe retained. In order to prepare a low-ionic protein formulation, theprotein solution (which may be solubilized in a buffered formulation) issubjected to a DF/UF process, whereby water is used as a DF/UF medium.In some embodiments, the DF/UF medium consists of water and does notinclude any other excipients. Any water can be used in the DF/UFprocess, although particularly useful water is purified or deionizedwater. The process may be performed such that there is at least adetermined volume exchange, e.g., a five-fold volume exchange, with thewater. The resulting aqueous formulation has a significant decrease inthe overall percentage of excipients in comparison to the initialprotein solution. For example, 95-99% less excipients may be found inthe aqueous formulation in comparison to the initial protein solution.Despite the decrease in excipients, the protein can remain soluble andretain its biological activity, even at high concentrations. In someembodiments, the methods of the present disclosure result incompositions comprising an increase in concentration of the proteinwhile decreasing additional components, such as ionic excipients. Assuch, the hydrodynamic diameter of the protein in the aqueousformulation is smaller relative to the same protein in a standardbuffering solution, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Methods mayinclude diafiltering a protein solution using water as a diafiltrationmedium and subsequently concentrating the resulting aqueous solution.Concentration following diafiltration results in an aqueous formulationcontaining water and an increased protein concentration relative to thefirst protein solution. Concentration of the diafiltered proteinsolution may be achieved through means known in the art, includingcentrifugation. There are two forms of DF/UF, including DF/UF indiscontinuous mode and DF/UF in continuous mode. Useful methodsdescribed herein may be performed according to either mode.

In some embodiments, the first protein solution is subjected to arepeated volume exchange with the water, such that an aqueousformulation, which is essentially water and protein, is achieved. Thediafiltration step may be performed any number of times, depending onthe protein in solution, wherein one diafiltration step equals one totalvolume exchange. As a result of the diafiltration methods, theconcentration of solutes in the first protein solution is significantlyreduced in the final aqueous formulation comprising essentially waterand protein. For example, the aqueous formulation can have a finalconcentration of excipients which is at least 95% less than the firstprotein solution, for example, at least 99% less than the first proteinsolution. For example, in one embodiment, to dissolve a protein in WFIis a process that creates a theoretical final excipient concentration,reached by constant volume diafiltration with five diafiltrationvolumes, that is equal or approximate to Ci e=0.00674, i.e., anapproximate 99.3% maximum excipient reduction.

The terms “excipient-free” or “free of excipients” indicate that theformulation is essentially free of excipients. In some embodiments,excipient-free indicates buffer-free, salt free, sugar-free, aminoacid-free, surfactant-free, and/or polyol free. In some embodiments, theterm “essentially free of excipients” indicates that the solution orformulation is at least 99% free of excipients. It should be noted,however, that in certain embodiments, a formulation may comprise acertain specified non-ionic excipient, e.g., sucrose or mannitol, andyet the formulation is otherwise excipient free. For example, aformulation may comprise water, a protein, and mannitol, wherein theformulation is otherwise excipient free. In another example, aformulation may comprise water, a protein, and polysorbate 80, whereinthe formulation is otherwise excipient free. In yet another example, theformulation may comprise water, a protein, a sorbitol, and polysorbate80, wherein the formulation is otherwise excipient free.

In some embodiments, certain characteristics of the formulation may beadjusted, such as the osmolality and/or viscosity, as desired in highprotein concentration-water solutions, by adding non-ionic excipients(e.g., mannitol) without changing other desired features, such asnon-opalescence. As such, either during or following the transfer of theprotein to water or during the course of the diafiltration, excipientsmay be added that improve, for example, the osmolality or viscosityfeatures of the formulation. Such non-ionic excipients could be addedduring the process of the transfer of the protein into the final lowionic formulation. Examples of non-ionizable excipients that may beadded to the aqueous formulation for altering desired characteristics ofthe formulation include, but are not limited to, mannitol, sorbitol, anon-ionic surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate60 or polysorbate 80), sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, and maltose.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation can be a solution orsuspension prepared in a suitable aqueous solvent, e.g., water oraqueous/organic mixture, such as a water/alcohol mixture. Liquidformulations may be refrigerated (e.g., 2-8° C.) or frozen (e.g., at−20° C. or −80° C.) for storage.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method forgenerating a high concentration, aqueous protein suspension preparation,wherein proteins can be therapeutic antibodies. The suspension comprisesa protein and a polyamino acid, which serves as a precipitant. Theprotein and polyamino acid (e.g., poly-L-lysine or poly-L-glutamic acid)form a complex at low ionic strength that is suspended in the buffer. Inone example, proteins at about 1.0 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL are fullyprecipitated by the addition of about 0.05-0.3 mg/mL poly(amino acid).The protein is stabilized and can be concentrated by removing water orsupernatant from the aqueous suspension, for example, followingcentrifugation of the precipitates. The precipitates are then dissolvedby addition of a buffer with salt, for example, at physiological ionicstrength of 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl).

These methods result in redissolved proteins that retain the originalactivity and native secondary structure of the protein. Also, the methodof the present disclosure eliminates the need for the addition ofadditives that may be necessary for other formulations. In someembodiments, the suspension preparation does not need a dissolving step.The preparation method also has the advantage of producing aconcentrated suspension with a relatively low viscosity as compared toother high concentration protein formulations. Exemplary methods andpreparations for generating high concentration protein formulations viaprecipitation and re-dissolution using polyamino acid are described, forexample, in US application publication No. 2016/0206752 and Kurinomaru,Takaaki, et al., “Protein-poly (amino acid) complex precipitation forhigh-concentration protein formulation,” Journal of PharmaceuticalSciences 103.8 (2014):2248-2254, the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

Solid Formulations

In some aspects, the antibody is provide as a solid. In some aspects,the antibody is provided in crystalline form. In other embodiments, theantibody is provided in amorphous form. In some embodiments, the drug isprovided as a lyophilized powder or in extruded form. In one embodiment,the solid drug formulation comprises, consists of or consistsessentially of the antibody.

In the case of such solid formulations, such as powders (e.g., fordirect incorporation into a device as disclosed herein, or for thepreparation of solutions for incorporation into a device as disclosedherein), useful methods of preparation are vacuum drying andfreeze-drying that yields a powder of the antibody plus any additionaldesired ingredient from a previously prepared solution thereof. In someembodiments, a solid formulation (e.g., in a dried state) can be stablefor at least three months at about 40° C. and 75% relative humidity(RH). A solid formulation may also have a moisture content of no morethan about 5%, about 4.5%, about 4%, about 3.5%, about 3%, about 2.5%,about 2%, about 1.5%, or about 1%; or the solid formulation issubstantially anhydrous.

Amount of Antibody in Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, a lyophile after the lyophilization contains, forexample, from about 50 wt. % to about 100 wt. %, from about 55 wt. % toabout 95 wt. %, from about 60 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, or from about 70wt. % to about 80 wt. % of an antibody. In some embodiments, a liquidformulation can be reconstituted from a solid lyophilized formulation(e.g., reconstituted to comprise a stable liquid formulation asdescribed herein).

Amount of Polyol in Solid Formulations

The amount of a polyol (e.g., mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose,raffinose, maltose, etc.), in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) antibodyformulation can be, e.g., in the range from about 40% to about 70% (w/wof dry formulation). More particularly, an amount of the polyol in thedry (e.g., lyophilized) antibody formulation can be in the range fromabout 40% to about 60%, from about 45% to about 55% or about 51% (w/w).In some embodiments, an amount of the polyol in the dry (e.g.,lyophilized) antibody formulation is greater than about 51% (w/w of dryformulation) when the antibody amount is about 31% (w/w of dryformulation) or greater than about a 1.6:1 mass ratio of the polyol(e.g., non-reducing sugar) to the antibody in the dry formulation.

Amount of Amino Acid in Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, an amount of a free amino acid (and/or saltthereof) in a dry, (e.g., lyophilized) formulation can be in the rangefrom about 1% to about 10% (w/w of dry formulation), or from about 3% toabout 6% (w/w). In some embodiments, an amount of amino acid in a dry,(e.g., lyophilized) formulation can be greater than about 4% (w/w of thedry formulation) when the antibody amount is about 31% (w/w of the dryformulation) or greater than about a 0.15:1 mass ratio of the amino acidto protein in the dry formulation. In still yet another embodiment, anamount of free amino acid in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) formulation canbe in the range from about 4% to about 20% (w/w of dry formulation), orfrom about 10% to about 15% (w/w). In some embodiments, an amount ofamino acid in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) formulation can be greater thanabout 13% (w/w of the dry formulation) when the protein amount is about31% (w/w of the dry formulation) or greater than about a 0.4:1 massratio of amino acid to protein in the dry formulation. In someembodiments, the amino acid is histidine or arginine or a combination ofboth.

Amount of Surfactant in Solid Formulations

A surfactant concentration, e.g., in a pre-drying, (e.g., beforelyophilization) or post-reconstitution formulation, can be, e.g., fromabout 0.0001% to about 1.0%, from about 0.01% to about 0.1%, for exampleabout 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about0.07%, about 0.08,%, about 0.09% (w/v), about 0.05% to about 0.07%, orabout 0.06% (w/v). A surfactant amount, e.g., in a dry (e.g.,lyophilized) formulation, can generally be from about 0.01% to about3.0% (w/w), from about 0.10% to about 1.0%, for example about 0.15%,about 0.20%, about 0.25%, about 0.30%, about 0.35%, about 0.40%, orabout 0.50% (w/w). In some embodiments, the surfactant is polysorbate80.

Exemplary Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, a solid (e.g., lyophilized) formulation comprises amixture of a polyol, such as a non-reducing sugar, an antibody,histidine, arginine, and polysorbate 80, and the molar ratio of polyol(e.g., non-reducing sugar) to the antibody (mole:mole) is greater thanabout 600:1. In some embodiments, a solid (e.g., lyophilized)formulation comprises a mixture of a polyol, such as a non-reducingsugar, an antibody, histidine, arginine, and polysorbate 80, molar ratioof non-reducing sugar to the antibody (mole:mole) is greater than about600:1, and the molar ratio of arginine to the antibody (mole:mole) inthe formulation is greater than 250:1.

Methods of Making Solid Formulations

Freeze-drying is a commonly employed technique for preserving proteins;freeze-drying serves to remove water from the protein preparation ofinterest. Freeze-drying, or lyophilization, is a process by which thematerial to be dried is first frozen and then the ice or frozen solventis removed by sublimation under vacuum. Excipients can be included inthe pre-lyophilized formulation to stabilize proteins during thelyophilization process and/or to improve the stability of thelyophilized protein formulation (Pikal M., Biopharm. 3(9)26-30 (1990)and Arakawa et al. Pharm. Res. 8(3):285-291 (1991)).

Amorphous proteins can be obtained by any suitable means, includingfreeze drying, spray-drying, spray-freeze drying, or precipitation, forexample, from supercritical fluids. The foregoing processes, beingrelatively mild, advantageously provide the biologic protein in stableform with retention of the therapeutic activity.

Reconstitution of Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, a solid formulation can be dissolved (e.g.,reconstituted) in a suitable medium or solvent to become a liquidformulation as described herein, suitable for administration to apatient by any suitable route, including incorporation into a device asdisclosed herein. Suitable examples of solvents for reconstituting thesolid formulation include water, isotonic saline, buffer, e.g.,phosphate-buffered saline, citrate-buffered saline, Ringer's (lactatedor dextrose) solution, minimal essential medium, alcohol/aqueoussolutions, dextrose solution, etc. The amount of solvent can result inan antibody concentration higher, the same, or lower than theconcentration of the antibody in the composition prior to drying.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation is lyophilized and stored as asingle dose in a container which may contain at least about 120 mg,about 180 mg, about 240 mg, about 300 mg, about 360 mg, about 540 mg, orabout 900 mg of an antibody. The final dosage form, e.g., after dilutionof the reconstituted antibody (e.g., in a saline or 5% dextrose),concentration of the antibody can be from about 0.5 mg/mL to about 500mg/mL, for example, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 110 mg/mL,about 125 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL, about 175 mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, orgreater.

Controlled-Release Formulations and Formulations with EncapsulatedTherapeutic Proteins

An antibody or another therapeutic protein may be prepared with acarrier that will protect it against rapid release, such as in acontrolled-release formulation, including microencapsulated deliverysystems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used in theseformulations, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Manymethods for preparing such formulations are known to skilledpractitioners. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug DeliverySystems, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978.

In some embodiments, when antibody is crystalline, the protein crystalsin the formulation can be embedded in, or encapsulated by, an excipient.Suitable examples of such excipients include any one or more of thepolymers described herein. In some embodiments, crystals can then beembedded by drying the crystals and combining these dried crystals witha carrier, e.g., by compression, melt dispersion, etc. In someembodiments, crystals may be encapsulated/embedded by combining acrystal suspension with a carrier solution that is not miscible withwater. The carrier precipitates after removal of the solvent of thecarrier. Subsequently, the material is dried. In some embodiments,antibody crystals are encapsulated/embedded by combining a crystalsuspension with a water miscible carrier solution. The carrierprecipitates as its solubility limit is exceeded in the mixture. In someembodiments, antibody crystals are embedded by combining dried crystalsor a crystal suspension with a water miscible carrier solution.

Antibody crystals may be encapsulated within a polymeric carrier to formcoated particles. The coated particles of an antibody crystalformulation may have a spherical morphology and be microspheres of up to500 micrometers in diameter or they may have some other morphology andbe microparticulates. Formulations and methods of preparing theformulations comprising antibody crystals are described in WO 02/072636,which is incorporated by reference herein.

Also useful are formulations comprising an antibody or other therapeuticprotein, and a controlled release matrix comprising at least one lipidor lipophilic vehicle; at least one hydrophilic polymer; at least onehygroscopic polymer; and at least one non-ionic surfactant. In oneexample, the matrix dissolves in the colon. Suitable examples of liquidlipid or lipophilic vehicle include, e.g., olive oil, sunflower oil,canola oil, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, myristoleic acid, linoleicacid, arachidonic acid, paraffin oil, and mineral oil. Suitable examplesof hygroscopic polymers include, e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, copovidone,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, ethyl cellulose,methylcellulose, and polyethylene oxide. Suitable examples of non-ionicsurfactants include, e.g., pluronic, lutrol, tween 80, span 80, egetal,and triton X-100. Additional examples of extended release matrixes areprovided, for example, in US 2016/0287525, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

A formulation may comprise a semi-crystalline matrix, and an antibody orother therapeutic protein in microparticulate or nanoparticulate formentrapped in the matrix. In some embodiments, the matrix can comprise atleast one semi-crystalline water soluble polymer in an amount of atleast 50% by weight of the total mass of the matrix. In one example, thematrix is characterized by a melting point of at least about 40° C. andis water soluble. Suitable examples of semi-crystalline water solublepolymers include, e.g., polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycolcopolymers, polyvinyl alcohols, hydroxyalkyl celluloses, polysorbates,polyoxyethylene stearates, carrageenans, and alginates, and mixturesthereof. Other examples of such formulations are described in US2017/0273909, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Exemplified Controlled-Release Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation of the present disclosure comprisesoleic acid; a polyethylene glycol glyceride ester; a poloxamer non-ionicsurfactant; a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinyl acetate; acarbomer polymer; dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer; and anantibody.

In some embodiments, a formulation of the present disclosure comprises acontrolled release matrix comprising about 40% to about 55% oleic acid;about 5% to about 20% GELUCIRE® 43/01; about 1% to about 10% LUTROL®127U; about 2% to about 8% KOLLIDON® SR; about 1% to about 6% CARBOPOL®971 A; about 2% to about 8% EUDRAGIT® EPO; and about 25% to about 33% ofan antibody.

Formulations Containing Adalimumab

In some embodiments, the present application provides a pharmaceuticalformulation comprising adalimumab (also known as antibody D2E7). Theformulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. As usedherein, the term “adalimumab” includes antibody or monoclonaladalimumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Low Acidic Species of Adalimumab in Liquid and Solid Formulations

In some embodiments, formulations of adalimumab comprise the antibodyhaving a percentage of acidic species (AR) that is not the same as thepercentage of AR present in adalimumab formulated as HUMIRA® ascurrently approved and described in the “Highlights of PrescribingInformation” for HUMIRA® (adalimumab) Injection (Revised January 2008),the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. In oneexample, the low AR adalimumab has a percentage of AR that is lower thanthe percentage of AR present in adalimumab formulated as HUMIRA®. Insome embodiments, the formulation comprises any one of the low acidicspecies described, for example, in US 2015/0110799, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab can include less thanabout 10% total acidic species of adalimumab, wherein the acidic speciesof adalimumab have a net negative charge relative to the adalimumab mainspecies and the acidic species comprise species selected from the groupconsisting of charge variants, structure variants, fragmentationvariants and any combinations thereof, and wherein the acidic species ofadalimumab do not include process-related impurities selected from thegroup consisting of host cell proteins, host cell nucleic acids,chromatographic materials and media components.

Formulations Containing Crystalline Forms of Adalimumab

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab comprises the antibodyin a crystalline form. In one example, the formulation comprises acrystal of adalimumab wherein the crystal has a needle morphology with alength of about 2-500 m, or about 100-300 m, and an l/d ratio of about 3to 30, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,436,149. Crystalscan be obtained from a polyclonal antibody or a monoclonal antibody, orboth.

The crystal of the antibody can be obtained by a batch crystallizationmethod, which can include (a) combining an aqueous solution ofadalimumab, an inorganic phosphate salt, and an acetate buffer to obtainan aqueous crystallization mixture, wherein the aqueous crystallizationmixture has a pH about 3 to about 5, has an acetate buffer concentrationof about 0 M to about 0.5 M, has an inorganic phosphate saltconcentration of about 1 M to about 6 M, and has an antibodyconcentration of about 0.5 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL; and incubating theaqueous crystallization mixture at a temperature of about 4° C. to about37° C. until a crystal of the antibody is formed. In some embodiments,the formulation is a crystal slurry, having an adalimumab concentrationgreater than about 100 mg/mL or about 100 mg/g.

pH of Aqueous Formulation of Adalimumab

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab is a liquidpharmaceutical formulation as described herein. The pH of such aformulation can be, e.g., from about 4 to about 8, from about 4.5 toabout 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, orfrom about 5.0 to about 5.2, inclusive. In some embodiments, the pH ofthe liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8.

Concentration of Adalimumab in Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of adalimumab contains a highconcentration of adalimumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, or up to about100 mg/mL. In other embodiments, the liquid formulation of adalimumabcontains an even higher concentration of adalimumab, including, forexample, a concentration greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater thanabout 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150mg/mL, or greater than about 175 mg/mL. In some embodiments, theformulation is an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprisingadalimumab, a polyol, a surfactant, and a buffer system comprisingcitrate and/or phosphate with a pH of about 4 to 8, in amountssufficient to formulate the antibody for therapeutic use at aconcentration of greater than about 100 mg/mL. In some embodiments, aliquid formulation of adalimumab comprises the antibody at aconcentration of at least about 110 mg/mL, at least about 125 mg/mL, atleast about 150 mg/mL, or at least about 175 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the concentration of adalimumab in the formulationis between about 1 mg and about 150 mg, inclusive, of antibody per mL ofa liquid formulation. In others, the concentration of is between about 5mg and about 80 mg per mL. In still others, the concentration ofadalimumab in the formulation is between about 25 mg/mL and about 50mg/mL, inclusive. In some embodiments, the concentration of adalimumabin a liquid formulation is about 1-150 mg/mL, about 5-145 mg/mL, about10-140 mg/mL, about 15-135 mg/mL, about 20-130 mg/mL, about 25-125mg/mL, about 30-120 mg/mL, about 35-115 mg/mL, about 40-110 mg/mL, about45-105 mg/mL, about 50-100 mg/mL, about 55-95 mg/mL, about 60-90 mg/mL,about 65-85 mg/mL, about 70-80 mg/mL, or about 75 mg/mL. Rangesintermediate to the above recited concentrations, for example, about6-144 mg/mL, are also intended to be part of this disclosure. Forexample, ranges of values using a combination of any of the aboverecited values as upper and/or lower limits are intended to be included.In some embodiments, the formulation of adalimumab contains a highantibody concentration, for example, about 50 mg/mL, about 55 mg/mL,about 60 mg/mL, about 65 mg/mL, about 70 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, about 80mg/mL, about 85 mg/mL, about 90 mg/mL, about 95 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL,about 105 mg/mL, about 110 mg/mL, or about 115 mg/mL adalimumab, orhigher. In some embodiments, the concentration of adalimumab in a liquidformulation is about 40-125 mg/mL, about 50-150 mg/mL, about 55-150mg/mL, about 60-150 mg/mL, about 65-150 mg/mL, about 70-150 mg/mL, about75-150 mg/mL, about 80-150 mg/mL, about 85-150 mg/mL, about 90-150mg/mL, about 90-110 mg/mL, about 95-105 mg/mL, about 95-150 mg/mL, about100-150 mg/mL, about 105-150 mg/mL, about 110-150 mg/mL, about 115-150mg/mL, about 120-150 mg/mL, about 125-150 mg/mL, about 125-200 mg/mL,about 50-130 mg/mL, about 95-105 mg/mL, about 75-125 mg/mL, or at leastabout 200 mg/mL adalimumab.

Buffering Agents in Aqueous Solutions of Adalimumab

The present disclosure provides an aqueous formulation comprisingadalimumab in a pH-buffered solution. In one example, a liquidformulation comprises adalimumab in combination with mannitol, citricacid monohydrate, sodium citrate, disodium phosphate dihydrate, sodiumdihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, sodium chloride, polysorbate 80, water,and sodium hydroxide. The buffer can have a pH ranging from about 4 toabout 8, from about 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about5 to about 7, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7,from about 4.8 to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2. Suitableexamples of buffers that can control the pH within the above rangesinclude acetate (e.g., sodium acetate), succinate (e.g., sodiumsuccinate), gluconate, histidine, citrate and other organic acidbuffers.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation is buffered with histidine(and optionally arginine) amino acids and an acetate, while minimizingsodium chloride, with the buffers enhancing the thermal and colloidalstability of the antibody, even more so than formulations of adalimumabcurrently approved for patient use (e.g., currently approved injectablesolutions). In some embodiments, the formulation contains a fine balanceof an acidic pH of about 5.2 with the appropriate salts and buffercomponents. High levels of salt can induce aggregation and degradation,which could be improved by lowering the salt level. Accordingly, thepresent disclosure provides a buffered formulation of adalimumabcomprising an aqueous carrier comprising buffer comprising histidine(and optionally arginine) amino acids and an acetate, and comprisingmannitol, a non-ionic surfactant, and a minimal amount of sodiumchloride.

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab comprises a buffersystem that contains citrate and phosphate to maintain the pH in a rangeof about 4 to about 8, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.8 toabout 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2. In one example, the buffersystem includes citric acid monohydrate, sodium citrate, disodiumphosphate dihydrate, and/or sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate. Inanother example, the buffer system includes about 1.3 mg/mL of citricacid (e.g., 1.305 mg/mL), about 0.3 mg/mL of sodium citrate (e.g., 0.305mg/mL), about 1.5 mg/mL of disodium phosphate dihydrate (e.g., 1.53mg/mL), about 0.9 mg/mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (e.g.,0.86), and about 6.2 mg/mL of sodium chloride (e.g., 6.165 mg/mL). Inadditional examples, the buffer system includes about 1-1.5 mg/mL ofcitric acid, about 0.25 mg/mL to about 0.5 mg/mL of sodium citrate,about 1.25 mg/mL to about 1.75 mg/mL of disodium phosphate dihydrate,about 0.7 mg/mL to about 1.1 mg/mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphatedihydrate, and about 6.0 mg/mL to about 6.4 mg/mL of sodium chloride.The pH of a formulation can be adjusted with an appropriate amount ofsodium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, a liquid pharmaceutical formulation of adalimumabcomprises about 1.3 mg/mL of citric acid, about 0.3 mg/mL of sodiumcitrate, about 1.5 mg/mL of disodium phosphate dihydrate, about 0.9mg/mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, and about 6.2 mg/mL ofsodium chloride. In other embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceuticalformulation of adalimumab comprises about 1.305 mg/mL of citric acid,about 0.305 mg/mL of sodium citrate, about 1.53 mg/mL of disodiumphosphate dihydrate, about 0.86 mg/mL of sodium dihydrogen phosphatedihydrate, and about 6.165 mg/mL of sodium chloride.

Polyols in Solid and Liquid Formulations of Adalimumab

A polyol, which acts as a tonicifier and can stabilize adalimumab, canbe included in a formulation of adalimumab. The polyol can be added tothe formulation in an amount that can vary with respect to the desiredisotonicity of the formulation. In some embodiments, the aqueousformulation is isotonic. The amount of polyol added can also vary withrespect to the molecular weight of the polyol. For example, a loweramount of a monosaccharide (e.g., mannitol) can be added, compared to adisaccharide (such as trehalose). In some embodiments, the polyol usedin the formulation as a tonicity agent is mannitol. For example, themannitol concentration can be about 5-20 mg/mL, about 7.5-15 mg/mL,about 10-14 mg/mL, or about 12 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the polyolsorbitol is included in the formulation.

Surfactants in Solid and Liquid Formulations of Adalimumab A detergentor surfactant can be added to a formulation of adalimumab. Exemplarydetergents include nonionic surfactants such as polysorbates (e.g.,polysorbates 20, 80, etc.) or poloxamers (e.g., poloxamer 188 or 407).The amount of detergent added can be such that it reduces aggregation ofadalimumab, minimizes the formation of particulates in the formulationand reduces adsorption. In some embodiments, the formulation includes asurfactant which is a polysorbate such as polysorbate 80 or Tween 80.Tween 80 is a term used to describe polyoxyethylene (20)sorbitanmonooleate (see Fiedler, Lexikon der Hifsstoffe, Editio CantorVerlag Aulendorf, 4th edi., 1996). In some embodiments, the formulationis liquid and contains from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, fromabout 0.5 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, about 0.1%, or about 0.2% ofpolysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the formulation of adalimumabcontains about 0.1-2 mg/mL, about 0.1-1.5 mg/mL, about 0.2-1.4 mg/mL,about 0.3-1.3 mg/mL, about 0.4-1.2 mg/mL, about 0.5-1.1 mg/mL, about0.6-1.0 mg/mL, about 0.6-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.7-1.1 mg/mL, about 0.8-1.1mg/mL, or about 0.9-1.1 mg/mL of a surfactant such as polysorbate 80.

Exemplary Dosage of Adalimumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab includes about 20-100mg, about 20-110 mg, about 20-90 mg, about 30-80 mg, about 30-90 mg,about 30-100 mg, about 60-100 mg, about 40-90 mg, or about 40-100 mg ofadalimumab. In some embodiments, the formulation includes about 30 mg,about 31 mg, about 32 mg, about 33 mg, about 34 mg, about 35 mg, about36 mg, about 37 mg, about 38 mg, about 39 mg, about 40 mg, about 41 mg,about 42 mg, about 43 mg, about 44 mg, about 45 mg, about 46 mg, about47 mg, about 48 mg, about 49 mg, about 50 mg, about 51 mg, about 52 mg,about 53 mg, about 54 mg, about 55 mg, about 56 mg, about 57 mg, about58 mg, about 59 mg, about 60 mg, about 61 mg, about 62 mg, about 63 mg,about 64 mg, about 65 mg, about 66 mg, about 67 mg, about 68 mg, about69 mg, about 70 mg, about 71 mg, about 72 mg, about 73 mg, about 74 mg,about 75 mg, about 76 mg, about 77 mg, about 78 mg, about 79 mg, about80 mg, about 81 mg, about 82 mg, about 83 mg, about 84 mg. 85 mg, about86 mg, about 87 mg, about 88 mg, about 89 mg, about 90 mg, about 91 mg,about 92 mg, about 93 mg, about 94 mg, about 95 mg, about 96 mg, about97 mg, about 98 mg, about 99 mg, about 100 mg, about 101 mg, about 102mg, about 103 mg, about 104 mg, about 105 mg, about 106 mg, about 107mg, about 108 mg, about 109 mg, or about 110 mg of adalimumab. Rangesincluding the aforementioned numbers are also included in thedisclosure, e.g., about 70-90 mg, about 65-95 mg, about 75-85 mg, orabout 60-85 mg of adalimumab. In some embodiments, an effective amountof adalimumab is about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about 30 mg, about 35 mg,about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 55 mg, about 60 mg, about65 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about 90 mg,about 95 mg, or about 100 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab includes about 1 mg toabout 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg,about 40 mg to about 80 mg, about 160 mg, about 80 mg or about 40 mg ofadalimumab. In some embodiments, the formulation contains an inductiondose of about 160 mg of adalimumab. In other embodiments, theformulation contains a maintenance dose of about 80 mg, about 40 mg, orabout 40 mg to about 80 mg of adalimumab.

Special Properties of Liquid Formulations of Adalimumab/Conductivity

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab does not contain anybuffer(s) (e.g., citrate and phosphate) or salt(s). It should be noted,however, that although said formulation may not contain buffer or salt(e.g., NaCl), a small trace amount of a buffer and/or a salt may bepresent in the formulation. In some embodiments, the formulation doesnot contain detectable levels of a buffer(s) and/or a salt.

In some embodiments, the formulation contains adalimumab at aconcentration of about 100 mg/mL (or about 75-125 mg/mL), a surfactant(e.g., polysorbate 80), and has a conductivity of less than about 2mS/cm. In one example, the formulation also contains a polyol (e.g.,sorbitol or mannitol).

In some embodiments, a formulation contains adalimumab at aconcentration of about 100 mg/mL (or about 75-125 mg/mL), about 0.8-1.3mg/mL of a surfactant (e.g., polysorbate 80), and has a conductivity ofless than 2 mS/cm. In one example, the formulation also contains lessthan about 50 mg/mL of a polyol (e.g., sorbitol or mannitol).

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation of adalimumabcomprises adalimumab, a surfactant, and less than 50 mg/mL of a polyol,where the formulation has a conductivity of less than about 2 mS/cm anda hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) which is at least about 50% less than theDh of the protein in a buffered solution at a given concentration.

Formulations of Adalimumab for Administration in Combination withMethotrexate

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab is administered to apatient in combination with methotrexate, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In one example, the formulation of adalimumaband methotrexate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, areadministered to a patient simultaneously or consecutively, for example,in separate dosage forms. In another example, formulation of adalimumabis administered to the subject in a device as described herein, andmethotrexate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, isadministered to the subject in a conventional dosage form, such as atablet or gelatin capsule. In some embodiments, a formulation ofadalimumab and a therapeutically effective amount of methotrexate, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is administered to a patientin the same dosage form (e.g., in a device as described herein).

Exemplified Adalimumab Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises adalimumab, polysorbate 80,mannitol, and water for injection. In some more particular embodiments,the formulation consists essentially of or consists of adalimumab,polysorbate 80, mannitol, and water for injection. In even moreparticular embodiments, the concentration of adalimumab in theformulation is about 100 mg/mL. In one particular embodiment, theformulation is HUMIRA® 40 mg concentrate for injection, as provided incommercially available pre-filled syringes or pens (AbbVie Limited,Summary of Product Characteristics Updated 2 May 2018). In otherembodiments, the formulation comprises, consists of or consistsessentially of adalimumab, polysorbate 80, mannitol and water forinjection, and the concentration of adalimumab in the formulation isgreater than about 100 mg/mL. In yet other embodiments, the formulationcomprises, consists of or consists essentially of adalimumab,polysorbate 80, mannitol and water for injection, and the concentrationof adalimumab in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, at leastabout 125 mg/mL, at least about 150 mg/mL or at least about 175 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection. In some embodiments, the formulationconsists essentially of or consists of the foregoing components.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride, andsucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains waterfor injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate,citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, andpolysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2. In one embodiment, theformulation is HUMIRA® (adalimumab) for injection, for subcutaneous use,for example, as initially approved in the U.S. in 2002. In someembodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of adalimumab in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected frommonobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof,sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation furthercomprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilizedpowder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand contains water for injection. In one embodiment, the formulation isHUMIRA® 40 mg concentrate for injection, as provided in commerciallyavailable pre-filled syringes or pens (AbbVie Limited, Summary ofProduct Characteristics Updated 2 May 2018).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an adalimumabconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of adalimumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodiumacetate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 80 mg of adalimumab,water for injection, about 42 mg/mL of mannitol, and about 1 mg/mL ofpolysorbate 80. In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 80 mgof adalimumab, water for injection, and about 1 mg/mL polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulationcomprises about 1-150 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 5-20 mg/mL of mannitol,about 0.1-10 mg/mL of Tween-80, and a buffer system comprising citrateand/or phosphate, with a pH of about 4 to about 8. In one example, theformulation comprises about 40 mg of adalimumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulationcomprises about 50 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 12 mg/mL of mannitol,about 1 mg/mL of Tween-80, and a buffer system comprising citrate and/orphosphate, with a pH of about 4 to about 8. In one example, theformulation comprises about 40 mg of adalimumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation of adalimumab consistsessentially of a surfactant and about 30-90 mg of adalimumab, whereinthe formulation has an antibody concentration of about 90-110 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 100mg/mL of adalimumab; about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80; and about 42mg/mL of mannitol; where the formulation has a pH of about 4.7 to about5.7 and does not contain a buffer or a salt.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation consists essentiallyof about 100 mg/mL of adalimumab; about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80; andabout 42 mg/mL of mannitol, where the formulation has a pH of about 4.7to about 5.7.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 100mg/mL of adalimumab; about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80; and about 42mg/mL of mannitol; where the formulation has a pH of about 4.7 to about5.7, and where the formulation is stable up to about 30° C. for at least6 days.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 100mg/mL of adalimumab; about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80; and about 42mg/mL of mannitol; where the formulation has a pH of about 4.7 to about5.7, and where the formulation has a characteristic selected from thegroup consisting of a conductivity of less than about 2 mS/cm; ahydrodynamic diameter (Dh) which is at least about 50% less than the Dhof the protein in a buffered solution at a given concentration; and ahydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of less than about 4 nm.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation consists essentiallyof about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80 and about 40 mg of adalimumab,where the concentration of adalimumab is about 100 mg/mL, and where theformulation has a pH of about 4.7 to about 5.7.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulationcomprises about 20 to about 150 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 5-20 mg/mL ofmannitol, about 0.1-10 mg/mL of polysorbate-80, and a buffer systemcomprising citrate and phosphate, with a pH of about 4 to about 8.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous pharmaceutical formulationcomprises about 40 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL of adalimumab, about 7.5 toabout 15 mg/mL of mannitol, and about 0.5 to about 5 mg/mL ofpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 50-100mg/mL of adalimumab, about 7.5-15 mg/mL of mannitol, and about 0.5-5mg/mL of polysorbate 80, where the pH of the formulation is about5.0-6.5.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 50mg/mL of adalimumab, about 7.5-15 mg/mL of mannitol, and about 0.5-5mg/mL of polysorbate 80, where the pH of the formulation is about 4.5 toabout 6.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 45-105mg/mL of adalimumab, a polyol, about 0.1-10 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, anda buffer system having a pH of about 4.5 to about 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 45-150mg/mL of adalimumab, a polyol, about 0.1-10 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, anda buffer system having a pH of about 4.5 to about 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 50mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL of adalimumab, trehalose, and about 0.5-5 mg/mLof polysorbate 80, where the formulation has a pH of about 5.0 to about6.5.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 45 toabout 105 mg/mL of adalimumab, trehalose, about 0.1-10 mg/mL ofpolysorbate 80, and a buffer system comprising acetate and having a pHof about 4.5 to about 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 100mg/mL of adalimumab; about 1.0 mg/mL of polysorbate-80; and about 42mg/mL of mannitol; where the formulation has a pH of about 4.7 to about5.7.

In some embodiments, a liquid aqueous formulation comprises about 50 toabout 100 mg/mL adalimumab, trehalose, and about 0.5-5 mg/mL ofpolysorbate 80, where the formulation has a pH of about 5.0 to about6.5.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of adalimumab comprises anaqueous buffer comprising from about 10 mM to about 30 mM of acetate oran acetate salt (e.g., sodium acetate trihydrate), from about 15 mM toabout 20 mM of histidine and/or a histidine salt and from about 0 mM toabout 30 mM of arginine, from about 200 mM to about 206 mM of sorbitol,and about 0.07% (v/v) to about 0.15% (v/v) of a non-ionic surfactant(e.g., polysorbate 80). In these embodiments, the formulation has a pHof from about 5.1 to about 5.3 (e.g., about 5.2).

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of adalimumab comprises abuffer comprising from about 1 mM to about 30 mM of an acetate salt,from about 10 mM to about 30 mM of histidine and/or a histidine salt,about 201 mM to about 205 mM of sorbitol, and about 0.08% (v/v) to about0.12% (v/v) of polysorbate 80. In one example, the antibody formulationhas a pH of from about 5.1 to about 5.3 (e.g., about 5.2). In anotherexample, the buffer comprises from about 0.1 to about 30 mM of arginineand/or an arginine salt. In another example, the acetate salt comprisessodium acetate trihydrate. In another example, the formulation comprisesfrom about 35 mg to about 45 mg of adalimumab, e.g., from about 37 mg toabout 43 mg, or about 40 mg of adalimumab. In another example, theformulation does not comprise NaCl, a citrate, or a phosphate.

In some embodiments, a formulation of adalimumab comprises adalimumab,sodium chloride, monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, dibasic sodiumphosphate dihydrate, sodium citrate, citric acid monohydrate, mannitol,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is a liquidformulation (e.g., aqueous solution) or a solid formulation (e.g.,lyophilized cake).

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of adalimumab comprisesadalimumab, sodium chloride, monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate,dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, sodium citrate, citric acidmonohydrate, mannitol, polysorbate 80, and water.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation of adalimumab comprisesabout 0.8 mL of a solution for injection comprising:

Name of ingredient Quantity Function Adalimumab (used as a 40.0 mg 40.0mg Active concentrate) substance Mannitol 9.6 mg Tonicity agent Citricacid monohydrate 1.044 mg Buffer Citric acid Sodium citrate 0.244 mgBuffer Sodium phosphate 1.224 mg Buffer dihydrate Dibasic sodiumphosphate dihydrate Sodium dihydrogen 0.688 mg Buffer phosphatedihydrate Monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate Sodium chloride 4.932 mgTonicity agent Polysorbate 80 0.8 mg Detergent Water for injection759.028-759.048 mg Solvent Sodium hydroxide 0.02-0.04 mg pH adjustment(1M solution) Total 817.6 mg

In some embodiments, the density of the solution for injection is about1.022 g/mL. In some embodiments, smaller volumes are used, for example,for incorporation into a device of the present disclosure, for example,a volume of about 0.4 mg/mL is incorporated into the device or devicereservoir.

In some embodiments, each 0.8 mL of a liquid formulation of adalimumabcomprises about 40 mg adalimumab, about 4.93 mg sodium chloride, about0.69 mg monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, about 1.22 mg dibasicsodium phosphate dihydrate, about 0.24 mg sodium citrate, about 1.04 mgcitric acid monohydrate, about 9.6 mg mannitol, about 0.8 mg polysorbate80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the pH of the liquidformulation is about 5.2.

In some embodiments, each 0.2 mL of a liquid formulation of adalimumabcomprises about 20 mg adalimumab, mannitol and polysorbate 80. In oneexample, the formulation also comprises citric acid monohydrate, sodiumcitrate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, disodium phosphatedihydrate, sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, each 0.8 mL of a liquid formulation of adalimumabcomprises about 80 mg adalimumab, about 33.6 mg mannitol, about 0.8 mgpolysorbate 80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the pH ofthe liquid formulation is about 5.2.

In some embodiments, each 0.4 mL of a liquid formulation of adalimumabcomprises about 40 mg adalimumab, about 16.8 mg mannitol, about 0.4 mgpolysorbate 80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the pH ofthe liquid formulation is about 5.2.

In some embodiments, each 0.4 mL of a liquid formulation of adalimumabcomprises about 20 mg adalimumab, about 0.52 mg citric acid monohydrate,about 0.61 mg dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, about 4.8 mg mannitol,about 0.34 mg monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, about 0.4 mgpolysorbate 80, about 2.47 mg sodium chloride, about 0.12 mg sodiumcitrate, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the pH of theliquid formulation is about 5.2.

In some embodiments, each 0.2 mL of a liquid formulation of adalimumabcomprises about 10 mg adalimumab, about 0.26 mg citric acid monohydrate,about 0.31 mg dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, about 2.4 mg mannitol,about 0.17 mg monobasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, about 0.2 mgpolysorbate 80, about 1.23 mg sodium chloride, about 0.06 mg sodiumcitrate, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the pH of theliquid formulation is about 5.2.

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of adalimumab are disclosed, forexample, in US Publication Nos. 2015/0110799, 2012/026373, 2012/0263731,and 2010/0034823; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,821,865, 8,034,906, and 8,436,149;and PCT Publication Nos. WO 2004/016286 and WO 2017/136433, thedisclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties.

Formulations Containing Vedolizumab

In some embodiments, the present application provides a pharmaceuticalformulation comprising vedolizumab. The formulation can be a liquid,semi-solid, or solid formulation. As used herein, the term “vedolizumab”includes antibody or monoclonal vedolizumab, any antigen-binding portionthereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilarthereof.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises vedolizumab, atleast one amino acid, a sugar, and a surfactant. In one example, theamino acid is histidine, arginine, or a combination thereof. In otherembodiments, the sugar is sucrose. In yet other embodiments, thesurfactant is polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation of vedolizumab is stable for aprolonged period of time. A dry (e.g., lyophilized) formulation ofvedolizumab can be stable at about 40° C., at about 75% RH for at leastabout 2-4 weeks, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, atleast about 6 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 12 months,or at least about 18 months. In some embodiments, a formulation (liquidor dry (e.g., lyophilized)) of vedolizumab is stable at about 5° C.and/or 25° C. and about 60% RH for at least about 3 months, at leastabout 6 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 12 months, atleast about 18 months, at least about 24 months, at least about 30months, at least about 36 months, or at least about 48 months. Inanother example, a formulation (liquid or dry (e.g., lyophilized)) ofvedolizumab is stable at about −20° C. for at least about 3 months, atleast about 6 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 12 months,at least about 18 months, at least about 24 months, at least about 30months, at least about 36 months, at least about 42 months, or at leastabout 48 months. In some embodiments, the liquid formulation is stablefollowing freezing (to, e.g., −80° C.) and thawing, such as, forexample, following 1, 2 or 3 cycles of freezing and thawing.

Concentration of Vedolizumab in Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a liquid (e.g., aqueous) formulation of vedolizumabcontains a high concentration of the antibody, for example, from about 1mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL of vedolizumab. In some embodiments, a liquidformulation of vedolizumab contains a high concentration of vedolizumab,including, for example, a concentration greater than about 45 mg/mL,greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater thanabout 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150mg/mL, or greater than about 175 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the pH of the liquid formulation of vedolizumab isfrom about 5 to about 8. The liquid formulation can include a bufferhaving a pH ranging from about 4 to about 8, from about 5 to about 8,from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7, from about 4.5 toabout 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8 to about 5.5, orfrom about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Polyols in Solid and Liquid Vedolizumab Formulations

A polyol or sugar in the vedolizumab composition can be a non-reducingsugar. In some embodiments, the polyol or sugar is selected from thegroup consisting of: mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose,stachyose, melezitose, dextran, maltitol, lactitol, isomaltulose,palatinit, and a combination thereof. A molar ratio of the sugar tovedolizumab can be at least about 600:1; about 625:1; about 650:1; about675:1, about 700:1; about 750:1, about 800:1, about 1000:1, about1200:1, about 1400:1, about 1500:1, about 1600:1, about 1700:1, about1800:1, about 1900:1, or about 2000:1. In some embodiments, thenon-reducing sugar concentration in a liquid vedolizumab formulation(e.g., pre-drying or post-reconstitution) is in the range from about 10mM to about 1 M, for example, from about 60 mM to about 600 mM, about100 mM to about 450 mM, about 200 mM to about 350 mM, about 250 mM toabout 325 mM, or about 275 mM to about 300 mM. In some embodiments, theamount of non-reducing sugar in a dry (e.g., lyophilized) vedolizumabformulation is in the range from about 40% to about 70% (w/w of dryformulation). In some embodiments, the amount of non-reducing sugar in adry (e.g., lyophilized) vedolizumab formulation is in the range fromabout 40% to about 60%, from about 45% to about 55% or about 51% (w/w).In some embodiments, the amount of non-reducing sugar in a dry (e.g.,lyophilized) vedolizumab formulation is greater than about 51% (w/w ofdry formulation) when the vedolizumab amount is about 31% (w/w of dryformulation) or greater than about a 1.6:1 mass ratio of thenon-reducing sugar to the antibody in the dry formulation. In someembodiments, sucrose is the non-reducing sugar for use in thevedolizumab formulation.

Methods of Preparation of Liquid and Solid Vedolizumab Formulations

A formulation of vedolizumab can be prepared, for example, as follows.Bottles of frozen, high concentration antibody preparation (vedolizumab,50 mM histidine, 125 mM arginine, 0.06% polysorbate 80, pH 6.3) arethawed at room temperature for about 16-24 hours. Thawed bottles arepooled into a stainless steel compounding vessel and mixed. Thepreparation is then diluted with dilution buffer A (50 mM histidine, 125mM arginine, 0.06% polysorbate 80, pH 6.3) to 80 mg/mL of vedolizumaband mixed. Sucrose is then added by diluting the preparation withdilution buffer B, which contains sucrose (50 mM histidine, 125 mMarginine, 40% sucrose, 0.06% polysorbate 80, pH 6.3). This step dilutesthe antibody preparation to a liquid formulation of 60 mg/mLvedolizumab, 50 mM histidine, 125 mM arginine, 10% sucrose, 0.06%polysorbate 80, pH of about 6.3.

In some embodiments, the pre-lyophilization vedolizumab formulationvolume is the same as the pre-administration reconstituted solutionvolume. For example, a formulation that is about 5.5 mLpre-lyophilization can be reconstituted to a volume of about 5.5 mL, byadding an amount of liquid, e.g., water or saline, that takes intoaccount the volume of the dry solids. In other embodiments, it isdesirable to lyophilize the formulation in a different volume than thereconstituted solution volume. For example, the vedolizumab formulationcan be lyophilized as a dilute solution, e.g., 0.25×, 0.5×, or 0.75× andreconstituted to 1× by adding less liquid, e.g., about 75% less, abouthalf, or about 25% less than the pre-lyophilization volume. In someembodiments, a 300 mg dose of vedolizumab is lyophilized as a 30 mg/mLantibody solution in 5% sucrose and reconstituted to a 60 mg/mL antibodysolution in 10% sucrose. Alternatively, a lyophilized vedolizumabformulation can be reconstituted into a more dilute solution than thepre-lyophilized formulation.

Exemplary Dosage of Liquid and Solid Vedolizumab Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation of vedolizumab as described herein isadministered to a patient, for example in a device as described herein,to achieve a therapeutically effective dose of about 0.2 mg/kg, about0.5 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg, about 6.0 mg/kg, or about 10.0 mg/kg. Insome embodiments, the effective dose of vedolizumab in the formulationis about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 80 mg,about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 150 mg, about 180 mg, about 200 mg,about 225 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 350 mg, 400 mg, about450 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700 mg, or about 750 mg. Insome embodiments, a 750 mg dose is about 2.5 times the recommended dosefor administration to a patient. In some embodiments, the effective doseis about 0.2-10 mg/kg, or about 1-100 mg/kg. In some embodiments, theeffective dose of vedolizumab is about 0.1 mg/kg body weight to about10.0 mg/kg body weight per treatment, for example about 2 mg/kg to about7 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg to about 6 mg/kg, or about 3.5 mg/kg to about 5mg/kg. In some embodiments, the dose administered is about 0.3 mg/kg,about 0.5 mg/kg, about 1 mg/kg, about 2 mg/kg, about 3 mg/kg, about 4mg/kg, about 5 mg/kg, about 6 mg/kg, about 7 mg/kg, about 8 mg/kg, about9 mg/kg, or about 10 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the vedolizumab isadministered at a dose of about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 300 mg, about500 mg or about 600 mg. In some embodiments, the vedolizumab isadministered at a dose of about 108 mg, about 216 mg, about 160 mg,about 165 mg, about 155 to about 180 mg, about 170 mg or about 180 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of vedolizumab includes about 1 mg toabout 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mgof vedolizumab.

Exemplary Liquid and Solid Vedolizumab Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride,and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodiumcitrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selectedfrom monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose,and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combinationthereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulationfurther comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is alyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one particularembodiment, the formulation is ENTYVIO®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab at a concentration of at least about 100mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation isliquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of vedolizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such assodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a formulation of vedolizumab is a liquidformulation comprising at least about 50 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL ofvedolizumab, a buffering agent (e.g., histidine), and at least about 9%(w/w) non-reducing sugar (e.g., sucrose, trehalose or mannitol). In someembodiments, the formulation comprises at least about 50 mg/mL to about80 mg/mL (e.g., about 60 mg/mL) of vedolizumab, a buffering agent (e.g.,histidine), a free amino acid (e.g., arginine) and at least about 9% orabout 10% (w/w) non-reducing sugar (e.g., sucrose, trehalose ormannitol).

A formulation of vedolizumab can be lyophilized and stored as a singledose in one container (e.g., a device as described herein). Thecontainer can be stored at about 2-8° C. until it is administered to asubject in need thereof. The container can contain, for example, a 60mg/mL dose of vedolizumab. The container can contain at least about 120mg, about 180 mg, about 240 mg, about 300 mg, about 360 mg, about 540mg, or about 900 mg of the total amount of vedolizumab.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises vedolizumab, about50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 0.06% polysorbate 80, andthe pH of the formulation is about 6.3.

In some embodiments, an aqueous composition comprises about 5 mg/mL ofvedolizumab, about 20 mM of citrate/citric acid, about 125 mM of sodiumchloride, and about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.0.This formulation can be stored long term at about −70° C. and up to 3months at about −20° C.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mLvedolizumab, about 25 mM histidine, about 75 mM arginine, about 2%sucrose, about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.3.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mLvedolizumab, about 25 mM histidine, about 75 mM arginine, about 4%sucrose, about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.9.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mLvedolizumab, about 50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 2%sucrose, about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.7.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mLvedolizumab, about 50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 4%sucrose, about 0.05% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.9.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mLvedolizumab, about 50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 6%sucrose, about 1.5% mannitol, about 0.06% polysorbate 80, and has a pHof about 6.3.

In some embodiments, an aqueous formulation comprises about 60 mg/mLvedolizumab, about 50 mM histidine, about 125 mM arginine, about 9%sucrose, about 0.06% polysorbate 80, and has a pH of about 6.3.

In some embodiments, a single dose of a liquid formulation containsabout 300 mg vedolizumab, about 23 mg L-histidine, about 21.4 mgL-histidine monohydrochloride, about 131.7 mg L-arginine hydrochloride,about 500 mg sucrose and about 3 mg polysorbate 80. In some embodiments,this formulation is a lyophilized cake, and when reconstituted withabout 4.8 mL of water for injection, the pH of the formulation is about6.3. The formulation can be stored for up to about four hours at about2-8° C. (about 36° F. to about 46° F.) without freezing.

In some embodiments, a dosage form (e.g., a container as describedherein) contains about 1-20 mL of a 60 mg/mL solution of vedolizumab fora total dose of the antibody of about 60-1200 mg, for example about 300mg. In some embodiments, the formulation is lyophilized and stored as asingle dose in one container at about 2-8° C. until it is administeredto a subject in need thereof.

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of vedolizumab are disclosed, forexample, in US Publication Nos. 2012/0282249 and 2017/0002078; U.S. Pat.No. 9,764,033; and PCT Publication Nos. WO 2012/151248, WO 2016/086147,and WO 2016/105572, the disclosures of each of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

Formulations Containing Infliximab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation described hereinincludes infliximab. The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, orsolid formulation. The term “infliximab” includes antibody or monoclonalinfliximab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosage of Infliximab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation of infliximab as described herein isadministered to a patient, for example in a device as described herein,to achieve a therapeutically effective dose of, e.g., about 0.2 mg/kg,about 0.5 mg/kg, about 2.0 mg/kg, about 3.0 mg/kg, about 6.0 mg/kg,about 10.0 mg/kg, about 20.0 mg/kg, or about 40.0 mg/kg. In someembodiments, infliximab is administered at a dose of, e.g., about 80 mg,about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 120 mg, about 150, about 160 mg, about170 mg, about 180 mg, or about 200 mg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of infliximab contains a highconcentration of infliximab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of infliximab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Infliximab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride, andsucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains waterfor injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate,citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, andpolysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected frommonobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the formulation is REMICADE®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof,sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation furthercomprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilizedpowder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of infliximab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation, at a bare minimum, comprises,consists essentially of or consists of infliximab, sodium chloride, andan acetate such as sodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a single dose of a formulation of infliximab (e.g.,in a device as described herein) includes about 100 mg infliximab, about500 mg sucrose, about 0.5 mg polysorbate 80, about 2.2 mg monobasicsodium phosphate, monohydrate, and about 6.1 mg dibasic sodiumphosphate, dihydrate. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation isabout 7.2. In some embodiments, the formulation does not contain anypreservatives. In some embodiments, a formulation of infliximab is alyophilized powder that can be reconstituted. Infliximab can be suppliedin a single container (e.g., in a device as described herein) as aliquid formulation containing about 10 mg/mL. In some embodiments, theformulation comprises about 100 mg infliximab, sucrose, polysorbate 80,monobasic sodium phosphate, monohydrate, and dibasic sodium phosphate.

Formulations Containing Etrolizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation includes etrolizumab.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “etrolizumab” includes antibody or monoclonaletrolizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosage of Etrolizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, etrolizumab is administered at a dose of about 80mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 120 mg, about 150,about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, or about 200 mg. In someembodiments, an effective dose of etrolizumab is about 100 mg, about 200mg, about 210 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, or about 450 mg. Incertain embodiments, the effective dose is about 105 mg or about 210 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etrolizumab includes about 1 mg toabout 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mgof etrolizumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of etrolizumab contains a highconcentration of etrolizumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of etrolizumab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Etrolizumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride,and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodiumcitrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selectedfrom monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose,and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combinationthereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulationfurther comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is alyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab at a concentration of at least about 100mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation isliquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of etrolizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such assodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etrolizumab is a liquidformulation comprising about 105 mg at a concentration of the antibodyof about 150 mg/mL. Additional pharmaceutical formulations ofetrolizumab are disclosed, for example, in PCT Publication No. WO2016/138207, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety.

Formulations Containing Golimumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises golimumab.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “golimumab” includes antibody or monoclonalgolimumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosage of Golimumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, golimumab is administered to a patient at a dose ofabout 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about70 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg. In someembodiments, a formulation of golimumab includes about 1 mg to about 500mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mgto about 80 mg, about 160 mg, about 80 mg or about 40 mg of golimumab.In some embodiments, the formulation contains an induction dose of about160 mg of golimumab. In other embodiments, the formulation contains amaintenance dose of about 80 mg, about 40 mg, or about 40 mg to about 80mg of golimumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of golimumab contains a highconcentration of golimumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of golimumab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Golimumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride, andsucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains waterfor injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate,citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, andpolysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, concentration of the antibody in the formulation is atleast about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL,about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected frommonobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof,sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation furthercomprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilizedpowder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 to about5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection. In one particular embodiment, theformulation is SIMPONI® 50 mg solution for injection (e.g., the solutionas commercially provided in pre-filled syringes).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of golimumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 50 mg of thegolimumab antibody, about 0.44 mg of L-histidine and L-histidinemonohydrochloride monohydrate, about 20.5 mg of sorbitol, about 0.08 mgof polysorbate 80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, theformulation is liquid and the pH of the formulation is about 5.5. Insome embodiments, the formulation is a solid lyophilized powder. In someembodiments, neither the liquid nor the solid formulation containspreservatives.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 100 mg of thegolimumab antibody, about 0.87 mg of L-histidine and L-histidinemonohydrochloride monohydrate, about 41.0 mg of sorbitol, about 0.15 mgof polysorbate 80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, theformulation is liquid and the pH of the formulation is about 5.5. Insome embodiments, the formulation is a solid lyophilized powder. In someembodiments, neither the liquid nor the solid formulation containspreservatives.

In some embodiments, a single container (e.g., a device as describedherein) comprises about 50 mg or about 100 mg of golimumab, sorbitol,L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and polysorbate80.

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of golimumab are disclosed, forexample, in US Publication Nos. 2011/0014189, 2012/0263731,2014/0127227, 2016/0287525, and 2017/0273909; U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,226,949and 8,420,081; and PCT Publication Nos. WO 2017/106595 and WO2018/067987, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

Formulations Containing Certolizumab Pegol

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation includes certolizumabpegol. The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solidformulation. As used herein, the term “certolizumab pegol” includesantibody or monoclonal certolizumab pegol, any antigen-binding portionthereof, any glycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilarthereof.

Exemplary Dosage of Certolizumab Pegol in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, certolizumab pegol is administered at a dose ofabout 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about600 mg, about 800 mg, or about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, aformulation of certolizumab pegol includes about 1 mg to about 500 mg,about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mg toabout 80 mg, about 160 mg, about 80 mg or about 40 mg of certolizumabpegol. In some embodiments, the formulation contains an induction doseof about 160 mg of certolizumab pegol. In other embodiments, theformulation contains a maintenance dose of about 80 mg, about 40 mg, orabout 40 mg to about 80 mg of certolizumab pegol.

In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid and the concentration ofcertolizumab pegol in the formulation is about 200 mg/mL. In someembodiments, a single dosage form (e.g., a device as described herein)comprises about 200 mg of a liquid formulation comprising about 200mg/mL concentration of certolizumab pegol. In some embodiments, aneffective dose of certolizumab pegol is about 10-20 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of certolizumab pegol containsa high concentration of certolizumab pegol, including, for example, aconcentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL,greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater thanabout 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of certolizumab pegol is a liquid,and the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Certolizumab Pegol

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, sodium chloride, a buffer includingsodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicheptahydrate, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation isliquid and comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, a buffer which is optionally a phosphateor citrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as asugar or sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as apolysorbate. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection. In another example, the formulation contains lowlevels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride,and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodiumcitrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, a buffer, which is optionally aphosphate or citrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol,sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, a buffer containing a phosphate selectedfrom monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose,and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, arginine, histidine, or a combinationthereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulationfurther comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is alyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, a free amino acid selected fromhistidine, alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyolselected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combinationthereof, and a surfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprisesa buffer. In one example, the formulation is liquid. In another example,the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, an amino acid selected from L-histidineand L-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol at a concentration of at least about 100mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation isliquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of certolizumab pegol, sodium chloride, and an acetate such assodium acetate. In one particular embodiment, the formulation isCIMZIA®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 200 mg certolizumabpegol, about 0.9 mg lactic acid, about 0.1 mg polysorbate, and about 100mg sucrose. In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid and the pH ofthe formulation is about 5.2. In some embodiments, the formulation is asolid lyophilized powder. In some embodiments, a formulation is a liquidformulation which comprises about 200 mg certolizumab pegol, about 1.36mg sodium acetate, about 7.31 mg sodium chloride, and water forinjection. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 4.7.

Formulations Containing Ustekinumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises ustekinumab.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “ustekinumab” includes antibody or monoclonalustekinumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Ustekinumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, ustekinumab is administered at a dose of about 20mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 45 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg,about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 130 mg, about150 mg, about 200 mg, about 260 mg, about 300 mg, 390 mg, about 500 mg,about 520 mg, or about 600 mg. In some embodiments, a formulation ofustekinumab includes about 1 mg to about 650 mg, about 1 mg to about 600mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5mg to about 40 mg of ustekinumab.

In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid and the concentration ofustekinumab in the formulation is from about 5 mg/mL to about 90 mg/mL.In some embodiments, a single dosage form (e.g., a device as describedherein) comprises about 130 mg of a liquid formulation comprising about5 mg/mL concentration of ustekinumab. In some embodiments, an effectivedose of ustekinumab is about 1-50 mg/kg. In some embodiments, aneffective dose of ustekinumab is about 6 mg/kg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of ustekinumab contains a highconcentration of ustekinumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of ustekinumab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Ustekinumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride,and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodiumcitrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected frommonobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof,sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation furthercomprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilizedpowder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection. In one particular embodiment, theformulation is STELARA®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of ustekinumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodiumacetate.

In some embodiments, each 0.5 mL of a liquid formulation of ustekinumabcomprises about 45 mg ustekinumab, about 0.5 mg of L-histidine andL-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, about 0.02 mg of polysorbate80, and about 38 mg of sucrose.

In some embodiments, each 1 mL of a liquid formulation of ustekinumabcomprises about 90 mg ustekinumab, about 1 mg of L-histidine andL-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, about 0.04 mg of polysorbate80, and about 76 mg of sucrose.

In some embodiments, a formulation of ustekinumab comprises about 130 mgof ustekinumab, about 0.52 mg of EDTA disodium salt dihydrate, about 20mg of L-histidine, about 27 mg of L-histidine hydrochloride monohydrate,about 10.4 mg of L-methionine, about 10.4 mg of polysorbate 80 and about2210 mg of sucrose. In some embodiments, the formulation is liquid. Inothers, the formulation is a solid lyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation of ustekinumab comprises about 130mg, about 260 mg, about 390 mg, or about 520 mg of ustekinumab,L-histidine, L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine,polysorbate 80, and sucrose. In one example, when the formulation is aliquid formulation, the formulation comprises water for injection.

Formulations Containing Risankizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprisesrisankizumab. The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solidformulation. As used herein, the term “risankizumab” includes antibodyor monoclonal risankizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, anyglycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Risankizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, risankizumab is administered at a dose of about 15mg, about 18 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 36 mg, about 40 mg,about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about100 mg, about 130 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, or about 500 mg. Insome embodiments, a formulation of risankizumab includes about 1 mg toabout 650 mg, about 1 mg to about 600 mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg,about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mg ofrisankizumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of risankizumab contains ahigh concentration of risankizumab, including, for example, aconcentration greater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL,greater than about 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater thanabout 125 mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175mg/mL, or greater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of risankizumab is a liquid, andthe pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Risankizumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride,and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodiumcitrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, concentration of the antibody in the formulation is atleast about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150 mg/mL,about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected frommonobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof,sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation furthercomprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilizedpowder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of risankizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodiumacetate.

Formulations Containing Etanercept

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises etanercept.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “etanercept” includes antibody or monoclonaletanercept, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Etanercept in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, etanercept is administered to a patient at a doseof about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 15 mg, about 20 mg, about 25 mg, about30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg,about 90 mg, or about 100 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etanercept includes about 1 mg toabout 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg,about 40 mg to about 80 mg, about 160 mg, about 80 mg or about 40 mg ofetanercept. In some embodiments, the formulation contains an inductiondose of about 160 mg of etanercept. In other embodiments, theformulation contains a maintenance dose of about 80 mg, about 40 mg, orabout 40 mg to about 80 mg of etanercept.

In some embodiments, when the formulation is liquid, the formulationcomprises about 10 mg, about 25 mg, or about 50 mg of etanercept at aconcentration of about 50 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of etanercept contains a highconcentration of etanercept, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of etanercept is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Etanercept

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride, andsucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains waterfor injection. In one particular embodiment, the formulation is ENBREL®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate,citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, andpolysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, a buffer containing a phosphate selected frommonobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof,sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation furthercomprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilizedpowder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of etanercept, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodiumacetate.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of etanercept comprises fromabout 25 to about 50 mg/mL of etanercept, about 25 mM L-arginine, about25 mM sodium phosphate, about 100 mM sodium chloride, and about 1%sucrose. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0 toabout 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 10 mg/mLto about 100 mg/mL of etanercept, and further comprises L-arginine,sodium phosphate, sodium chloride and sucrose.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 10 mg/mLto about 100 mg/mL etanercept, from about 10 mM to about 75 mM ofL-arginine, from about 5 mM to about 100 mM of sodium phosphate, fromabout 5 mM to about 200 mM of sodium chloride, from about 0.5% to about1.5% of sucrose. In some embodiments, the pH of the formulation is fromabout 5.5 to about 7.8.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 25 mg toabout 50 mg of etanercept, from about 10 mM to about 100 mM ofL-arginine, from about 10 mM to about 50 mM of sodium phosphate, fromabout 0.75% to about 1.25% of sucrose, from about 50 mM to about 150 mMof NaCl, and the pH of the formulation is from about 6.0 to about 7.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 50 mgetanercept, about 1% sucrose, about 100 mM sodium chloride, about 25 mML-arginine hydrochloride, and about 25 mM sodium phosphate.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 25 mgetanercept, about 1% sucrose, about 100 mM sodium chloride, about 25 mML-arginine hydrochloride, and about 25 mM sodium phosphate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 25 mg etanercept,about 40 mg mannitol, about 10 mg sucrose, and about 1.2 mgtromethamine. In one example, the formulation is a liquid formulation ora solid (e.g., lyophilized cake) formulation.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etanercept comprises about 10 mg,about 25 mg, or about 50 mg of etanercept, mannitol, sucrose, andtromethamine. In some embodiments, when the formulation is a liquidformulation, the formulation also comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation of etanercept comprises about 10 mg,about 25 mg, or about 50 mg of etanercept, sucrose, sodium chloride,L-arginine hydrochloride, sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, andsodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate. In other embodiments, when theformulation is a liquid formulation, the formulation also compriseswater for injection.

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of etanercept are disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,648,702, 8,163,522, and 8,063,182; and EPPatent No. 1,478,394, the disclosures of each of which are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

Formulations Containing Brazikumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises brazikumab.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “brazikumab” includes antibody or monoclonalbrazikumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Brazikumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, brazikumab is administered at a dose of about 15mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg,about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about130 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 500 mg, about700 mg, or about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, a formulation ofbrazikumab includes about 1 mg to about 650 mg, about 1 mg to about 600mg, about 1 mg to about 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5mg to about 40 mg of brazikumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of brazikumab contains a highconcentration of brazikumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of brazikumab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Brazikumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride, andsucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains waterfor injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate,citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, andpolysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected frommonobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof,sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation furthercomprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilizedpowder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of brazikumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodiumacetate.

Formulations Containing Natalizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises natalizumab.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “natalizumab” includes antibody or monoclonalnatalizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Natalizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises an effective amount ofnatalizumab of about 1 mg, about 1.7 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about20 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg, about 250mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 700mg, or about 1000 mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of natalizumab includes about 1 mg toabout 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg ofnatalizumab.

Natalizumab can be administered to a subject (e.g., a human) at aconcentration of about 0.01 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL. For example,natalizumab can range in concentration from about 0.1 mg/mL to about 150mg/mL. However, embodiments exist when greater concentrations arerequired for administration to a patient, e.g., about 15 to about 200mg/mL, about 15 mg/mL to 150 mg/mL, about 20 to about 50 mg/mL, or about20 mg/mL of natalizumab, and any integer value in between. In someembodiments, a liquid formulation of natalizumab contains a highconcentration of natalizumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of natalizumab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Natalizumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection. In one particular embodiment, theformulation is TYSABRI®.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride,and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodiumcitrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selectedfrom monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose,and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combinationthereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulationfurther comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is alyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab at a concentration of at least about 100mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation isliquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of natalizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such assodium acetate.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 300 mg ofnatalizumab at a concentration of about 20 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 20 mg/mL ofnatalizumab, about 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, about 8.18 mg/mL ofsodium chloride, and about 0.2 mg/mL of polysorbate 80, and has a pH ofabout 6.1.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 20.0 mg/mL ofnatalizumab, about 140 mM NaCl, about 0.02% Polysorbate 80 (w/v), andabout 10 mM sodium phosphate. In these embodiments, the pH of theformulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 10.0 mg ornatalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg of sodiumchloride, and about 0.1 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, thepH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 10.0 mg ornatalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg of sodiumchloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, thepH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 5.0 mg/mLnatalizumab, about 140 mM NaCl, about 0.02% Polysorbate 80 (w/v), andabout 10 mM sodium phosphate. In these embodiments, the pH of theformulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 50.0 mg ofnatalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg sodiumchloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, whenthe formulation is liquid, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 20.0 mg ofnatalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg sodiumchloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, whenthe formulation is liquid, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 5.0 mg ofnatalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg sodiumchloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, whenthe formulation is liquid, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 1.7 mg ofnatalizumab, about 1.4 mg of sodium phosphate, about 8.2 mg sodiumchloride, and about 0.2 mg of polysorbate 80. In these embodiments, whenthe formulation is liquid, the pH of the formulation is about 6.0.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises from about 20 mg/mLto about 150 mg/mL of natalizumab, about 10 mM phosphate buffer, about140 mM sodium chloride, and from about 0.001% to about 2% (w/v) ofpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 300 mg natalizumab,about 123 mg sodium chloride, about 17.0 mg sodium phosphate, monobasic,monohydrate, about 7.24 mg sodium phosphate, dibasic, heptahydrate, andabout 3.0 mg polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, the formulation isliquid (e.g., an aqueous solution). In other embodiments, theformulation is solid (e.g., a lyophilized cake).

In some embodiments, each 15 mL unit dose (e.g., in a device asdescribed herein) comprises about 300 mg natalizumab, about 123 mgsodium chloride, about 17.0 mg sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate,about 7.24 mg sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, about 3.0 mgpolysorbate 80, and water for injection. In some embodiments, the pH ofthe formulation is about 6.1.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises natalizumab at aconcentration of about 2.6 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 300 mg ofnatalizumab, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic heptahydrate, sodium chloride, and polysorbate 80. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid (e.g., an aqueous solution). Inanother example, the formulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized cake).

Additional pharmaceutical formulations of natalizumab are disclosed, forexample, in US Publication No. 2015/0044206; and U.S. Pat. Nos.8,349,321, 8,815,236, and 8,900,577; the disclosures of each of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

Formulations Containing PF-00547659

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises PF-00547659(SHP647). The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solidformulation. As used herein, the term “PF-00547659” includes antibody ormonoclonal PF-00547659, any antigen-binding portion thereof, anyglycosylation pattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of PF-00547659 in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises an effective amount ofPF-00547659 of about 7.5 mg, about 15 mg, about 22.5 mg, about 45 mg,about 75 mg, about 150 mg, about 225 mg, about 450 mg, or about 900 mg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of PF-00547659 contains a highconcentration of PF-00547659, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of PF-00547659 is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of PF-00547659

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride,and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodiumcitrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, a buffer containing a phosphate selectedfrom monobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose,and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, arginine, histidine, or a combinationthereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulationfurther comprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is alyophilized powder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659 at a concentration of at least about 100mg/mL, mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation isliquid and contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of,or consists of PF-00547659, sodium chloride, and an acetate such assodium acetate.

Formulations Containing Guselkumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises guselkumab.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “guselkumab” includes antibody or monoclonalguselkumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Guselkumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, guselkumab is administered at a dose of about 30mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg,about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 130 mg, about 150 mg, about 200 mg,about 500 mg, about 700 mg, or about 1000 mg. In some embodiments, adosage form (e.g., a device as described herein) comprises a liquidformulation of guselkumab at a concentration of about 100 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of guselkumab contains a highconcentration of guselkumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of guselkumab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Guselkumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride, andsucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and contains waterfor injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing a phosphatesuch as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphate dibasicdihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodium citrate,citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol, andpolysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected frommonobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof,sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation furthercomprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilizedpowder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of guselkumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodiumacetate.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation comprises about 100 mgguselkumab, about 0.6 mg of L-histidine, about 1.5 mg of L-histidinemonohydrochloride monohydrate, about 0.5 mg of polysorbate 80, and about79 mg of sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and the pHof the formulation is about 5.8.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises about 100 mg of guselkumab,histidine, histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, polysorbate 80, andsucrose. In one example, the formulation is a liquid formulation or asolid formulation (e.g., lyophilized cake) as described herein.

Formulations Containing Mirikizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises mirikizumab.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “mirikizumab” includes antibody or monoclonalmirikizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosages of Mirikizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, an effective dose of mirikizumab is about 5 mg,about 20 mg, about 60 mg, about 120 mg, about 200 mg, about 350 mg, orabout 600 mg.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of mirikizumab contains a highconcentration of mirikizumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of mirikizumab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Exemplary Formulations of Mirikizumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer including sodiumphosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcomprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, a buffer which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, and an excipient selected from a polyol (such as a sugaror sugar alcohol) and a non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Inone example, the formulation is liquid and contains water for injection.In another example, the formulation contains low levels of ionicexcipients and has low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, L-arginine hydrochloride,and sucrose. In one example, the formulation is liquid and containswater for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, sodium chloride, a buffer containing aphosphate such as sodium phosphate monobasic dihydrate, sodium phosphatedibasic dihydrate, or a combination thereof, a citrate such as sodiumcitrate, citric acid monohydrate, or a combination thereof, mannitol,and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection. In another example, the pH of the liquidformulation is adjusted with NaOH to about 5.2.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, a buffer, which is optionally a phosphate orcitrate buffer, a polyol selected from mannitol, sorbitol, sucrose,trehalose, raffinose, maltose, and a combination thereof, and anon-ionic surfactant selected from polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulationcontains low levels of ionic excipients and has low conductivity. Inanother example, the concentration of the antibody in the formulation isat least about 10 mg/mL, about 50 mg/mL, about 100 mg/mL, about 150mg/mL, about 200 mg/mL, or about 250 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, a buffer containing a phosphate selected frommonobasic sodium phosphate and dibasic sodium phosphate, sucrose, andpolysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, arginine, histidine, or a combination thereof,sucrose, and polysorbate 80. Optionally, the formulation furthercomprises a buffer. In one example, the formulation is a lyophilizedpowder.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, a free amino acid selected from histidine,alanine, arginine, glycine, and glutamic acid, a polyol selected frommannitol, sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, and a combination thereof, and asurfactant. Optionally, the formulation further comprises a buffer. Inone example, the formulation is liquid. In another example, theformulation is solid (e.g., lyophilized powder for reconstitution).

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, an acetate salt, such as sodium acetatetrihydrate, an amino acid which is histidine and/or a salt thereof,sorbitol, and a non-ionic surfactant such as polysorbate 80; optionally,the formulation further comprises arginine and/or a salt thereof. In oneexample, the formulation is liquid and comprises water for injection. Inanother example, the pH of the liquid formulation is from about 5.1 toabout 5.3. In yet another example, the formulation contains a negligibleor non-detectable amount of sodium chloride. In yet another example, theformulation does not contain phosphate or citrate.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, and a combination thereof,sorbitol and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand comprises water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-methionine, and acombination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80. In one example, theformulation also contains a metal chelating agent such as EDTA disodiumsalt dihydrate. In another example, the formulation is liquid andcontains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine,L-histidine monohydrochloride monohydrate, L-arginine hydrochloride, anda combination thereof, sucrose, and polysorbate 80.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, an amino acid selected from L-histidine andL-arginine, and a combination thereof, polysorbate 20, and succinicacid.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab at a concentration of at least about 100 mg/mL,mannitol, and polysorbate 80. In one example, the formulation is liquidand contains water for injection.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, a buffer containing a negligible ornon-detectable amount of sodium chloride, phosphate and citrate, apolyol such as mannitol, and a surfactant selected from a polysorbateand a poloxamer. In one example, the formulation has an antibodyconcentration of at least about 50 mg/mL, about 75 mg/mL, or about 100mg/mL or greater, and low conductivity.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of mirikizumab, sodium chloride, and an acetate such as sodiumacetate.

Formulations Containing Vatelizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation includes vatelizumab.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “vatelizumab” includes antibody vatelizumab, anyantigen-binding portion thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosage of Vatelizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, vatelizumab is administered at a dose of, e.g.,about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 120 mg,about 150, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, or about 200 mg. Insome embodiments, an effective dose of vatelizumab is about 100 mg,about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, or about 450 mg.In certain embodiments, the effective dose is about 105 mg or about 210mg.

In some embodiments, a formulation of vatelizumab includes about 1 mg toabout 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, or about 5 mg to about 40 mgof vatelizumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of vatelizumab contains a highconcentration of vatelizumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of vatelizumab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2.

Formulations Containing Daclizumab

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical formulation comprises daclizumab.The formulation can be a liquid, semi-solid, or solid formulation. Asused herein, the term “daclizumab” includes antibody or monoclonaldaclizumab, any antigen-binding portion thereof, any glycosylationpattern variant thereof, and any biosimilar thereof.

Exemplary Dosage of Daclizumab in Solid and Liquid Formulations

In some embodiments, daclizumab is administered to a patient at a doseof about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg,about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, or about 200 mg.In some embodiments, a formulation of daclizumab includes about 1 mg toabout 500 mg, about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg,about 40 mg to about 80 mg, about 160 mg, about 80 mg or about 40 mg ofdaclizumab. In some embodiments, the formulation contains an inductiondose of about 160 mg of daclizumab. In other embodiments, theformulation contains a maintenance dose of about 80 mg, about 40 mg, orabout 40 mg to about 80 mg of daclizumab.

In some embodiments, a liquid formulation of daclizumab contains a highconcentration of daclizumab, including, for example, a concentrationgreater than about 45 mg/mL, greater than about 50 mg/mL, greater thanabout 100 mg/mL, greater than about 110 mg/mL, greater than about 125mg/mL, greater than about 150 mg/mL, greater than about 175 mg/mL, orgreater than about 200 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the formulation of daclizumab is a liquid, and thepH of the liquid formulation is from about 5 to about 8. In someembodiments, the liquid formulation includes a buffer. In someembodiments, the pH of the buffer, and/or the pH of the final liquidformulation containing the buffer, ranges from about 4 to about 8, fromabout 5 to about 8, from about 5 to about 7.5, from about 5 to about 7,from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.7 to about 5.7, from about 4.8to about 5.5, or from about 5.0 to about 5.2. In some embodiments, theliquid formulation pH is 6.8, 6.9, 7.0 or 7.1, for example, pH 6.9. Inother embodiments, the liquid formulation pH is 5.8, 5.9, 6.0 or 6.1,for example, pH 6.0.

Exemplary Formulations of Daclizumab

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of daclizumab, an aqueous medium (such as water, a pH-adjustedwater or an aqueous buffer), and a non-ionic surfactant.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of daclizumab, a buffer (e.g., a phosphate buffer), a salt, anda non-ionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. In some embodiments, theformulation pH is 6.9, 7.0 or 7.1. In some further embodiments, thebuffer is a phosphate buffer comprising sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate and sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate. In someembodiments, the salt is sodium chloride. In some further embodiments,the non-ionic surfactant is polysorbate 80. In some more particularembodiments, the formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of daclizumab, sodium phosphate monobasic monohydrate, sodiumphosphate dibasic heptahydrate, sodium chloride, polysorbate 80, and canfurther contain hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide to adjust the pHto 6.9. In some embodiments, the formulation does not contain additionalagent(s) that act as preservatives. In a more particular embodiment, theformulation is, or contains essentially the same chemical compositionas, ZENAPAX® 25 mg/5 mL concentrate, wherein each milliliter of ZENAPAX®contains 5 mg of daclizumab and 3.6 mg sodium phosphate monobasicmonohydrate, 11 mg sodium phosphate dibasic heptahydrate, 4.6 mg sodiumchloride, 0.2 mg polysorbate 80, and optionally, hydrochloric acid orsodium hydroxide to adjust the pH to 6.9; no preservatives are added. Insome embodiments, the ZENAPAX® 25 mg/5 mL concentrate formulation, orthe formulation containing essentially the same chemical composition asZENAPAX® 25 mg/5 mL concentrate, is further diluted prior toadministration. In some embodiments, the calculated dose volume isdiluted into 0.9% sodium chloride solution prior to administration.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprises, consists essentially of orconsists of daclizumab, a non-ionic surfactant (e.g., a polysorbate),succinic acid, one or more salts, and water (e.g., water for injection).In some further embodiments, the non-ionic surfactant is polysorbate 80.In some embodiments, the one or more salts is sodium chloride, sodiumsuccinate, or both. In some more particular embodiments, the formulationcomprises, consists essentially of or consists of daclizumab,polysorbate 80, sodium chloride, sodium succinate, succinic acid andwater for injection, and the formulation pH is about 6. In someembodiments, the formulation is preservative-free. In a more particularembodiment, the formulation is, or contains essentially the samechemical composition as, ZINBRYTA® injection, where each 1 mL contains150 mg daclizumab; polysorbate 80, USP (0.3 mg); sodium chloride (5.84mg); sodium succinate, anhydrous (5.94 mg); succinic acid (0.35 mg); andwater for injection, USP, and the pH is 6.0. In some embodiments, theZINBRYTA® injection formulation, or the formulation containingessentially the same chemical composition as ZINBRYTA® injection, isfurther diluted prior to administration.

In some embodiments, a single container (e.g., a device as describedherein) comprises about 50 mg or about 100 mg or more of daclizumab.

Definitions

By “ingestible,” it is meant that the device can be swallowed whole.

As used herein, “topical delivery” refers to a route of administrationof a medicament (i.e., a drug or a pharmaceutical formulation containinga drug) where the medicament is applied to a localized area of the bodyor to the surface of a body part, regardless of the location of theeffect; more particularly, the topical administration of the medicamentcomprises applying the medicament to a mucous membrane or lining of thegastrointestinal tract of a subject, including, but not limited to, amucous membrane or lining containing one or more disease sites, such asgastrointestinal mucosal lesions. The effect of the topical delivery ortopical administration of the medicament may be local to, or away from,the site of the topical administration. “Topical delivery,” “topicaladministration,” “topical application” and “topical treatment” are usedinterchangeably herein.

“Gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders” are a group of chronicdisorders that cause inflammation and/or ulceration in the mucousmembrane. These disorders include, for example, inflammatory boweldisease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminatecolitis and infectious colitis), mucositis (e.g., oral mucositis,gastrointestinal mucositis, nasal mucositis and proctitis), necrotizingenterocolitis and esophagitis.

“Inflammatory Bowel Disease” or “IBD” is a chronic inflammatoryautoimmune condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The GI tractcan be divided into four main different sections, the oesophagus,stomach, small intestine and large intestine or colon. The smallintestine possesses three main subcompartments: the duodenum, jejunumand ileum. Similarly, the large intestine consists of six sections: thececum, ascending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoidcolon, and the rectum. The small intestine is about 6 m long, itsdiameter is about 2.5 to about 3 cm and the transit time through it istypically about 3 hours. The duodenum has a C-shape, and is about 30 cmlong. Due to its direct connection with the stomach, it is physicallymore stable than the jejunum and ileum, which are sections that canfreely move. The jejunum is about 2.4 m in length and the ileum is about3.6 m in length and their surface areas are about 180 m² and about 280m², respectively. The large intestine is about 1.5 m long, its diameteris between about 6.3 and about 6.5 cm, the transit time though thissection is about 20 hours and has a reduced surface area of about 150m². The higher surface area of the small intestine enhances its capacityfor systemic drug absorption.

The etiology of IBD is complex, and many aspects of the pathogenesisremain unclear. The treatment of moderate to severe IBD posessignificant challenges to treating physicians, because conventionaltherapy with corticosteroids and immunomodulator therapy (e.g.,azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and methotrexate administered viatraditional routes such as tablet form, oral suspension, orintravenously) is associated with side effects and intolerance and hasnot shown proven benefit in maintenance therapy (steroids). Monoclonalantibodies targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), such asinfliximab (a chimeric antibody) and adalimumab (a fully humanantibody), are currently used in the management of CD. Infliximab hasalso shown efficacy and has been approved for use in UC. However,approximately 10%-20% of patients with CD are primary nonresponders toanti-TNF therapy, and another ˜20%-30% of CD patients lose response overtime (Schnitzler et al., Gut 58:492-500 (2009)). Other adverse events(AEs) associated with anti-TNFs include elevated rates of bacterialinfection, including tuberculosis, and, more rarely, lymphoma anddemyelination (Chang et al., Nat. Clin. Pract. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.3:220 (2006); Hoentjen et al., World J. Gastroenterol. 15(17):2067(2009)). No currently available therapy achieves sustained remission inmore than 20%-30% of IBD patients with chronic disease (Hanauer et al.,Lancet 359: 1541-49 (2002); Sandborn et al., N. Engl. J. Med.353:1912-25 (2005)). In addition, most patients do not achieve sustainedsteroid-free remission and mucosal healing, clinical outcomes thatcorrelate with true disease modification.

Although the cause of IBD remains unknown, several factors such asgenetic, infectious and immunologic susceptibility have been implicated.IBD is much more common in Caucasians, especially those of Jewishdescent. The chronic inflammatory nature of the condition has promptedan intense search for a possible infectious cause. Although agents havebeen found which stimulate acute inflammation, none has been found tocause the chronic inflammation associated with IBD. The hypothesis thatIBD is an autoimmune disease is supported by the previously mentionedextraintestinal manifestation of IBD as joint arthritis, and the knownpositive response to IBD by treatment with therapeutic agents such asadrenal glucocorticoids, cyclosporin A and azathioprine, which are knownto suppress immune response. In addition, the GI tract, more than anyother organ of the body, is continuously exposed to potential antigenicsubstances such as proteins from food, bacterial byproducts (LPS), etc.

A chronic inflammatory autoimmune condition of the gastrointestinal (GI)tract presents clinically as either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn'sdisease (CD). Both IBD conditions are associated with an increased riskfor malignancy of the GI tract.

“Crohn's disease” (“CD”) is a chronic transmural inflammatory diseasewith the potential to affect any part of the entire GI tract, and UC isa mucosal inflammation of the colon. Both conditions are characterizedclinically by frequent bowel motions, malnutrition, and dehydration,with disruption in the activities of daily living.

CD is frequently complicated by the development of malabsorption,strictures, and fistulae and may require repeated surgery. UC, lessfrequently, may be complicated by severe bloody diarrhea and toxicmegacolon, also requiring surgery. The most prominent feature Crohn'sdisease is the granular, reddish-purple edematous thickening of thebowel wall. With the development of inflammation, these granulomas oftenlose their circumscribed borders and integrate with the surroundingtissue. Diarrhea and obstruction of the bowel are the predominantclinical features. As with ulcerative colitis, the course of Crohn'sdisease may be continuous or relapsing, mild or severe, but unlikeulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease is not curable by resection of theinvolved segment of bowel. Most patients with Crohn's disease requiresurgery at some point, but subsequent relapse is common and continuousmedical treatment is usual. Crohn's disease may involve any part of thealimentary tract from the mouth to the anus, although typically itappears in the ileocolic, small-intestinal or colonic-anorectal regions.Histopathologically, the disease manifests by discontinuousgranulomatomas, crypt abscesses, fissures and aphthous ulcers. Theinflammatory infiltrate is mixed, consisting of lymphocytes (both T andB cells), plasma cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. There is adisproportionate increase in IgM- and IgG-secreting plasma cells,macrophages and neutrophils.

To date, the primary outcome measure in Crohn's Disease clinical trialsis the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), which has served as thebasis for approval of multiple drug treatments, including for example,vedolizumab and natalizumab. The CDAI was developed by regressingclinician global assessment of disease activity on eighteen potentialitems representing patient reported outcomes (PROs) (i.e., abdominalpain, pain awakening patient from sleep, appetite), physical signs(i.e., average daily temperature, abdominal mass), medication use (i.e.,loperamide or opiate use for diarrhea) and a laboratory test (i.e.,hematocrit). Backward stepwise regression analysis identified eightindependent predictors which are the number of liquid or soft stools,severity of abdominal pain, general well-being, occurrence ofextra-intestinal symptoms, need for anti-diarrheal drugs, presence of anabdominal mass, hematocrit, and body weight. The final score is acomposite of these eight items, adjusted using regression coefficientsand standardization to construct an overall CDAI score, ranging from 0to 600 with higher score indicating greater disease activity. Widelyused benchmarks are: CDAI<150 is defined as clinical remission, 150 to219 is defined as mildly active disease, 220 to 450 is defined asmoderately active disease, and above 450 is defined as very severedisease (Best W. R., et al., Gastroenterology 77:843-6, 1979).Vedolizumab and natalizumab have been approved on the basis ofdemonstrated clinical remission, i.e., CDAI<150.

Although the CDAI has been in use for over 40 years, and has served asthe basis for drug approval, it has several limitations as an outcomemeasure for clinical trials. For example, most of the overall scorecomes from the patient diary card items (pain, number of liquid bowelmovements, and general well-being), which are vaguely defined and notstandardized terms (Sandler et al., J. Clin. Epidemiol. 41:451-8, 1988;Thia et al., Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 17:105-11, 2011). In addition,measurement of pain is based on a four-point scale rather than anupdated seven-point scale. The remaining 5 index items contribute verylittle to identifying an efficacy signal and may be a source ofmeasurement noise. Furthermore, concerns have been raised about poorcriterion validity for the CDAI, a reported lack of correlation betweenthe CDAI and endoscopic measures of inflammation (which may render theCDAI as a poor discriminator of active CD and irritable bowel syndrome)and high reported placebo rates (Korzenik et al., N. Engl. J. Med.352:2193-201, 2005; Sandborn W. J., et al., N. Engl. J. Med.353:1912-25, 2005; Sandborn W. J., et al., Ann. Intern. 19; 146:829-38,2007, Epub 2007 Apr. 30; Kim et al., Gastroenterology 146:(5 supplement1)S-368, 2014).

It is, thus, generally recognized that additional or alternativemeasures of CD symptoms are needed, such as new PRO tools or adaptationsof the CDAI to derive a new PRO. The PRO2 and PRO3 tools are suchadaptations of the CDAI and have been recently described in Khanna etal., Aliment Pharmacol. Ther. 41:77-86, 2015. The PRO2 evaluates thefrequency of loose/liquid stools and abdominal pain (Id). These itemsare derived and weighted accordingly from the CDAI and are the CDAIdiary card items, along with general well-being, that contribute most tothe observed clinical benefit measured by CDAI (Sandler et al., J. Clin.Epidemiol. 41:451-8, 1988; Thia et al., Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 17:105-11,2011; Kim et al., Gastroenterology 146:(5 supplement 1)S-368, 2014). Theremission score of <11 is the CDAI-weighted sum of the average stoolfrequency and pain scores in a 7-day period, which yielded optimumsensitivity and specificity for identification of CDAI remission (scoreof <150) in a retrospective data analysis of ustekinumab inductiontreatment for moderate to severe CD in a Phase II clinical study (GasinkC., et al., Abstract, ACG Annual Meeting 2014). The PRO2 was shown to besensitive and responsive when used as a continuous outcome measure in aretrospective data analysis of MTX treatment in active CD (Khanna R., etal., Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 20:1850-61, 2014) measured by CDAI. Additionaloutcome measures include the Mayo Clinic Score, the Crohn diseaseendoscopic index of severity (CDEIS), and the Ulcerative colitisendoscopic index of severity (UCEIS). Additional outcome measuresinclude Clinical remission, Mucosal healing, Histological healing(transmural), MRI or ultrasound for measurement or evaluation of bowelwall thickness, abscesses, fistula and histology.

An additional means of assessing the extent and severity of Crohn'sDisease is endoscopy. Endoscopic lesions typical of Crohn's disease havebeen described in numerous studies and include, e.g., aphthoidulcerations, “punched-out ulcers,” cobblestoning and stenosis.Endoscopic evaluation of such lesions was used to develop the firstvalidated endoscopic score, the Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index ofSeverity (CDEIS) (Mary et al., Gut 39:983-9, 1989). More recently,because the CDEIS is time-consuming, complicated and impractical forroutine use, a Simplified Endoscopic Activity Score for Crohn's Disease(SES-CD) was developed and validated (Daperno et al., Gastrointest.Endosc. 60(4):505-12, 2004). The SES-CD consists of four endoscopicvariables (size of ulcers, proportion of surface covered by ulcers,proportion of surface with any other lesions (e.g., inflammation), andpresence of narrowings [stenosis]) that are scored in five ileocolonicsegments, with each variable, or assessment, rated from 0 to 3.

To date, there is no cure for CD. Accordingly, the current treatmentgoals for CD are to induce and maintain symptom improvement, inducemucosal healing, avoid surgery, and improve quality of life(Lichtenstein G. R., et al., Am. J. Gastroenterol. 104:465-83, 2009; VanAssche G., et al., J. Crohns Colitis, 4:63-101, 2010). The currenttherapy of IBD usually involves the administration of antiinflammatoryor immunosuppressive agents, such as sulfasalazine, corticosteroids,6-mercaptopurine/azathioprine, or cyclosporin A, all of which are nottypically delivered by localized release of a drug at the site orlocation of disease. More recently, biologics like TNF-alpha inhibitorsand IL-12/IL-23 blockers, are used to treat IBD. Ifanti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive/biologic therapies fail, colectomiesare the last line of defense. The typical operation for CD not involvingthe rectum is resection (removal of a diseased segment of bowel) andanastomosis (reconnection) without an ostomy. Sections of the small orlarge intestine may be removed. About 30% of CD patients will needsurgery within the first year after diagnosis. In the subsequent years,the rate is about 5% per year. Unfortunately, CD is characterized by ahigh rate of recurrence; about 5% of patients need a second surgery eachyear after initial surgery.

Refining a diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease involves evaluatingthe progression status of the diseases using standard classificationcriteria. The classification systems used in IBD include the Trueloveand Witts Index (Truelove S. C. and Witts, L. J., Br. Med. J. 1955;2:1041-1048), which classifies colitis as mild, moderate, or severe, aswell as Lennard-Jones (Lennard-Jones J. E., Scand. J. Gastroenterol.Suppl. 1989; 170:2-6) and the simple clinical colitis activity index(SCCAI) (Walmsley et al., Gut, 1998; 43:29-32). These systems track suchvariables as daily bowel movements, rectal bleeding, temperature, heartrate, hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, weight,hematocrit score, and the level of serum albumin.

There is sufficient overlap in the diagnostic criteria for UC and CDthat it is sometimes impossible to say which a given patient has;however, the type of lesion typically seen is different, as is thelocalization. UC mostly appears in the colon, proximal to the rectum,and the characteristic lesion is a superficial ulcer of the mucosa; CDcan appear anywhere in the bowel, with occasional involvement ofstomach, esophagus and duodenum, and the lesions are usually describedas extensive linear fissures.

In approximately 10-15% of cases, a definitive diagnosis of ulcerativecolitis or Crohn's disease cannot be made and such cases are oftenreferred to as “indeterminate colitis.” Two antibody detection tests areavailable that can help the diagnosis, each of which assays forantibodies in the blood. The antibodies are “perinuclear anti-neutrophilantibody” (pANCA) and “anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody” (ASCA).Most patients with ulcerative colitis have the pANCA antibody but notthe ASCA antibody, while most patients with Crohn's disease have theASCA antibody but not the pANCA antibody. However, these two tests haveshortcomings as some patients have neither antibody and some Crohn'sdisease patients may have only the pANCA antibody. A third test, whichmeasures the presence and accumulation of circulating anti-microbialantibodies—particularly flagellin antibodies, has proven to be usefulfor detecting susceptibility to Crohn's Disease before diseasedevelopment. See Choung, R. S., et al., “Serologic microbial associatedmarkers can predict Crohn's disease behaviour years before diseasediagnosis,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43.12(2016):1300-1310.

“Ulcerative colitis (UC)” afflicts the large intestine. The course ofthe disease may be continuous or relapsing, mild or severe. The earliestlesion is an inflammatory infiltration with abscess formation at thebase of the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Coalescence of these distended andruptured crypts tends to separate the overlying mucosa from its bloodsupply, leading to ulceration. Symptoms of the disease include cramping,lower abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and frequent, loose dischargesconsisting mainly of blood, pus and mucus with scanty fecal particles. Atotal colectomy may be required for acute, severe or chronic,unremitting ulcerative colitis.

The clinical features of UC are highly variable, and the onset may beinsidious or abrupt, and may include diarrhea, tenesmus and relapsingrectal bleeding. With fulminant involvement of the entire colon, toxicmegacolon, a life-threatening emergency, may occur. Extraintestinalmanifestations include arthritis, pyoderma gangrenoum, uveitis, anderythema nodosum.

An “antibody” is an immunoglobulin molecule capable of specific bindingto a target, such as a carbohydrate, polynucleotide, lipid, polypeptide,etc., through at least one antigen recognition site, located in thevariable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. The terms “antibody” and“immunoglobulin” are used interchangeably in the broadest sense. As usedherein, the terms encompass monoclonal antibodies (for example, fulllength or intact monoclonal antibodies), polyclonal antibodies (forexample, full length or intact polyclonal antibodies), and fragmentsthereof (such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)2, Fv), single chain (ScFv) and domainantibodies), fusion proteins including an antibody portion, multivalentantibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific, trispecific,etc. antibodies so long as they exhibit the desired biologicalactivity), and any other modified configuration of the immunoglobulinmolecule that includes an antigen recognition site. An antibody can behuman, humanized and/or affinity matured.

The term antibody includes antibody fragments (e.g., antigen-bindingfragments) such as an Fv fragment, a Fab fragment, a F(ab′)2 fragment,and a Fab′ fragment. “Antibody fragments” comprise only a portion of anintact antibody, where in certain embodiments, the portion retains atleast one, and typically most or all, of the functions normallyassociated with that portion when present in an intact antibody. In oneembodiment, an antibody fragment comprises an antigen binding site ofthe intact antibody and thus retains the ability to bind antigen. Inanother embodiment, an antibody fragment, for example one that comprisesthe Fc region, retains at least one of the biological functions normallyassociated with the Fc region when present in an intact antibody, suchas FcRn binding, antibody half-life modulation, ADCC function andcomplement binding. In one embodiment, an antibody fragment is amonovalent antibody that has an in vivo half-life substantially similarto an intact antibody. For example, such an antibody fragment maycomprise on antigen binding arm linked to an Fc sequence capable ofconferring in vivo stability to the fragment. Additional examples ofantigen-binding fragments include an antigen-binding fragment of an IgG(e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4) (e.g.,an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgG, e.g., human orhumanized IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4); an antigen-binding fragment of anIgA (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of IgA1 or IgA2) (e.g., anantigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgA, e.g., a human orhumanized IgA1 or IgA2); an antigen-binding fragment of an IgD (e.g., anantigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgD); anantigen-binding fragment of an IgE (e.g., an antigen-binding fragment ofa human or humanized IgE); or an antigen-binding fragment of an IgM(e.g., an antigen-binding fragment of a human or humanized IgM). Anantibody includes an antibody of any class, such as IgG, IgA, or IgM (orsub-class thereof), and the antibody need not be of any particularclass. Depending on the antibody amino acid sequence of the constantdomain of its heavy chains, immunoglobulins can be assigned to differentclasses. There are five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE,IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided intosubclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2. Theheavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes ofimmunoglobulins are called alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu,respectively. The subunit structures and three-dimensionalconfigurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.

The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibodyobtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies,i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identicalexcept for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present inminor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directedagainst a single antigen or antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast topolyclonal antibody preparations that typically include differentantibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), eachmonoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on theantigen. The modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of theantibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous populationof antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of theantibody by any particular method. For example, the monoclonalantibodies to be used in accordance with the present disclosure may bemade by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler and Milstein,1975, Nature 256:495, or may be made by recombinant DNA methods such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. The monoclonal antibodies may alsobe isolated from phage libraries generated using the techniquesdescribed in McCafferty et al., 1990, Nature 348:552-554, for example.

The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric”antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain isidentical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodiesderived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibodyclass or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical withor homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived fromanother species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, aswell as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit thedesired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; and Morrison etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6851-6855 (1984)).

A “variable region” of an antibody refers to the variable region of theantibody light chain or the variable region of the antibody heavy chain,either alone or in combination. As known in the art, the variableregions of the heavy and light chain each consist of four frameworkregions (FR) connected by three complementarity determining regions(CDRs) that contain hypervariable regions. The CDRs in each chain areheld together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the CDRs from theother chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site ofantibodies. There are at least two techniques for determining CDRs: (1)an approach based on cross-species sequence variability (i.e., Kabat etal., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, (5th ed., 1991,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Md.)); and (2) an approach basedon crystallographic studies of antigen-antibody complexes (Al-Lazikaniet al., 1997, J. Molec. Biol. 273:927-948). As used herein, a CDR mayrefer to CDRs defined by either approach or by a combination of bothapproaches.

As known in the art, a “constant region” of an antibody refers to theconstant region of the antibody light chain or the constant region ofthe antibody heavy chain, either alone or in combination.

As used herein, “TNF” is interchangeable with the terms “TNF-alpha” and“TNF-α” and the term “TNF inhibitor,” as used herein, is interchangeablewith the term “anti-TNF agent.”

An “IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor,” as used herein, refers to an agent whichdecreases the activity of IL-12 and/or IL-23, wherein the decrease inactivity includes one or more of: (1) a decrease in the expression ofIL-12 and/or IL-23, e.g., as compared to the level of IL-12 and/or IL-23expression in the absence of the agent; (2) a decrease in the ability ofIL-12 to bind to an IL-12 receptor or the ability of IL-23 to bind to anIL-23 receptor, e.g., as compared to the level of IL-12/IL-23 activityin the absence of the agent; and (3) a decrease in the level of anIL-12/IL-23 protein in a mammalian cell contacted with the agent, e.g.,as compared to the same mammalian cell not contacted with the agent.IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine that includes both IL-12A (p35) andIL-12B (p40) polypeptides. IL-23 is a heterodimeric cytokine thatincludes both IL-23 (p19) and IL-12B (p40) polypeptides. The receptorfor IL-12 is a heterodimeric receptor that includes IL-12R β1 and IL-12Rβ2. The receptor for IL-23 is a heterodimeric receptor that includesIL-12R β1 and IL-23R. Non-limiting examples of IL-12/IL-23 inhibitorsinclude antibodies such as ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab,brazikumab and mirikizumab; small molecules such as apilimod mesylate;and peptide inhibitors of the IL-23 receptor, such as those disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 9,624,268, e.g., Compound A (SEQ ID NO: 276) having thefollowing structure:

Compound B (SEQ ID NO: 279) having the following structure:

orCompound C (SEQ ID NO: 280) having the following structure.

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

“Treatment regimen” refers to a combination of dosage, frequency ofadministration, or duration of treatment, with or without addition of asecond medication.

“Effective treatment regimen” refers to a treatment regimen that willoffer beneficial response to a patient receiving the treatment.

“Effective amount” refers to an amount of drug that offers beneficialresponse to a patient receiving the treatment. For example, an effectiveamount may be a Human Equivalent Dose (TIED).

“Dispensable,” with reference to any substance, refers to any substancethat may be released from an ingestible device as disclosed herein, orfrom a component of the device such as a reservoir. For example, adispensable substance may be a JAK inhibitor, and/or a formulationcomprising a JAK inhibitor.

“Patient response” or “patient responsiveness” can be assessed using anyendpoint indicating a benefit to the patient, including, withoutlimitation, (1) inhibition, to some extent, of disease progression,including slowing down and complete arrest; (2) reduction in the numberof disease episodes and/or symptoms; (3) reduction in lesional size; (4)inhibition (i.e., reduction, slowing down or complete stopping) ofdisease cell infiltration into adjacent peripheral organs and/ortissues; (5) inhibition (i.e., reduction, slowing down or completestopping) of disease spread; (6) decrease of auto-immune response, whichmay, but does not have to, result in the regression or ablation of thedisease lesion; (7) relief, to some extent, of one or more symptomsassociated with the disorder; (8) increase in the length of disease-freepresentation following treatment; and/or (9) decreased mortality at agiven point of time following treatment. The term “responsiveness”refers to a measurable response, including complete response (CR) andpartial response (PR).

As used herein, “complete response” or “CR” means the disappearance ofall signs of inflammation or remission in response to treatment. Thisdoes not necessarily mean the disease has been cured.

“Partial response” or “PR” refers to a decrease of at least 50% in theseverity of inflammation, in response to treatment.

A “beneficial response” of a patient to treatment with a therapeuticagent and similar wording refers to the clinical or therapeutic benefitimparted to a patient at risk for or suffering from a gastrointestinalinflammatory disorder from or as a result of the treatment with theagent. Such benefit includes cellular or biological responses, acomplete response, a partial response, a stable disease (withoutprogression or relapse), or a response with a later relapse of thepatient from or as a result of the treatment with the agent.

As used herein, “non-response” or “lack of response” or similar wordingmeans an absence of a complete response, a partial response, or abeneficial response to treatment with a therapeutic agent.

“A patient maintains responsiveness to a treatment” when the patient'sresponsiveness does not decrease with time during the course of atreatment.

A “symptom” of a disease or disorder (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease,e.g., ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease) is any morbid phenomenon ordeparture from the normal in structure, function, or sensation,experienced by a subject and indicative of disease.

As used herein, “accuracy,” when disclosed in connection with aspecified location of a device within the GI tract of a subject, refersto the degree to which the location determined by the device conforms tothe correct location, wherein the correct location is based on agenerally accepted standard. The location within the GI tract of thesubject determined by the device can be based on data, for example,light reflectance data, collected by the ingestible device. In someembodiments, the correct location can be based on external imagingdevices, such as computer-aided tomography (CT), interpreted, forexample, by a qualified clinician or physician. Therefore, percentaccuracy (“% accuracy”) can refer to the percentage agreement betweenthe location of the device in the GI tract as determined by the device,and the correct location, for example, as determined by CT, e.g.,expressed as [(number of devices in which location determined by thedevice agrees with location as determined by CT/total devicesadministered to the subject or subjects)×100%], or, where only onedevice is administered per subject, [(number of subjects in whichlocation determined by the device agrees with location as determined byCT/total number of subjects)×100%]. The latter formula for determining %accuracy was used in Example 14. In some embodiments, the accuracy withwhich the device determines a location refers to the accuracy with whichthe device determines that it is at a location pre-selected for drugrelease.

As used herein, an “autonomous device” refers to a device comprising oneor more processors configured to independently control certainmechanisms or operations of the device while in the GI tract of asubject. Preferably, an autonomous device of the present disclosure hasno external electrical or wireless connections that control devicemechanisms or operations, although connections such as wirelessconnections may be present to enable alternative device functions, suchas transmitting data collected by the device to an external (ex vivo)system or receiver. The independently controlled mechanisms oroperations of the autonomous device include, for example, triggering therelease of a drug (or the formulation comprising the drug), triggeringcollection of one or more samples, and/or triggering the analysis of oneor more samples; and/or determining the location of the device withinthe GI tract of the subject. Such mechanisms are referred to herein as“autonomous mechanisms,” or, for example, an “autonomous triggeringmechanism” or an “autonomous localization mechanism,” respectively.Actively implementing such an autonomous triggering or autonomouslocalization mechanism is referred to as “autonomous triggering” or“autonomous localizing,” respectively. An “autonomous localizationmechanism” is synonymous with a “self-localization mechanism.”

As used herein, a “housing” is a portion of an ingestible device thatdefines the boundary between the interior of the device and theenvironment exterior to the device.

As used herein, a “self-localizing device” refers to a device comprisinga mechanism or system that can be implemented autonomously to determinethe location of the ingestible device in vivo, e.g., within the GI tractof a subject. Such a mechanism is referred to as a “self-localizationmechanism.” A “self-localization mechanism” is synonymous with an“autonomous localization mechanism.” A self-localizing device does notrequire ex vivo visualization devices or systems, for example, usingscintigraphy or computer-aided tomography (CT), to localize in the GItract.

As used herein, “localizing a device” refers to determining a locationof the device.

As used herein, “self-localizing a device” refers to determining alocation of the device via a device self-localization mechanism, e.g.,determining a location of the within the GI tract of a subject via adevice self-localization mechanism.

As used herein, “sensor” refers to a mechanism or portion of a mechanismconfigured to collect information regarding the surroundings of theingestible device. Examples of “sensors” include environmental sensorsand light sensors. Examples of environmental sensors include pH sensorsand sensors capable to identifying muscle contractions and/orperistalsis.

As used herein, “time of transition” of the device refers to elapsedtime during passage of the device from one portion of the GI tract intoa second portion of the GI tract. In some embodiments, the secondportion of the GI tract is adjacent to the first portion. Non-limitingexamples of time of transition include the elapsed time during passageof the device between mouth and stomach, esophagus and stomach, stomachand duodenum, duodenum and jejunum, jejunum and ileum, ileum and cecum,or cecum and colon.

As used herein, “time following transition” of the device refers toelapsed time after passage of the device from one portion of the GItract into a second portion of the GI tract. In some embodiments, thesecond portion of the GI tract is adjacent to the first portion.Non-limiting examples of time following transition include elapsed timefollowing passage of the device between mouth and stomach, esophagus andstomach, stomach and duodenum, duodenum and jejunum, jejunum and ileum,ileum and cecum, or cecum and colon.

As used herein, a “portion” of the GI tract refers to an anatomicalsection or subsection of the GI tract. Non-limiting examples of aportion of the GI tract include the mouth, the esophagus, the stomach,the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum, the cecum, the colon, theascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, and therectum.

As used herein, “proximate” as disclosed in connection with release of adrug from a device to one or more disease sites, refers to a locationthat is sufficiently spatially close to the one or more disease sitessuch that releasing the drug at the location treats the disease. Forexample, when the drug is released proximate to the one or more diseasesites, the drug may be released 150 cm or less, such as 125 cm or less,such as 100 cm or less, such as 50 cm or less, such as 40 cm or less,such as 30 cm or less, such as 20 cm or less, such as 10 cm or less,such as 5 cm or less, such as 2 cm or less, from the one or more sitesof disease. In some embodiments, the proximate location for drug releaseis the same section or subsection of the gastrointestinal tractcontaining the one or more disease sites. Thus, where the presentapplication refers to release of a drug proximate to a site of disease,this in some embodiments refers to release of the drug to a section orsubsection of the GI tract that contains a site of disease. For example,when a disease site is in the ileum, the drug may be released proximateto the disease site by releasing the drug to the ileum. In someembodiments, the proximate location for drug release is a differentsection or subsection of the GI tract than that containing the diseasesite; for example, the drug release may be proximal to the disease site.Thus, where the present application refers to release of a drugproximate to a site of disease, this in some embodiments refers torelease of the drug to a section or subsection of the GI tract that isproximal to the section or subsection containing the disease site. Forexample, when a disease site is in the ileum, the drug may be releasedto the jejunum.

As used herein, “proximal,” when used in connection with an anatomicalstructure, refers to a portion that precedes, or is upstream of, anadjacent portion of the anatomical structure. In some embodiments,proximal refers to a portion of an anatomical structure that immediatelyprecedes, or is immediately upstream of, an immediately adjacent portionof the anatomical structure. “Proximal,” when used in connection withrelease of a drug from a device to one or more disease sites, refers torelease of the drug from the device to a portion of an anatomicalstructure that precedes, or is upstream of, an adjacent portion of ananatomical structure that contains one or more disease sites. Theportion may be a section of the GI tract, which may be selected frommouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascendingcolon, transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum. The portion maybe a subsection of the GI tract, which may be selected from proximalduodenum, proximal jejunum, proximal ileum, proximal cecum, proximalascending colon, proximal transverse colon, proximal descending colon,distal duodenum, distal jejunum, distal ileum, distal cecum, distalascending colon, distal transverse colon, distal descending colon. Insome exemplary embodiments, the drug is released to the cecum (e.g., toa location proximal to the ascending colon) to treat a site of diseasetissue in the ascending colon (i.e., a site of disease distal to thececum). In another embodiment, the drug is released to the cecum (e.g.,to a location proximal to the colon) to treat a site of disease tissuein one or more of the ascending colon, transverse colon, descendingcolon, or a combination thereof (e.g., a site of disease distal to thececum).

As used herein, “distal,” when used in connection with an anatomicalstructure, refers to a portion, section, or subsection that follows, oris downstream of, an adjacent portion, section, or subsection of theanatomical structure. In some embodiments, distal refers to a portion,section, or subsection that immediately follows, or is immediatelydownstream of, an immediately adjacent portion, section, or subsectionof the anatomical structure.

As used herein, the “total induction dose” is the sum of induction dosesover a given time period.

As used herein, the term “adhesion” refers to the ability of theformulations of the present disclosure to bind to the site of topicaladministration, e.g., mucoses (e.g., a mucosal lining of thegastrointestinal tract of a subject), upon contact, whereby when theyare brought into contact work must be done in order to separate them.The adhesion can be measured by a texture analyzer, e.g., TA.XT Plus(Texture Technologies). For example, a 40-mm diameter disk can becompressed into the gel and redrawn. The method settings, includingspeed rate at 1 mm/second and distance (depth of the insertion) of 9-mmcan be assessed at the desired temperature, e.g., at 22° C., 25° C. orat 37° C. The adhesion is measured in mN/s units. The more negative thevalue in mN/s, the more adhesive the composition will be. Thus, forexample a composition showing a measurement value of −100 mN/s is moreadhesive than a composition showing a lower measurement value of e.g.,−50 mN/s.

As used herein, the term “thermoreversible” or equivalent expressionsthereof such as “thermally reversible” applied to the composition meansthat it exhibits reverse thermogellation, i.e., it undergoes a change inviscosity when the temperature varies. In some embodiments, thecomposition is liquid at room temperature and forms a gel at bodytemperature. The liquid state at room temperature facilitates theadministration of the composition when it is to be administered, e.g.,to the gastrointestinal mucosa, by using an appropriate delivery device,such as for example an ingestible device as disclosed herein. When thecomposition is released from the device and comes into contact with themucosa at body temperature, its viscosity increases to a higherviscosity state, hence acquiring the consistency of a gel. This has theadvantage that the composition remains on the surface of the affectedarea.

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,” “pharmaceuticallyacceptable diluent” and “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” includeany and all solvents, co-solvents, complexing agents, dispersion media,coatings, isotonic and absorption delaying agents and the like which arenot biologically or otherwise undesirable. The use of such media andagents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art.Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible withthe active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic formulations iscontemplated. Supplementary active ingredients can also be incorporatedinto the formulations. In addition, various adjuvants such as arecommonly used in the art may be included. These and other suchtherapeutic agents are described in the literature, e.g., in the MerckIndex, Merck & Company, Rahway, N.J. Considerations for the inclusion ofvarious components in pharmaceutical formulations are described, e.g.,in Gilman et al. (Eds.) (2010); Goodman and Gilman's: ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12th Ed., The McGraw-HillCompanies.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers tothose salts of compounds disclosed herein that are safe and effectivefor use in mammals, including humans, and that possess the desiredbiological activity. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are known to theperson of ordinary skill in the art. In a non-limiting example, when thecompound has an acidic group such as carboxyl group in the formula, thesalts can be salts thereof with alkali metals, e.g. sodium, potassiumand ammonium, salts thereof with alkaline earth metals, e.g. calcium andmagnesium, salts thereof with aluminum and zinc, salts thereof withorganic amines, e.g. triethylamine, ethanolamine, morpholine, piperidineand dicyclohexylamine, and salts thereof with basic amino acids, e.g.arginine and lysine. In a non-limiting example, when the compound has abasic group in the formula, the salts can be those with inorganic acids,e.g., hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid; those withorganic carboxylic acids, e.g. acetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid,maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid and succinic acid; and thosewith organosulfonic acids, e.g., methanesulfonic acid andp-toluenesulfonic acid. The salts can be formed by mixing a compoundwith a necessitated acid or base in a proper ratio in a solvent ordispersing agent or by the cation exchange or anion exchange reactionwith another salt.

As used herein, a reference to a drug's international nonproprietaryname (INN) is to be interpreted as including generic, bioequivalent andbiosimilar versions of that drug, including but not limited to any drugthat has received abbreviated regulatory approval by reference to anearlier regulatory approval of that drug. Additionally, all drugsdisclosed herein optionally include the pharmaceutically acceptablesalts and solvates of the drugs thereof, unless expressly indicatedotherwise.

As used herein, each listed small molecule, peptide or nucleic acidagent optionally includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,whether or not such a form is expressly indicated. Each listed antibodyagent optionally includes a biosimilar thereof, whether or not such abiosimilar is expressly indicated.

Inhibitory Agents of Janus Kinase (JAK) Activity and/or Expression

The term “JAK inhibitor” refers to an agent which decreases the activityof Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), JAK2, JAK3, or non-receptor protein tyrosinekinase 2 (TYK-2), wherein the decrease in activity includes one or moreof: (1) a decrease in the expression of at least one of JAK1, JAK2,JAK3, and TYK-2, e.g., as compared to the level of JAK expression in theabsence of the agent; (2) a decrease in the kinase activity of at leastone of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and TYK-2, e.g., as compared to the level ofactivity in the absence of the agent; and (3) a decrease in the level ofa JAK protein in a mammalian cell contacted with the agent, e.g., ascompared to the same mammalian cell not contacted with the agent. Insome further embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the activity of atleast one of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK-2 and interferes with the Januskinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT)signaling pathway.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the activity of JAK1.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the activity of JAK2.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the activity of JAK3.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the activity of TYK-2.In some preferred embodiments, the JAK inhibitor selectively decreasesthe activity of JAK 1, JAK3, or both. In some other preferredembodiments, the JAK inhibitor selectively decreases the activity ofJAK3. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor covalently binds to JAK1,JAK3 or both. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a Michaelacceptor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the expression of JAK1.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the expression of JAK2.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the expression of JAK3.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the expression ofTYK-2.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the kinase activity ofJAK1. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the kinaseactivity of JAK2. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases thekinase activity of JAK3. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitordecreases the kinase activity of TYK-2. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is a decreases the kinase activity of JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, andTYK2. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the kinaseactivity of two or more (e.g., 3 or 4) of: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the kinase activity of asingle JAK isoform (e.g., JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2).

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases the kinase activity ofJAK1 and JAK2. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor decreases thekinase activity of JAK1 and JAK3. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitordecreases the kinase activity of JAK2 and JAK3. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor decreases the kinase activity of JAK1, JAK2 and JAK3. Insome preferred embodiments, the JAK inhibitor selectively decreases thekinase activity of JAK 1, JAK3, or both. In some other preferredembodiments, the JAK inhibitor selectively decreases the kinase activityof JAK3.

In some embodiments, a JAK inhibitor can decrease JAK activity, e.g.,decrease one or more of: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and/or TYK-2 expression;JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and/or TYK-2 kinase activity, or the level of JAKprotein in a mammalian cell contacted with the agent, for example, ascompared to the level of JAK protein in the same mammalian cell notcontacted with the agent, e.g., by about 1% to about 99%, by about 1% toabout 95%, by about 1% to about 90%, by about 1% to about 85%, by about1% to about 80%, by about 1% to about 75%, by about 1% to about 70%, byabout 1% to about 65%, by about 1% to about 60%, by about 1% to about55%, by about 1% to about 50%, by about 1% to about 45%, by about 1% toabout 40%, by about 1% to about 35%, by about 1% to about 30%, by about1% to about 25%, by about 1% to about 20%, by about 1% to about 20%, byabout 1% to about 15%, by about 1% to about 10%, by about 1% to about5%, by about 5% to about 99%, by about 5% to about 90%, by about 5% toabout 85%, by about 5% to about 80%, by about 5% to about 75%, by about5% to about 70%, by about 5% to about 65%, by about 5% to about 60%, byabout 5% to about 55%, by about 5% to about 50%, by about 5% to about45%, by about 5% to about 40%, by about 5% to about 35%, by about 5% toabout 30%, by about 5% to about 25%, by about 5% to about 20%, by about5% to about 15%, by about 5% to about 10%, by about 10% to about 99%,about 10% to about 95%, about 10% to about 90%, about 10% to about 85%,by about 10% to about 80%, by about 10% to about 75%, by about 10% toabout 70%, by about 10% to about 65%, by about 10% to about 60%, byabout 10% to about 55%, by about 10% to about 50%, by about 10% to about45%, by about 10% to about 40%, by about 10% to about 35%, by about 10%to about 30%, by about 10% to about 25%, by about 10% to about 20%, byabout 10% to about 15%, by about 15% to about 99%, by about 15% to about95%, by about 15% to about 90%, by about 15% to about 85%, by about 15%to about 80%, by about 15% to about 75%, by about 15% to about 70%, byabout 15% to about 65%, by about 15% to about 60%, by about 15% to about55%, by about 15% to about 50%, by about 15% to about 45%, by about 15%to about 40%, by about 15% to about 35%, by about 15% to about 30%, byabout 15% to about 25%, by about 15% to about 20%, by about 20% to about99%, by about 20% to about 95%, by about 20% to about 90%, by about 20%to about 85%, by about 20% to about 80%, by about 20% to about 75%, byabout 20% to about 70%, by about 20% to about 65%, by about 20% to about60%, by about 20% to about 55%, by about 20% to about 50%, by about 20%to about 45%, by about 20% to about 40%, by about 20% to about 35%, byabout 20% to about 30%, by about 20% to about 25%, by about 25% to about99%, about 25% to about 95%, by about 25% to about 90%, by about 25% toabout 85%, by about 25% to about 80%, by about 25% to about 75%, byabout 25% to about 70%, by about 25% to about 65%, by about 25% to about60%, by about 25% to about 55%, by about 25% to about 50%, by about 25%to about 45%, by about 25% to about 40%, by about 25% to about 35%, byabout 25% to about 30%, by about 30% to about 99%, by about 30% to about95%, by about 30% to about 90%, by about 30% to about 85%, by about 30%to about 80%, by about 30% to about 75%, by about 30% to about 70%, byabout 30% to about 65%, by about 30% to about 60%, by about 30% to about55%, by about 30% to about 50%, by about 30% to about 45%, by about 30%to about 40%, by about 30% to about 35%, by about 35% to about 99%, byabout 35% to about 95%, by about 35% to about 90%, by about 35% to about85%, by about 35% to about 80%, by about 35% to about 75%, by about 35%to about 70%, by about 35% to about 65%, by about 35% to about 60%, byabout 35% to about 55%, by about 35% to about 50%, by about 35% to about45%, by about 35% to about 40%, by about 40% to about 99%, by about 40%to about 95%, by about 40% to about 90%, by about 40% to about 85%, byabout 40% to about 80%, by about 40% to about 75%, by about 40% to about70%, by about 40% to about 65%, by about 40% to about 60%, by about 40%to about 55%, by about 40% to about 50%, by about 40% to about 45%, byabout 45% to about 99%, by about 45% to about 95%, by about 45% to about90%, by about 45% to about 85%, by about 45% to about 80%, by about 45%to about 75%, by about 45% to about 70%, by about 45% to about 65%, byabout 45% to about 60%, by about 45% to about 55%, by about 45% to about50%, by about 50% to about 99%, by about 50% to about 95%, by about 50%to about 90%, by about 50% to about 85%, by about 50% to about 80%, byabout 50% to about 75%, by about 50% to about 70%, by about 50% to about65%, by about 50% to about 60%, by about 50% to about 55%, by about 55%to about 99%, by about 55% to about 95%, by about 55% to about 90%, byabout 55% to about 85%, by about 55% to about 80%, by about 55% to about75%, by about 55% to about 70%, by about 55% to about 65%, by about 55%to about 60%, by about 60% to about 99%, by about 60% to about 95%, byabout 60% to about 90%, by about 60% to about 85%, by about 60% to about80%, by about 60% to about 75%, by about 60% to about 70%, by about 60%to about 65%, by about 65% to about 99%, by about 65% to about 95%, byabout 65% to about 90%, by about 65% to about 85%, by about 65% to about80%, by about 65% to about 75%, by about 65% to about 70%, by about 70%to about 99%, by about 70% to about 95%, by about 70% to about 90%, byabout 70% to about 85%, by about 70% to about 80%, by about 70% to about75%, by about 75% to about 99%, by about 75% to about 95%, by about 75%to about 90%, by about 75% to about 85%, by about 75% to about 80%, byabout 80% to about 99%, by about 80% to about 95%, by about 80% to about90%, by about 80% to about 85%, by about 85% to about 99%, by about 85%to about 95%, by about 85% to about 90%, by about 90% to about 99%, byabout 90% to about 95%, or by about 95% to about 99%.

In some embodiments, a JAK inhibitor can inhibit JAK activity with anIC₅₀ of about 1 pM to about 100 TM, about 1 pM to about 95 TM, about 1pM to about 90 TM, about 1 pM to about 85 TM, about 1 pM to about 80 TM,about 1 pM to about 75 TM, about 1 pM to about 70 TM, about 1 pM toabout 65 TM, about 1 pM to about 60 TM, about 1 pM to about 55 TM, about1 pM to about 50 TM, about 1 pM to about 45 TM, about 1 pM to about 40TM, about 1 pM to about 35 TM, about 1 pM to about 30 TM, about 1 pM toabout 25 TM, about 1 pM to about 20 TM, about 1 pM to about 15 TM, about1 pM to about 10 TM, about 1 pM to about 5 TM, about 1 pM to about 1 TM,about 1 pM to about 900 nM, about 1 pM to about 800 nM, about 1 pM toabout 700 nM, about 1 pM to about 600 nM, about 1 pM to about 500 nM,about 1 pM to about 400 nM, about 1 pM to about 300 nM, about 1 pM toabout 200 nM, about 1 pM to about 100 nM, about 1 pM to about 50 nM,about 1 pM to about 1 nM, about 1 pM to about 800 pM, about 1 pM toabout 600 pM, about 1 pM to about 400 pM, about 1 pM to about 200 pM,about 200 pM to about 100 TM, about 200 pM to about 95 TM, about 200 pMto about 90 TM, about 200 pM to about 85 TM, about 200 pM to about 80TM, about 200 pM to about 75 TM, about 200 pM to about 70 TM, about 200pM to about 65 TM, about 200 pM to about 60 TM, about 200 pM to about 55TM, about 200 pM to about 50 TM, about 200 pM to about 45 TM, about 200pM to about 40 TM, about 200 pM to about 35 TM, about 200 pM to about 30TM, about 200 pM to about 25 TM, about 200 pM to about 20 TM, about 200pM to about 15 TM, about 200 pM to about 10 TM, about 200 pM to about 5TM, about 200 pM to about 1 TM, about 200 pM to about 900 nM, about 200pM to about 800 nM, about 200 pM to about 700 nM, about 200 pM to about600 nM, about 200 pM to about 500 nM, about 200 pM to about 400 nM,about 200 pM to about 300 nM, about 200 pM to about 200 nM, about 200 pMto about 100 nM, about 200 pM to about 50 nM, about 200 pM to about 1nM, about 200 pM to about 800 pM, about 200 pM to about 600 pM, about200 pM to about 400 pM, about 400 pM to about 100 TM, about 400 pM toabout 95 TM, about 400 pM to about 90 TM, about 400 pM to about 85 TM,about 400 pM to about 80 TM, about 400 pM to about 75 TM, about 400 pMto about 70 TM, about 400 pM to about 65 TM, about 400 pM to about 60TM, about 400 pM to about 55 TM, about 400 pM to about 50 TM, about 400pM to about 45 TM, about 400 pM to about 40 TM, about 400 pM to about 35TM, about 400 pM to about 30 TM, about 400 pM to about 25 TM, about 400pM to about 20 TM, about 400 pM to about 15 TM, about 400 pM to about 10TM, about 400 pM to about 5 TM, about 400 pM to about 1 TM, about 400 pMto about 900 nM, about 400 pM to about 800 nM, about 400 pM to about 700nM, about 400 pM to about 600 nM, about 400 pM to about 500 nM, about400 pM to about 400 nM, about 400 pM to about 300 nM, about 400 pM toabout 200 nM, about 400 pM to about 100 nM, about 400 pM to about 50 nM,about 400 pM to about 1 nM, about 400 pM to about 800 pM, 400 pM toabout 600 pM, about 600 pM to about 100 TM, about 600 pM to about 95 TM,about 600 pM to about 90 TM, about 600 pM to about 85 TM, about 600 pMto about 80 TM, about 600 pM to about 75 TM, about 600 pM to about 70TM, about 600 pM to about 65 TM, about 600 pM to about 60 TM, about 600pM to about 55 TM, about 600 pM to about 50 TM, about 600 pM to about 45TM, about 600 pM to about 40 TM, about 600 pM to about 35 TM, about 600pM to about 30 TM, about 600 pM to about 25 TM, about 600 pM to about 20TM, about 600 pM to about 15 TM, about 600 pM to about 10 TM, about 600pM to about 5 TM, about 600 pM to about 1 TM, about 600 pM to about 900nM, about 600 pM to about 800 nM, about 600 pM to about 700 nM, about600 pM to about 600 nM, about 600 pM to about 500 nM, about 600 pM toabout 400 nM, about 600 pM to about 300 nM, about 600 pM to about 200nM, about 600 pM to about 100 nM, about 600 pM to about 50 nM, about 600pM to about 1 nM, about 600 pM to about 800 pM, about 800 pM to about100 TM, about 800 pM to about 95 TM, about 800 pM to about 90 TM, about800 pM to about 85 TM, about 800 pM to about 80 TM, about 800 pM toabout 75 TM, about 800 pM to about 70 TM, about 800 pM to about 65 TM,about 800 pM to about 60 TM, about 800 pM to about 55 TM, about 800 pMto about 50 TM, about 800 pM to about 45 TM, about 800 pM to about 40TM, about 800 pM to about 35 TM, about 800 pM to about 30 TM, about 800pM to about 25 TM, about 800 pM to about 20 TM, about 800 pM to about 15TM, about 800 pM to about 10 TM, about 800 pM to about 5 TM, about 800pM to about 1 TM, about 800 pM to about 900 nM, about 800 pM to about800 nM, about 800 pM to about 700 nM, about 800 pM to about 600 nM,about 800 pM to about 500 nM, about 800 pM to about 400 nM, about 800 pMto about 300 nM, about 800 pM to about 200 nM, about 800 pM to about 100nM, about 800 pM to about 50 nM, about 800 pM to about 1 nM, about 1 nMto about 100 TM, about 1 nM to about 95 TM, about 1 nM to about 90 TM,about 1 nM to about 85 TM, about 1 nM to about 80 TM, about 1 nM toabout 75 TM, about 1 nM to about 70 TM, about 1 nM to about 65 TM, about1 nM to about 60 TM, about 1 nM to about 55 TM, about 1 nM to about 50TM, about 1 nM to about 45 TM, about 1 nM to about 40 TM, about 1 nM toabout 35 TM, about 1 nM to about 30 TM, about 1 nM to about 25 TM, about1 nM to about 20 TM, about 1 nM to about 15 TM, about 1 nM to about 10TM, about 1 nM to about 5 TM, about 1 nM to about 1 TM, about 1 nM toabout 900 nM, about 1 nM to about 800 nM, about 1 nM to about 700 nM,about 1 nM to about 600 nM, about 1 nM to about 500 nM, about 1 nM toabout 400 nM, about 1 nM to about 300 nM, about 1 nM to about 200 nM,about 1 nM to about 100 nM, about 1 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM toabout 100 TM, about 50 nM to about 95 TM, about 50 nM to about 90 TM,about 50 nM to about 85 TM, about 50 nM to about 80 TM, about 50 nM toabout 75 TM, about 50 nM to about 70 TM, about 50 nM to about 65 TM,about 50 nM to about 60 TM, about 50 nM to about 55 TM, about 50 nM toabout 50 TM, about 50 nM to about 45 TM, about 50 nM to about 40 TM,about 50 nM to about 35 TM, about 50 nM to about 30 TM, about 50 nM toabout 25 TM, about 50 nM to about 20 TM, about 50 nM to about 15 TM,about 50 nM to about 10 TM, about 50 nM to about 5 TM, about 50 nM toabout 1 TM, about 50 nM to about 900 nM, about 50 nM to about 800 nM,about 50 nM to about 700 nM, about 50 nM to about 600 nM, about 50 nM toabout 500 nM, about 50 nM to about 400 nM, about 50 nM to about 300 nM,about 50 nM to about 200 nM, about 50 nM to about 100 nM, about 100 nMto about 100 TM, about 100 nM to about 95 TM, about 100 nM to about 90TM, about 100 nM to about 85 TM, about 100 nM to about 80 TM, about 100nM to about 75 TM, about 100 nM to about 70 TM, about 100 nM to about 65TM, about 100 nM to about 60 TM, about 100 nM to about 55 TM, about 100nM to about 50 TM, about 100 nM to about 45 TM, about 100 nM to about 40TM, about 100 nM to about 35 TM, about 100 nM to about 30 TM, about 100nM to about 25 TM, about 100 nM to about 20 TM, about 100 nM to about 15TM, about 100 nM to about 10 TM, about 100 nM to about 5 TM, about 100nM to about 1 TM, about 100 nM to about 900 nM, about 100 nM to about800 nM, about 100 nM to about 700 nM, about 100 nM to about 600 nM,about 100 nM to about 500 nM, about 100 nM to about 400 nM, about 100 nMto about 300 nM, about 100 nM to about 200 nM, about 200 nM to about 100TM, about 200 nM to about 95 TM, about 200 nM to about 90 TM, about 200nM to about 85 TM, about 200 nM to about 80 TM, about 200 nM to about 75TM, about 200 nM to about 70 TM, about 200 nM to about 65 TM, about 200nM to about 60 TM, about 200 nM to about 55 TM, about 200 nM to about 50TM, about 200 nM to about 45 TM, about 200 nM to about 40 TM, about 200nM to about 35 TM, about 200 nM to about 30 TM, about 200 nM to about 25TM, about 200 nM to about 20 TM, about 200 nM to about 15 TM, about 200nM to about 10 TM, about 200 nM to about 5 TM, about 200 nM to about 1TM, about 200 nM to about 900 nM, about 200 nM to about 800 nM, about200 nM to about 700 nM, about 200 nM to about 600 nM, about 200 nM toabout 500 nM, about 200 nM to about 400 nM, about 200 nM to about 300nM, about 300 nM to about 100 TM, about 300 nM to about 95 TM, about 300nM to about 90 TM, about 300 nM to about 85 TM, about 300 nM to about 80TM, about 300 nM to about 75 TM, about 300 nM to about 70 TM, about 300nM to about 65 TM, about 300 nM to about 60 TM, about 300 nM to about 55TM, about 300 nM to about 50 TM, about 300 nM to about 45 TM, about 300nM to about 40 TM, about 300 nM to about 35 TM, about 300 nM to about 30TM, about 300 nM to about 25 TM, about 300 nM to about 20 TM, about 300nM to about 15 TM, about 300 nM to about 10 TM, about 300 nM to about 5TM, about 300 nM to about 1 TM, about 300 nM to about 900 nM, about 300nM to about 800 nM, about 300 nM to about 700 nM, about 300 nM to about600 nM, about 300 nM to about 500 nM, about 300 nM to about 400 nM,about 400 nM to about 100 TM, about 400 nM to about 95 TM, about 400 nMto about 90 TM, about 400 nM to about 85 TM, about 400 nM to about 80TM, about 400 nM to about 75 TM, about 400 nM to about 70 TM, about 400nM to about 65 TM, about 400 nM to about 60 TM, about 400 nM to about 55TM, about 400 nM to about 50 TM, about 400 nM to about 45 TM, about 400nM to about 40 TM, about 400 nM to about 35 TM, about 400 nM to about 30TM, about 400 nM to about 25 TM, about 400 nM to about 20 TM, about 400nM to about 15 TM, about 400 nM to about 10 TM, about 400 nM to about 5TM, about 400 nM to about 1 TM, about 400 nM to about 900 nM, about 400nM to about 800 nM, about 400 nM to about 700 nM, about 400 nM to about600 nM, about 400 nM to about 500 nM, about 500 nM to about 100 TM,about 500 nM to about 95 TM, about 500 nM to about 90 TM, about 500 nMto about 85 TM, about 500 nM to about 80 TM, about 500 nM to about 75TM, about 500 nM to about 70 TM, about 500 nM to about 65 TM, about 500nM to about 60 TM, about 500 nM to about 55 TM, about 500 nM to about 50TM, about 500 nM to about 45 TM, about 500 nM to about 40 TM, about 500nM to about 35 TM, about 500 nM to about 30 TM, about 500 nM to about 25TM, about 500 nM to about 20 TM, about 500 nM to about 15 TM, about 500nM to about 10 TM, about 500 nM to about 5 TM, about 500 nM to about 1TM, about 500 nM to about 900 nM, about 500 nM to about 800 nM, about500 nM to about 700 nM, about 500 nM to about 600 nM, about 600 nM toabout 100 TM, about 600 nM to about 95 TM, about 600 nM to about 90 TM,about 600 nM to about 85 TM, about 600 nM to about 80 TM, about 600 nMto about 75 TM, about 600 nM to about 70 TM, about 600 nM to about 65TM, about 600 nM to about 60 TM, about 600 nM to about 55 TM, about 600nM to about 50 TM, about 600 nM to about 45 TM, about 600 nM to about 40TM, about 600 nM to about 35 TM, about 600 nM to about 30 TM, about 600nM to about 25 TM, about 600 nM to about 20 TM, about 600 nM to about 15TM, about 600 nM to about 10 TM, about 600 nM to about 5 TM, about 600nM to about 1 TM, about 600 nM to about 900 nM, about 600 nM to about800 nM, about 600 nM to about 700 nM, about 700 nM to about 100 TM,about 700 nM to about 95 TM, about 700 nM to about 90 TM, about 700 nMto about 85 TM, about 700 nM to about 80 TM, about 700 nM to about 75TM, about 700 nM to about 70 TM, about 700 nM to about 65 TM, about 700nM to about 60 TM, about 700 nM to about 55 TM, about 700 nM to about 50TM, about 700 nM to about 45 TM, about 700 nM to about 40 TM, about 700nM to about 35 TM, about 700 nM to about 30 TM, about 700 nM to about 25TM, about 700 nM to about 20 TM, about 700 nM to about 15 TM, about 700nM to about 10 TM, about 700 nM to about 5 TM, about 700 nM to about 1TM, about 700 nM to about 900 nM, about 700 nM to about 800 nM, about800 nM to about 100 TM, about 800 nM to about 95 TM, about 800 nM toabout 90 TM, about 800 nM to about 85 TM, about 800 nM to about 80 TM,about 800 nM to about 75 TM, about 800 nM to about 70 TM, about 800 nMto about 65 TM, about 800 nM to about 60 TM, about 800 nM to about 55TM, about 800 nM to about 50 TM, about 800 nM to about 45 TM, about 800nM to about 40 TM, about 800 nM to about 35 TM, about 800 nM to about 30TM, about 800 nM to about 25 TM, about 800 nM to about 20 TM, about 800nM to about 15 TM, about 800 nM to about 10 TM, about 800 nM to about 5TM, about 800 nM to about 1 TM, about 800 nM to about 900 nM, about 900nM to about 100 TM, about 900 nM to about 95 TM, about 900 nM to about90 TM, about 900 nM to about 85 TM, about 900 nM to about 80 TM, about900 nM to about 75 TM, about 900 nM to about 70 TM, about 900 nM toabout 65 TM, about 900 nM to about 60 TM, about 900 nM to about 55 TM,about 900 nM to about 50 TM, about 900 nM to about 45 TM, about 900 nMto about 40 TM, about 900 nM to about 35 TM, about 900 nM to about 30TM, about 900 nM to about 25 TM, about 900 nM to about 20 TM, about 900nM to about 15 TM, about 900 nM to about 10 TM, about 900 nM to about 5TM, about 900 nM to about 1 TM, about 1 TM to about 100 TM, about 1 TMto about 95 TM, about 1 TM to about 90 TM, about 1 TM to about 85 TM,about 1 TM to about 80 TM, about 1 TM to about 75 TM, about 1 TM toabout 70 TM, about 1 TM to about 65 TM, about 1 TM to about 60 TM, about1 TM to about 55 TM, about 1 TM to about 50 TM, about 1 TM to about 45TM, about 1 TM to about 40 TM, about 1 TM to about 35 TM, about 1 TM toabout 30 TM, about 1 TM to about 25 TM, about 1 TM to about 20 TM, about1 TM to about 15 TM, about 1 TM to about 10 TM, about 1 TM to about 5TM, about 5 TM to about 100 TM, about 5 TM to about 95 TM, about 5 TM toabout 90 TM, about 5 TM to about 85 TM, about 5 TM to about 80 TM, about5 TM to about 75 TM, about 5 TM to about 70 TM, about 5 TM to about 65TM, about 5 TM to about 60 TM, about 5 TM to about 55 TM, about 5 TM toabout 50 TM, about 5 TM to about 45 TM, about 5 TM to about 40 TM, about5 TM to about 35 TM, about 5 TM to about 30 TM, about 5 TM to about 25TM, about 5 TM to about 20 TM, about 5 TM to about 15 TM, about 5 TM toabout 10 TM, about 10 TM to about 100 TM, about 10 TM to about 95 TM,about 10 TM to about 90 TM, about 10 TM to about 85 TM, about 10 TM toabout 80 TM, about 10 TM to about 75 TM, about 10 TM to about 70 TM,about 10 TM to about 65 TM, about 10 TM to about 60 TM, about 10 TM toabout 55 TM, about 10 TM to about 50 TM, about 10 TM to about 45 TM,about 10 TM to about 40 TM, about 10 TM to about 35 TM, about 10 TM toabout 30 TM, about 10 TM to about 25 TM, about 10 TM to about 20 TM,about 10 TM to about 15 TM, about 15 TM to about 100 TM, about 15 TM toabout 95 TM, about 15 TM to about 90 TM, about 15 TM to about 85 TM,about 15 TM to about 80 TM, about 15 TM to about 75 TM, about 15 TM toabout 70 TM, about 15 TM to about 65 TM, about 15 TM to about 60 TM,about 15 TM to about 55 TM, about 15 TM to about 50 TM, about 15 TM toabout 45 TM, about 15 TM to about 40 TM, about 15 TM to about 35 TM,about 15 TM to about 30 TM, about 15 TM to about 25 TM, about 15 TM toabout 20 TM, about 20 TM to about 100 TM, about 20 TM to about 95 TM,about 20 TM to about 90 TM, about 20 TM to about 85 TM, about 20 TM toabout 80 TM, about 20 TM to about 75 TM, about 20 TM to about 70 TM,about 20 TM to about 65 TM, about 20 TM to about 60 TM, about 20 TM toabout 55 TM, about 20 TM to about 50 TM, about 20 TM to about 45 TM,about 20 TM to about 40 TM, about 20 TM to about 35 TM, about 20 TM toabout 30 TM, about 20 TM to about 25 TM, about 25 TM to about 100 TM,about 25 TM to about 95 TM, about 25 TM to about 90 TM, about 25 TM toabout 85 TM, about 25 TM to about 80 TM, about 25 TM to about 75 TM,about 25 TM to about 70 TM, about 25 TM to about 65 TM, about 25 TM toabout 60 TM, about 25 TM to about 55 TM, about 25 TM to about 50 TM,about 25 TM to about 45 TM, about 25 TM to about 40 TM, about 25 TM toabout 35 TM, about 25 TM to about 30 TM, about 30 TM to about 100 TM,about 30 TM to about 95 TM, about 30 TM to about 90 TM, about 30 TM toabout 85 TM, about 30 TM to about 80 TM, about 30 TM to about 75 TM,about 30 TM to about 70 TM, about 30 TM to about 65 TM, about 30 TM toabout 60 TM, about 30 TM to about 55 TM, about 30 TM to about 50 TM,about 30 TM to about 45 TM, about 30 TM to about 40 TM, about 30 TM toabout 35 TM, about 35 TM to about 100 TM, about 35 TM to about 95 TM,about 35 TM to about 90 TM, about 35 TM to about 85 TM, about 35 TM toabout 80 TM, about 35 TM to about 75 TM, about 35 TM to about 70 TM,about 35 TM to about 65 TM, about 35 TM to about 60 TM, about 35 TM toabout 55 TM, about 35 TM to about 50 TM, about 35 TM to about 45 TM,about 35 TM to about 40 TM, about 40 TM to about 100 TM, about 40 TM toabout 95 TM, about 40 TM to about 90 TM, about 40 TM to about 85 TM,about 40 TM to about 80 TM, about 40 TM to about 75 TM, about 40 TM toabout 70 TM, about 40 TM to about 65 TM, about 40 TM to about 60 TM,about 40 TM to about 55 TM, about 40 TM to about 50 TM, about 40 TM toabout 45 TM, about 45 TM to about 100 TM, about 45 TM to about 95 TM,about 45 TM to about 90 TM, about 45 TM to about 85 TM, about 45 TM toabout 80 TM, about 45 TM to about 75 TM, about 45 TM to about 70 TM,about 45 TM to about 65 TM, about 45 TM to about 60 TM, about 45 TM toabout 55 TM, about 45 TM to about 50 TM, about 50 TM to about 100 TM,about 50 TM to about 95 TM, about 50 TM to about 90 TM, about 50 TM toabout 85 TM, about 50 TM to about 80 TM, about 50 TM to about 75 TM,about 50 TM to about 70 TM, about 50 TM to about 65 TM, about 50 TM toabout 60 TM, about 50 TM to about 55 TM, about 55 TM to about 100 TM,about 55 TM to about 95 TM, about 55 TM to about 90 TM, about 55 TM toabout 85 TM, about 55 TM to about 80 TM, about 55 TM to about 75 TM,about 55 TM to about 70 TM, about 55 TM to about 65 TM, about 55 TM toabout 60 TM, about 60 TM to about 100 TM, about 60 TM to about 95 TM,about 60 TM to about 90 TM, about 60 TM to about 85 TM, about 60 TM toabout 80 TM, about 60 TM to about 75 TM, about 60 TM to about 70 TM,about 60 TM to about 65 TM, about 65 TM to about 100 TM, about 65 TM toabout 95 TM, about 65 TM to about 90 TM, about 65 TM to about 85 TM,about 65 TM to about 80 TM, about 65 TM to about 75 TM, about 65 TM toabout 70 TM, about 70 TM to about 100 TM, about 70 TM to about 95 TM,about 70 TM to about 90 TM, about 70 TM to about 85 TM, about 70 TM toabout 80 TM, about 70 TM to about 75 TM, about 75 TM to about 100 TM,about 75 TM to about 95 TM, about 75 TM to about 90 TM, about 75 TM toabout 85 TM, about 75 TM to about 80 TM, about 80 TM to about 100 TM,about 80 TM to about 95 TM, about 80 TM to about 90 TM, about 80 TM toabout 85 TM, about 85 TM to about 100 TM, about 85 TM to about 95 TM,about 85 TM to about 90 TM, about 90 TM to about 100 TM, about 90 TM toabout 95 TM, or about 95 TM to about 100 TM.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a pan-JAK inhibitor. As usedherein, the term “pan-JAK inhibitor” is an agent that inhibits JAK1,JAK2 and JAK3 activity under the conditions of use by at least about50%. In some embodiments, a pan-JAK inhibitor can be an agent that hasan IC₅₀ for wildtype human JAK1, wildtype human JAK2, and wildtype humanJAK3 that are less than about +10-fold of each other when each of theIC₅₀ values is assayed under the same or similar assay conditions. Insome embodiments, a pan-JAK inhibitor can be an agent that has an IC₅₀for wildtype human JAK1, wildtype human JAK2, and wildtype human JAK3that are within about 5-fold of each other when each of the IC₅₀ valuesis assayed under the same or similar assay conditions. In someembodiments, a pan-JAK inhibitor can be an agent that has an IC₅₀ forwildtype human JAK1, wildtype human JAK2, and wildtype human JAK3 thatare within about 2-fold of each other when each of the IC₅₀ values isassayed under the same or similar assay conditions. In some embodiments,a pan-JAK inhibitor can be an agent that has an IC₅₀ for wildtype humanJAK1, wildtype human JAK2, and wildtype human JAK3 that are within +10%of each other when each of the IC₅₀ values is assayed under the same orsimilar assay conditions (e.g., the human wildtype JAK1, wildtype humanJAK2, and wildtype human JAK3 assays described in Kim et al., J. Med.Chem. 58(18):7596-5602, 2015).

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a selective JAK1, JAK3inhibitor. As used herein, the term “selective JAK1, JAK3 inhibitor”means an agent that has an IC₅₀ for wildtype human JAK1 and wildtypehuman JAK3, that are each greater than about 10-fold lower (e.g., atleast about 20-fold lower) than the IC₅₀ for wildtype human JAK2 whenthe IC₅₀ is determined for each of wildtype human JAK1, wildtype humanJAK2, and wildtype human JAK3 using the same or similar assay conditions(e.g., the human wildtype JAK1, wildtype human JAK2, and wildtype humanJAK3 assays described in Kim et al., J. Med. Chem. 58(18):7596-5602,2015). In some embodiments, the selective JAK1, JAK3 inhibitor is ZM39923 (Brown et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 10(6):575-579, 2000; andLai et al., Chem. Biol. 15(9):969-978, 2008); or peficitinib (ASP015K;JNJ-54781532; Ito et al., J. Pharmacol. Sci. 133(1):25-33, 2017; Cao etal., Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev. 5(6):435-449, 2016; Takeuchi et al.,Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75(6):1057-1064, 2016); and Papp et al., Br. J.Dermatol. 173(3):767-776, 2015).

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a selective JAK1 inhibitor. Asused herein, the term “selective JAK1 inhibitor” means an agent that hasan IC₅₀ for wildtype human JAK1 that is greater than about 10-fold lower(e.g., at least 20-fold lower) than each of the IC₅₀ for wildtype humanJAK2 and the IC₅₀ for wildtype human JAK3 when measured using the sameor similar assay conditions (e.g., the human wildtype JAK1, wildtypehuman JAK2, and wildtype human JAK3 assays described in Kim et al., J.Med. Chem. 58(18):7596-5602, 2015). In some embodiments, the JAK1inhibitor is(31S,4R)-3-ethyl-4-(3H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[2,3-e]pyrazin-8-yl)-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxamideas disclosed in international patent application PCT/US2014/062145,incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a selective JAK3 inhibitor. Asused herein, the term “selective JAK3 inhibitor” means an agent that hasan IC₅₀ for wildtype human JAK3 that is greater than about 10-fold lower(e.g., at least about 20-fold lower) than each of the IC₅₀ for wildtypehuman JAK2 and the IC₅₀ for wildtype human JAK1 when measured using thesame or similar assay conditions (e.g., the human wildtype JAK1,wildtype human JAK2, and wildtype human JAK3 assays described in Kim etal., J. Med. Chem. 58(18):7596-5602, 2015).

In some embodiments, a JAK inhibitor is a small molecule (e.g., anorganic, an inorganic, or bioinorganic molecule) having a moleculeweight of less than about 900 Daltons (e.g., less than about 500Daltons). In some embodiments, a JAK inhibitor is an inhibitory nucleicacid. In some embodiments, a JAK inhibitor is an anti-JAK antibody.

Inhibitory Nucleic Acids

In some embodiments, a JAK inhibitory agent is an inhibitory nucleicacid. In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid is an antisensenucleic acid, a ribozyme, a small interfering RNA (siRNA), a smallhairpin RNA, or a microRNA. Examples of aspects of these differentinhibitory nucleic acids are described below. Any of the examples ofinhibitory nucleic acids that can decrease expression of a JAK1, JAK2,JAK3, or TYK2 mRNA in a mammalian cell can be synthesized in vitro.

Inhibitory nucleic acids that can decrease the expression of JAK1, JAK2,JAK3, or TYK2 mRNA expression in a mammalian cell include antisensenucleic acid molecules, i.e., nucleic acid molecules whose nucleotidesequence is complementary to all or part of a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2mRNA (e.g., complementary to all or a part of any one of SEQ ID NOs:1-15).

Human JAK1 mRNA Variant 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) 1ggggcgggac gggaggcggt gcgtcgctga gcgcaggccg cggcggccgc ggagtatcct 61ggagctgcag acagtgcggg cctgcgccca gtcccggctg tcctcgccgc gacccctcct 121cagccctggg cgcgcgcacg ctggggcccc gcggggctgg ccgcctagcg agcctgccgg 181tcgaccccag ccagcgcagc gacggggcgc tgcctggccc aggcgcacac ggaagtgcgc 241ttctctgaag tagctttgga aagtagagaa gaaaatccag tttgcttctt ggagaacact 301ggacagctga ataaatgcag tatctaaata taaaagagga ctgcaatgcc atggctttct 361gtgctaaaat gaggagctcc aagaagactg aggtgaacct ggaggcccct gagccagggg 421tggaagtgat cttctatctg tcggacaggg agcccctccg gctgggcagt ggagagtaca 481cagcagagga actgtgcatc agggctgcac aggcatgccg tatctctcct ctttgtcaca 541acctctttgc cctgtatgac gagaacacca agctctggta tgctccaaat cgcaccatca 601ccgttgatga caagatgtcc ctccggctcc actaccggat gaggttctat ttcaccaatt 661ggcatggaac caacgacaat gagcagtcag tgtggcgtca ttctccaaag aagcagaaaa 721atggctacga gaaaaaaaag attccagatg caacccctct ccttgatgcc agctcactgg 781agtatctgtt tgctcaggga cagtatgatt tggtgaaatg cctggctcct attcgagacc 841ccaagaccga gcaggatgga catgatattg agaacgagtg tctagggatg gctgtcctgg 901ccatctcaca ctatgccatg atgaagaaga tgcagttgcc agaactgccc aaggacatca 961gctacaagcg atatattcca gaaacattga ataagtccat cagacagagg aaccttctca 1021ccaggatgcg gataaataat gttttcaagg atttcctaaa ggaatttaac aacaagacca 1081tttgtgacag cagcgtgtcc acgcatgacc tgaaggtgaa atacttggct accttggaaa 1141ctttgacaaa acattacggt gctgaaatat ttgagacttc catgttactg atttcatcag 1201aaaatgagat gaattggttt cattcgaatg acggtggaaa cgttctctac tacgaagtga 1261tggtgactgg gaatcttgga atccagtgga ggcataaacc aaatgttgtt tctgttgaaa 1321aggaaaaaaa taaactgaag cggaaaaaac tggaaaataa acacaagaag gatgaggaga 1381aaaacaagat ccgggaagag tggaacaatt tttcttactt ccctgaaatc actcacattg 1441taataaagga gtctgtggtc agcattaaca agcaggacaa caagaaaatg gaactgaagc 1501tctcttccca cgaggaggcc ttgtcctttg tgtccctggt agatggctac ttccggctca 1561cagcagatgc ccatcattac ctctgcaccg acgtggcccc cccgttgatc gtccacaaca 1621tacagaatgg ctgtcatggt ccaatctgta cagaatacgc catcaataaa ttgcggcaag 1681aaggaagcga ggaggggatg tacgtgctga ggtggagctg caccgacttt gacaacatcc 1741tcatgaccgt cacctgcttt gagaagtctg agcaggtgca gggtgcccag aagcagttca 1801agaactttca gatcgaggtg cagaagggcc gctacagtct gcacggttcg gaccgcagct 1861tccccagctt gggagacctc atgagccacc tcaagaagca gatcctgcgc acggataaca 1921tcagcttcat gctaaaacgc tgctgccagc ccaagccccg agaaatctcc aacctgctgg 1981tggctactaa gaaagcccag gagtggcagc ccgtctaccc catgagccag ctgagtttcg 2041atcggatcct caagaaggat ctggtgcagg gcgagcacct tgggagaggc acgagaacac 2101acatctattc tgggaccctg atggattaca aggatgacga aggaacttct gaagagaaga 2161agataaaagt gatcctcaaa gtcttagacc ccagccacag ggatatttcc ctggccttct 2221tcgaggcagc cagcatgatg agacaggtct cccacaaaca catcgtgtac ctctatggcg 2281tctgtgtccg cgacgtggag aatatcatgg tggaagagtt tgtggaaggg ggtcctctgg 2341atctcttcat gcaccggaaa agcgatgtcc ttaccacacc atggaaattc aaagttgcca 2401aacagctggc cagtgccctg agctacttgg aggataaaga cctggtccat ggaaatgtgt 2461gtactaaaaa cctcctcctg gcccgtgagg gcatcgacag tgagtgtggc ccattcatca 2521agctcagtga ccccggcatc cccattacgg tgctgtctag gcaagaatgc attgaacgaa 2581tcccatggat tgctcctgag tgtgttgagg actccaagaa cctgagtgtg gctgctgaca 2641agtggagctt tggaaccacg ctctgggaaa tctgctacaa tggcgagatc cccttgaaag 2701acaagacgct gattgagaaa gagagattct atgaaagccg gtgcaggcca gtgacaccat 2761catgtaagga gctggctgac ctcatgaccc gctgcatgaa ctatgacccc aatcagaggc 2821ctttcttccg agccatcatg agagacatta ataagcttga agagcagaat ccagatattg 2881tttcagaaaa aaaaccagca actgaagtgg accccacaca ttttgaaaag cgcttcctaa 2941agaggatccg tgacttggga gagggccact ttgggaaggt tgagctctgc aggtatgacc 3001ccgaagggga caatacaggg gagcaggtgg ctgttaaatc tctgaagcct gagagtggag 3061gtaaccacat agctgatctg aaaaaggaaa tcgagatctt aaggaacctc tatcatgaga 3121acattgtgaa gtacaaagga atctgcacag aagacggagg aaatggtatt aagctcatca 3181tggaatttct gccttcggga agccttaagg aatatcttcc aaagaataag aacaaaataa 3241acctcaaaca gcagctaaaa tatgccgttc agatttgtaa ggggatggac tatttgggtt 3301ctcggcaata cgttcaccgg gacttggcag caagaaatgt ccttgttgag agtgaacacc 3361aagtgaaaat tggagacttc ggtttaacca aagcaattga aaccgataag gagtattaca 3421ccgtcaagga tgaccgggac agccctgtgt tttggtatgc tccagaatgt ttaatgcaat 3481ctaaatttta tattgcctct gacgtctggt cttttggagt cactctgcat gagctgctga 3541cttactgtga ttcagattct agtcccatgg ctttgttcct gaaaatgata ggcccaaccc 3601atggccagat gacagtcaca agacttgtga atacgttaaa agaaggaaaa cgcctgccgt 3661gcccacctaa ctgtccagat gaggtttatc aacttatgag gaaatgctgg gaattccaac 3721catccaatcg gacaagcttt cagaacctta ttgaaggatt tgaagcactt ttaaaataag 3781aagcatgaat aacatttaaa ttccacagat tatcaagtcc ttctcctgca acaaatgccc 3841aagtcatttt ttaaaaattt ctaatgaaag aagtttgtgt tctgtccaaa aagtcactga 3901actcatactt cagtacatat acatgtataa ggcacactgt agtgcttaat atgtgtaagg 3961acttcctctt taaatttggt accagtaact tagtgacaca taatgacaac caaaatattt 4021gaaagcactt aagcactcct ccttgtggaa agaatatacc accatttcat ctggctagtt 4081caccatcaca actgcattac caaaagggga tttttgaaaa cgaggagttg accaaaataa 4141tatctgaaga tgattgcttt tccctgctgc cagctgatct gaaatgtttt gctggcacat 4201taatcataga taaagaaaga ttgatggact tagccctcaa atttcagtat ctatacagta 4261ctagaccatg cattcttaaa atattagata ccaggtagta tatattgttt ctgtacaaaa 4321atgactgtat tctctcacca gtaggactta aactttgttt ctccagtggc ttagctcctg 4381ttcctttggg tgatcactag cacccatttt tgagaaagct ggttctacat ggggggatag 4441ctgtggaata gataatttgc tgcatgttaa ttctcaagaa ctaagcctgt gccagtgctt 4501tcctaagcag tataccttta atcagaactc attcccagaa cctggatgct attacacatg 4561cttttaagaa acgtcaatgt atatcctttt ataactctac cactttgggg caagctattc 4621cagcactggt tttgaatgct gtatgcaacc agtctgaata ccacatacgc tgcactgttc 4681ttagagggtt tccatactta ccaccgatct acaagggttg atccctgttt ttaccatcaa 4741tcatcaccct gtggtgcaac acttgaaaga cccggctaga ggcactatgg acttcaggat 4801ccactagaca gttttcagtt tgcttggagg tagctgggta atcaaaaatg tttagtcatt 4861gattcaatgt gaacgattac ggtctttatg accaagagtc tgaaaatctt tttgttatgc 4921tgtttagtat tcgtttgata ttgttacttt tcacctgttg agcccaaatt caggattggt 4981tcagtggcag caatgaagtt gccatttaaa tttgttcata gcctacatca ccaaggtctc 5041tgtgtcaaac ctgtggccac tctatatgca ctttgtttac tctttataca aataaatata 5101ctaaagactt tacatgca Human JAK1 mRNA Variant 2 (SEQ ID NO: 2) 1agaagcggag cgtatacgga ggaggcggga tgcatttctg catcgagcgc acaaagttat 61ctaaaacagt tcatgctgct gaaaacctcc ttcctggcag atgtccctca accctactgg 121tgcctggctt ctgagacaca cgcttctctg aagtagcttt ggaaagtaga gaagaaaatc 181cagtttgctt cttggagaac actggacagc tgaataaatg cagtatctaa atataaaaga 241ggactgcaat gccatggctt tctgtgctaa aatgaggagc tccaagaaga ctgaggtgaa 301cctggaggcc cctgagccag gggtggaagt gatcttctat ctgtcggaca gggagcccct 361ccggctgggc agtggagagt acacagcaga ggaactgtgc atcagggctg cacaggcatg 421ccgtatctct cctctttgtc acaacctctt tgccctgtat gacgagaaca ccaagctctg 481gtatgctcca aatcgcacca tcaccgttga tgacaagatg tccctccggc tccactaccg 541gatgaggttc tatttcacca attggcatgg aaccaacgac aatgagcagt cagtgtggcg 601tcattctcca aagaagcaga aaaatggcta cgagaaaaaa aagattccag atgcaacccc 661tctccttgat gccagctcac tggagtatct gtttgctcag ggacagtatg atttggtgaa 721atgcctggct cctattcgag accccaagac cgagcaggat ggacatgata ttgagaacga 781gtgtctaggg atggctgtcc tggccatctc acactatgcc atgatgaaga agatgcagtt 841gccagaactg cccaaggaca tcagctacaa gcgatatatt ccagaaacat tgaataagtc 901catcagacag aggaaccttc tcaccaggat gcggataaat aatgttttca aggatttcct 961aaaggaattt aacaacaaga ccatttgtga cagcagcgtg tccacgcatg acctgaaggt 1021gaaatacttg gctaccttgg aaactttgac aaaacattac ggtgctgaaa tatttgagac 1081ttccatgtta ctgatttcat cagaaaatga gatgaattgg tttcattcga atgacggtgg 1141aaacgttctc tactacgaag tgatggtgac tgggaatctt ggaatccagt ggaggcataa 1201accaaatgtt gtttctgttg aaaaggaaaa aaataaactg aagcggaaaa aactggaaaa 1261taaacacaag aaggatgagg agaaaaacaa gatccgggaa gagtggaaca atttttctta 1321cttccctgaa atcactcaca ttgtaataaa ggagtctgtg gtcagcatta acaagcagga 1381caacaagaaa atggaactga agctctcttc ccacgaggag gccttgtcct ttgtgtccct 1441ggtagatggc tacttccggc tcacagcaga tgcccatcat tacctctgca ccgacgtggc 1501ccccccgttg atcgtccaca acatacagaa tggctgtcat ggtccaatct gtacagaata 1561cgccatcaat aaattgcggc aagaaggaag cgaggagggg atgtacgtgc tgaggtggag 1621ctgcaccgac tttgacaaca tcctcatgac cgtcacctgc tttgagaagt ctgagcaggt 1681gcagggtgcc cagaagcagt tcaagaactt tcagatcgag gtgcagaagg gccgctacag 1741tctgcacggt tcggaccgca gcttccccag cttgggagac ctcatgagcc acctcaagaa 1801gcagatcctg cgcacggata acatcagctt catgctaaaa cgctgctgcc agcccaagcc 1861ccgagaaatc tccaacctgc tggtggctac taagaaagcc caggagtggc agcccgtcta 1921ccccatgagc cagctgagtt tcgatcggat cctcaagaag gatctggtgc agggcgagca 1981ccttgggaga ggcacgagaa cacacatcta ttctgggacc ctgatggatt acaaggatga 2041cgaaggaact tctgaagaga agaagataaa agtgatcctc aaagtcttag accccagcca 2101cagggatatt tccctggcct tcttcgaggc agccagcatg atgagacagg tctcccacaa 2161acacatcgtg tacctctatg gcgtctgtgt ccgcgacgtg gagaatatca tggtggaaga 2221gtttgtggaa gggggtcctc tggatctctt catgcaccgg aaaagcgatg tccttaccac 2281accatggaaa ttcaaagttg ccaaacagct ggccagtgcc ctgagctact tggaggataa 2341agacctggtc catggaaatg tgtgtactaa aaacctcctc ctggcccgtg agggcatcga 2401cagtgagtgt ggcccattca tcaagctcag tgaccccggc atccccatta cggtgctgtc 2461taggcaagaa tgcattgaac gaatcccatg gattgctcct gagtgtgttg aggactccaa 2521gaacctgagt gtggctgctg acaagtggag ctttggaacc acgctctggg aaatctgcta 2581caatggcgag atccccttga aagacaagac gctgattgag aaagagagat tctatgaaag 2641ccggtgcagg ccagtgacac catcatgtaa ggagctggct gacctcatga cccgctgcat 2701gaactatgac cccaatcaga ggcctttctt ccgagccatc atgagagaca ttaataagct 2761tgaagagcag aatccagata ttgtttcaga aaaaaaacca gcaactgaag tggaccccac 2821acattttgaa aagcgcttcc taaagaggat ccgtgacttg ggagagggcc actttgggaa 2881ggttgagctc tgcaggtatg accccgaagg ggacaataca ggggagcagg tggctgttaa 2941atctctgaag cctgagagtg gaggtaacca catagctgat ctgaaaaagg aaatcgagat 3001cttaaggaac ctctatcatg agaacattgt gaagtacaaa ggaatctgca cagaagacgg 3061aggaaatggt attaagctca tcatggaatt tctgccttcg ggaagcctta aggaatatct 3121tccaaagaat aagaacaaaa taaacctcaa acagcagcta aaatatgccg ttcagatttg 3181taaggggatg gactatttgg gttctcggca atacgttcac cgggacttgg cagcaagaaa 3241tgtccttgtt gagagtgaac accaagtgaa aattggagac ttcggtttaa ccaaagcaat 3301tgaaaccgat aaggagtatt acaccgtcaa ggatgaccgg gacagccctg tgttttggta 3361tgctccagaa tgtttaatgc aatctaaatt ttatattgcc tctgacgtct ggtcttttgg 3421agtcactctg catgagctgc tgacttactg tgattcagat tctagtccca tggctttgtt 3481cctgaaaatg ataggcccaa cccatggcca gatgacagtc acaagacttg tgaatacgtt 3541aaaagaagga aaacgcctgc cgtgcccacc taactgtcca gatgaggttt atcaacttat 3601gaggaaatgc tgggaattcc aaccatccaa tcggacaagc tttcagaacc ttattgaagg 3661atttgaagca cttttaaaat aagaagcatg aataacattt aaattccaca gattatcaag 3721tccttctcct gcaacaaatg cccaagtcat tttttaaaaa tttctaatga aagaagtttg 3781tgttctgtcc aaaaagtcac tgaactcata cttcagtaca tatacatgta taaggcacac 3841tgtagtgctt aatatgtgta aggacttcct ctttaaattt ggtaccagta acttagtgac 3901acataatgac aaccaaaata tttgaaagca cttaagcact cctccttgtg gaaagaatat 3961accaccattt catctggcta gttcaccatc acaactgcat taccaaaagg ggatttttga 4021aaacgaggag ttgaccaaaa taatatctga agatgattgc ttttccctgc tgccagctga 4081tctgaaatgt tttgctggca cattaatcat agataaagaa agattgatgg acttagccct 4141caaatttcag tatctataca gtactagacc atgcattctt aaaatattag ataccaggta 4201gtatatattg tttctgtaca aaaatgactg tattctctca ccagtaggac ttaaactttg 4261tttctccagt ggcttagctc ctgttccttt gggtgatcac tagcacccat ttttgagaaa 4321gctggttcta catgggggga tagctgtgga atagataatt tgctgcatgt taattctcaa 4381gaactaagcc tgtgccagtg ctttcctaag cagtatacct ttaatcagaa ctcattccca 4441gaacctggat gctattacac atgcttttaa gaaacgtcaa tgtatatcct tttataactc 4501taccactttg gggcaagcta ttccagcact ggttttgaat gctgtatgca accagtctga 4561ataccacata cgctgcactg ttcttagagg gtttccatac ttaccaccga tctacaaggg 4621ttgatccctg tttttaccat caatcatcac cctgtggtgc aacacttgaa agacccggct 4681agaggcacta tggacttcag gatccactag acagttttca gtttgcttgg aggtagctgg 4741gtaatcaaaa atgtttagtc attgattcaa tgtgaacgat tacggtcttt atgaccaaga 4801gtctgaaaat ctttttgtta tgctgtttag tattcgtttg atattgttac ttttcacctg 4861ttgagcccaa attcaggatt ggttcagtgg cagcaatgaa gttgccattt aaatttgttc 4921atagcctaca tcaccaaggt ctctgtgtca aacctgtggc cactctatat gcactttgtt 4981tactctttat acaaataaat atactaaaga ctttacatgc a Human JAK1 mRNA Variant 3(SEQ ID NO: 3) 1atctatcaca tggcagagat agaataaaaa cagaaaaatg gcgacggtca cgttgtggcg 61agccttgctg cgtcattaga taatcctcat gcaaatagcg ggaagaacaa aggaagggga 121gcccgggacc cccgggggcg cagcgcttct ctgaagtagc tttggaaagt agagaagaaa 181atccagtttg cttcttggag aacactggac agctgaataa atgcagtatc taaatataaa 241agaggactgc aatgccatgg ctttctgtgc taaaatgagg agctccaaga agactgaggt 301gaacctggag gcccctgagc caggggtgga agtgatcttc tatctgtcgg acagggagcc 361cctccggctg ggcagtggag agtacacagc agaggaactg tgcatcaggg ctgcacaggc 421atgccgtatc tctcctcttt gtcacaacct ctttgccctg tatgacgaga acaccaagct 481ctggtatgct ccaaatcgca ccatcaccgt tgatgacaag atgtccctcc ggctccacta 541ccggatgagg ttctatttca ccaattggca tggaaccaac gacaatgagc agtcagtgtg 601gcgtcattct ccaaagaagc agaaaaatgg ctacgagaaa aaaaagattc cagatgcaac 661ccctctcctt gatgccagct cactggagta tctgtttgct cagggacagt atgatttggt 721gaaatgcctg gctcctattc gagaccccaa gaccgagcag gatggacatg atattgagaa 781cgagtgtcta gggatggctg tcctggccat ctcacactat gccatgatga agaagatgca 841gttgccagaa ctgcccaagg acatcagcta caagcgatat attccagaaa cattgaataa 901gtccatcaga cagaggaacc ttctcaccag gatgcggata aataatgttt tcaaggattt 961cctaaaggaa tttaacaaca agaccatttg tgacagcagc gtgtccacgc atgacctgaa 1021ggtgaaatac ttggctacct tggaaacttt gacaaaacat tacggtgctg aaatatttga 1081gacttccatg ttactgattt catcagaaaa tgagatgaat tggtttcatt cgaatgacgg 1141tggaaacgtt ctctactacg aagtgatggt gactgggaat cttggaatcc agtggaggca 1201taaaccaaat gttgtttctg ttgaaaagga aaaaaataaa ctgaagcgga aaaaactgga 1261aaataaacac aagaaggatg aggagaaaaa caagatccgg gaagagtgga acaatttttc 1321ttacttccct gaaatcactc acattgtaat aaaggagtct gtggtcagca ttaacaagca 1381ggacaacaag aaaatggaac tgaagctctc ttcccacgag gaggccttgt cctttgtgtc 1441cctggtagat ggctacttcc ggctcacagc agatgcccat cattacctct gcaccgacgt 1501ggcccccccg ttgatcgtcc acaacataca gaatggctgt catggtccaa tctgtacaga 1561atacgccatc aataaattgc ggcaagaagg aagcgaggag gggatgtacg tgctgaggtg 1621gagctgcacc gactttgaca acatcctcat gaccgtcacc tgctttgaga agtctgagca 1681ggtgcagggt gcccagaagc agttcaagaa ctttcagatc gaggtgcaga agggccgcta 1741cagtctgcac ggttcggacc gcagcttccc cagcttggga gacctcatga gccacctcaa 1801gaagcagatc ctgcgcacgg ataacatcag cttcatgcta aaacgctgct gccagcccaa 1861gccccgagaa atctccaacc tgctggtggc tactaagaaa gcccaggagt ggcagcccgt 1921ctaccccatg agccagctga gtttcgatcg gatcctcaag aaggatctgg tgcagggcga 1981gcaccttggg agaggcacga gaacacacat ctattctggg accctgatgg attacaagga 2041tgacgaagga acttctgaag agaagaagat aaaagtgatc ctcaaagtct tagaccccag 2101ccacagggat atttccctgg ccttcttcga ggcagccagc atgatgagac aggtctccca 2161caaacacatc gtgtacctct atggcgtctg tgtccgcgac gtggagaata tcatggtgga 2221agagtttgtg gaagggggtc ctctggatct cttcatgcac cggaaaagcg atgtccttac 2281cacaccatgg aaattcaaag ttgccaaaca gctggccagt gccctgagct acttggagga 2341taaagacctg gtccatggaa atgtgtgtac taaaaacctc ctcctggccc gtgagggcat 2401cgacagtgag tgtggcccat tcatcaagct cagtgacccc ggcatcccca ttacggtgct 2461gtctaggcaa gaatgcattg aacgaatccc atggattgct cctgagtgtg ttgaggactc 2521caagaacctg agtgtggctg ctgacaagtg gagctttgga accacgctct gggaaatctg 2581ctacaatggc gagatcccct tgaaagacaa gacgctgatt gagaaagaga gattctatga 2641aagccggtgc aggccagtga caccatcatg taaggagctg gctgacctca tgacccgctg 2701catgaactat gaccccaatc agaggccttt cttccgagcc atcatgagag acattaataa 2761gcttgaagag cagaatccag atattgtttc agaaaaaaaa ccagcaactg aagtggaccc 2821cacacatttt gaaaagcgct tcctaaagag gatccgtgac ttgggagagg gccactttgg 2881gaaggttgag ctctgcaggt atgaccccga aggggacaat acaggggagc aggtggctgt 2941taaatctctg aagcctgaga gtggaggtaa ccacatagct gatctgaaaa aggaaatcga 3001gatcttaagg aacctctatc atgagaacat tgtgaagtac aaaggaatct gcacagaaga 3061cggaggaaat ggtattaagc tcatcatgga atttctgcct tcgggaagcc ttaaggaata 3121tcttccaaag aataagaaca aaataaacct caaacagcag ctaaaatatg ccgttcagat 3181ttgtaagggg atggactatt tgggttctcg gcaatacgtt caccgggact tggcagcaag 3241aaatgtcctt gttgagagtg aacaccaagt gaaaattgga gacttcggtt taaccaaagc 3301aattgaaacc gataaggagt attacaccgt caaggatgac cgggacagcc ctgtgttttg 3361gtatgctcca gaatgtttaa tgcaatctaa attttatatt gcctctgacg tctggtcttt 3421tggagtcact ctgcatgagc tgctgactta ctgtgattca gattctagtc ccatggcttt 3481gttcctgaaa atgataggcc caacccatgg ccagatgaca gtcacaagac ttgtgaatac 3541gttaaaagaa ggaaaacgcc tgccgtgccc acctaactgt ccagatgagg tttatcaact 3601tatgaggaaa tgctgggaat tccaaccatc caatcggaca agctttcaga accttattga 3661aggatttgaa gcacttttaa aataagaagc atgaataaca tttaaattcc acagattatc 3721aagtccttct cctgcaacaa atgcccaagt cattttttaa aaatttctaa tgaaagaagt 3781ttgtgttctg tccaaaaagt cactgaactc atacttcagt acatatacat gtataaggca 3841cactgtagtg cttaatatgt gtaaggactt cctctttaaa tttggtacca gtaacttagt 3901gacacataat gacaaccaaa atatttgaaa gcacttaagc actcctcctt gtggaaagaa 3961tataccacca tttcatctgg ctagttcacc atcacaactg cattaccaaa aggggatttt 4021tgaaaacgag gagttgacca aaataatatc tgaagatgat tgcttttccc tgctgccagc 4081tgatctgaaa tgttttgctg gcacattaat catagataaa gaaagattga tggacttagc 4141cctcaaattt cagtatctat acagtactag accatgcatt cttaaaatat tagataccag 4201gtagtatata ttgtttctgt acaaaaatga ctgtattctc tcaccagtag gacttaaact 4261ttgtttctcc agtggcttag ctcctgttcc tttgggtgat cactagcacc catttttgag 4321aaagctggtt ctacatgggg ggatagctgt ggaatagata atttgctgca tgttaattct 4381caagaactaa gcctgtgcca gtgctttcct aagcagtata cctttaatca gaactcattc 4441ccagaacctg gatgctatta cacatgcttt taagaaacgt caatgtatat ccttttataa 4501ctctaccact ttggggcaag ctattccagc actggttttg aatgctgtat gcaaccagtc 4561tgaataccac atacgctgca ctgttcttag agggtttcca tacttaccac cgatctacaa 4621gggttgatcc ctgtttttac catcaatcat caccctgtgg tgcaacactt gaaagacccg 4681gctagaggca ctatggactt caggatccac tagacagttt tcagtttgct tggaggtagc 4741tgggtaatca aaaatgttta gtcattgatt caatgtgaac gattacggtc tttatgacca 4801agagtctgaa aatctttttg ttatgctgtt tagtattcgt ttgatattgt tacttttcac 4861ctgttgagcc caaattcagg attggttcag tggcagcaat gaagttgcca tttaaatttg 4921ttcatagcct acatcaccaa ggtctctgtg tcaaacctgt ggccactcta tatgcacttt 4981gtttactctt tatacaaata aatatactaa agactttaca tgcaHuman JAK1 mRNA Variant 4 (SEQ ID NO: 4) 1atctatcaca tggcagagat agaataaaaa cagaaaaatg gcgacggtca cgttgtggcg 61agccttgctg cgtcattaga taatcctcat gcaaatagcg ggaagaacaa aggaagggga 121gcccgggacc cccgggggcg caggatccgg cgggaggagt ctaagaggag gaggcggcgg 181tgccggagga ggaggaggag ggagggagaa gagaggaaga ccggagtccc cgcggcggcg 241gcggtccgga gagagggcga gccccgcgcg gcgccgggga ccgggcgcta ccacgaggcc 301gggacgctgg agtctgggtt atctaaaaca gttcatgctg ctgaaaacct ccttcctggc 361agatgtccct caaccctact ggtgcctggc ttctgagaca cacgcttctc tgaagtagct 421ttggaaagta gagaagaaaa tccagtttgc ttcttggaga acactggaca gctgaataaa 481tgcagtatct aaatataaaa gaggactgca atgccatggc tttctgtgct aaaatgagga 541gctccaagaa gactgaggtg aacctggagg cccctgagcc aggggtggaa gtgatcttct 601atctgtcgga cagggagccc ctccggctgg gcagtggaga gtacacagca gaggaactgt 661gcatcagggc tgcacaggca tgccgtatct ctcctctttg tcacaacctc tttgccctgt 721atgacgagaa caccaagctc tggtatgctc caaatcgcac catcaccgtt gatgacaaga 781tgtccctccg gctccactac cggatgaggt tctatttcac caattggcat ggaaccaacg 841acaatgagca gtcagtgtgg cgtcattctc caaagaagca gaaaaatggc tacgagaaaa 901aaaagattcc agatgcaacc cctctccttg atgccagctc actggagtat ctgtttgctc 961agggacagta tgatttggtg aaatgcctgg ctcctattcg agaccccaag accgagcagg 1021atggacatga tattgagaac gagtgtctag ggatggctgt cctggccatc tcacactatg 1081ccatgatgaa gaagatgcag ttgccagaac tgcccaagga catcagctac aagcgatata 1141ttccagaaac attgaataag tccatcagac agaggaacct tctcaccagg atgcggataa 1201ataatgtttt caaggatttc ctaaaggaat ttaacaacaa gaccatttgt gacagcagcg 1261tgtccacgca tgacctgaag gtgaaatact tggctacctt ggaaactttg acaaaacatt 1321acggtgctga aatatttgag acttccatgt tactgatttc atcagaaaat gagatgaatt 1381ggtttcattc gaatgacggt ggaaacgttc tctactacga agtgatggtg actgggaatc 1441ttggaatcca gtggaggcat aaaccaaatg ttgtttctgt tgaaaaggaa aaaaataaac 1501tgaagcggaa aaaactggaa aataaacaca agaaggatga ggagaaaaac aagatccggg 1561aagagtggaa caatttttct tacttccctg aaatcactca cattgtaata aaggagtctg 1621tggtcagcat taacaagcag gacaacaaga aaatggaact gaagctctct tcccacgagg 1681aggccttgtc ctttgtgtcc ctggtagatg gctacttccg gctcacagca gatgcccatc 1741attacctctg caccgacgtg gcccccccgt tgatcgtcca caacatacag aatggctgtc 1801atggtccaat ctgtacagaa tacgccatca ataaattgcg gcaagaagga agcgaggagg 1861ggatgtacgt gctgaggtgg agctgcaccg actttgacaa catcctcatg accgtcacct 1921gctttgagaa gtctgagcag gtgcagggtg cccagaagca gttcaagaac tttcagatcg 1981aggtgcagaa gggccgctac agtctgcacg gttcggaccg cagcttcccc agcttgggag 2041acctcatgag ccacctcaag aagcagatcc tgcgcacgga taacatcagc ttcatgctaa 2101aacgctgctg ccagcccaag ccccgagaaa tctccaacct gctggtggct actaagaaag 2161cccaggagtg gcagcccgtc taccccatga gccagctgag tttcgatcgg atcctcaaga 2221aggatctggt gcagggcgag caccttggga gaggcacgag aacacacatc tattctggga 2281ccctgatgga ttacaaggat gacgaaggaa cttctgaaga gaagaagata aaagtgatcc 2341tcaaagtctt agaccccagc cacagggata tttccctggc cttcttcgag gcagccagca 2401tgatgagaca ggtctcccac aaacacatcg tgtacctcta tggcgtctgt gtccgcgacg 2461tggagaatat catggtggaa gagtttgtgg aagggggtcc tctggatctc ttcatgcacc 2521ggaaaagcga tgtccttacc acaccatgga aattcaaagt tgccaaacag ctggccagtg 2581ccctgagcta cttggaggat aaagacctgg tccatggaaa tgtgtgtact aaaaacctcc 2641tcctggcccg tgagggcatc gacagtgagt gtggcccatt catcaagctc agtgaccccg 2701gcatccccat tacggtgctg tctaggcaag aatgcattga acgaatccca tggattgctc 2761ctgagtgtgt tgaggactcc aagaacctga gtgtggctgc tgacaagtgg agctttggaa 2821ccacgctctg ggaaatctgc tacaatggcg agatcccctt gaaagacaag acgctgattg 2881agaaagagag attctatgaa agccggtgca ggccagtgac accatcatgt aaggagctgg 2941ctgacctcat gacccgctgc atgaactatg accccaatca gaggcctttc ttccgagcca 3001tcatgagaga cattaataag cttgaagagc agaatccaga tattgtttca gaaaaaaaac 3061cagcaactga agtggacccc acacattttg aaaagcgctt cctaaagagg atccgtgact 3121tgggagaggg ccactttggg aaggttgagc tctgcaggta tgaccccgaa ggggacaata 3181caggggagca ggtggctgtt aaatctctga agcctgagag tggaggtaac cacatagctg 3241atctgaaaaa ggaaatcgag atcttaagga acctctatca tgagaacatt gtgaagtaca 3301aaggaatctg cacagaagac ggaggaaatg gtattaagct catcatggaa tttctgcctt 3361cgggaagcct taaggaatat cttccaaaga ataagaacaa aataaacctc aaacagcagc 3421taaaatatgc cgttcagatt tgtaagggga tggactattt gggttctcgg caatacgttc 3481accgggactt ggcagcaaga aatgtccttg ttgagagtga acaccaagtg aaaattggag 3541acttcggttt aaccaaagca attgaaaccg ataaggagta ttacaccgtc aaggatgacc 3601gggacagccc tgtgttttgg tatgctccag aatgtttaat gcaatctaaa ttttatattg 3661cctctgacgt ctggtctttt ggagtcactc tgcatgagct gctgacttac tgtgattcag 3721attctagtcc catggctttg ttcctgaaaa tgataggccc aacccatggc cagatgacag 3781tcacaagact tgtgaatacg ttaaaagaag gaaaacgcct gccgtgccca cctaactgtc 3841cagatgaggt ttatcaactt atgaggaaat gctgggaatt ccaaccatcc aatcggacaa 3901gctttcagaa ccttattgaa ggatttgaag cacttttaaa ataagaagca tgaataacat 3961ttaaattcca cagattatca agtccttctc ctgcaacaaa tgcccaagtc attttttaaa 4021aatttctaat gaaagaagtt tgtgttctgt ccaaaaagtc actgaactca tacttcagta 4081catatacatg tataaggcac actgtagtgc ttaatatgtg taaggacttc ctctttaaat 4141ttggtaccag taacttagtg acacataatg acaaccaaaa tatttgaaag cacttaagca 4201ctcctccttg tggaaagaat ataccaccat ttcatctggc tagttcacca tcacaactgc 4261attaccaaaa ggggattttt gaaaacgagg agttgaccaa aataatatct gaagatgatt 4321gcttttccct gctgccagct gatctgaaat gttttgctgg cacattaatc atagataaag 4381aaagattgat ggacttagcc ctcaaatttc agtatctata cagtactaga ccatgcattc 4441ttaaaatatt agataccagg tagtatatat tgtttctgta caaaaatgac tgtattctct 4501caccagtagg acttaaactt tgtttctcca gtggcttagc tcctgttcct ttgggtgatc 4561actagcaccc atttttgaga aagctggttc tacatggggg gatagctgtg gaatagataa 4621tttgctgcat gttaattctc aagaactaag cctgtgccag tgctttccta agcagtatac 4681ctttaatcag aactcattcc cagaacctgg atgctattac acatgctttt aagaaacgtc 4741aatgtatatc cttttataac tctaccactt tggggcaagc tattccagca ctggttttga 4801atgctgtatg caaccagtct gaataccaca tacgctgcac tgttcttaga gggtttccat 4861acttaccacc gatctacaag ggttgatccc tgtttttacc atcaatcatc accctgtggt 4921gcaacacttg aaagacccgg ctagaggcac tatggacttc aggatccact agacagtttt 4981cagtttgctt ggaggtagct gggtaatcaa aaatgtttag tcattgattc aatgtgaacg 5041attacggtct ttatgaccaa gagtctgaaa atctttttgt tatgctgttt agtattcgtt 5101tgatattgtt acttttcacc tgttgagccc aaattcagga ttggttcagt ggcagcaatg 5161aagttgccat ttaaatttgt tcatagccta catcaccaag gtctctgtgt caaacctgtg 5221gccactctat atgcactttg tttactcttt atacaaataa atatactaaa gactttacat 5281gca Human JAK1 mRNA Variant 5 (SEQ ID NO: 5) 1atctatcaca tggcagagat agaataaaaa cagaaaaatg gcgacggtca cgttgtggcg 61agccttgctg cgtcattaga taatcctcat gcaaatagcg ggaagaacaa aggaagggga 121gcccgggacc cccgggggcg caggatccgg cgggaggagt ctaagaggag gaggcggcgg 181tgccggagga ggaggaggag ggagggagaa gagaggaaga ccggagtccc cgcggcggcg 241gcggtccgga gagagggcga gccccgcgcg gcgccgggga ccgggcgcta ccacgaggcc 301gggacgctgg agtctgggcg cttctctgaa gtagctttgg aaagtagaga agaaaatcca 361gtttgcttct tggagaacac tggacagctg aataaatgca gtatctaaat ataaaagagg 421actgcaatgc catggctttc tgtgctaaaa tgaggagctc caagaagact gaggtgaacc 481tggaggcccc tgagccaggg gtggaagtga tcttctatct gtcggacagg gagcccctcc 541ggctgggcag tggagagtac acagcagagg aactgtgcat cagggctgca caggcatgcc 601gtatctctcc tctttgtcac aacctctttg ccctgtatga cgagaacacc aagctctggt 661atgctccaaa tcgcaccatc accgttgatg acaagatgtc cctccggctc cactaccgga 721tgaggttcta tttcaccaat tggcatggaa ccaacgacaa tgagcagtca gtgtggcgtc 781attctccaaa gaagcagaaa aatggctacg agaaaaaaaa gattccagat gcaacccctc 841tccttgatgc cagctcactg gagtatctgt ttgctcaggg acagtatgat ttggtgaaat 901gcctggctcc tattcgagac cccaagaccg agcaggatgg acatgatatt gagaacgagt 961gtctagggat ggctgtcctg gccatctcac actatgccat gatgaagaag atgcagttgc 1021cagaactgcc caaggacatc agctacaagc gatatattcc agaaacattg aataagtcca 1081tcagacagag gaaccttctc accaggatgc ggataaataa tgttttcaag gatttcctaa 1141aggaatttaa caacaagacc atttgtgaca gcagcgtgtc cacgcatgac ctgaaggtga 1201aatacttggc taccttggaa actttgacaa aacattacgg tgctgaaata tttgagactt 1261ccatgttact gatttcatca gaaaatgaga tgaattggtt tcattcgaat gacggtggaa 1321acgttctcta ctacgaagtg atggtgactg ggaatcttgg aatccagtgg aggcataaac 1381caaatgttgt ttctgttgaa aaggaaaaaa ataaactgaa gcggaaaaaa ctggaaaata 1441aacacaagaa ggatgaggag aaaaacaaga tccgggaaga gtggaacaat ttttcttact 1501tccctgaaat cactcacatt gtaataaagg agtctgtggt cagcattaac aagcaggaca 1561acaagaaaat ggaactgaag ctctettccc acgaggaggc cttgtccttt gtgtccctgg 1621tagatggcta cttccggctc acagcagatg cccatcatta cctctgcacc gacgtggccc 1681ccccgttgat cgtccacaac atacagaatg gctgtcatgg tccaatctgt acagaatacg 1741ccatcaataa attgcggcaa gaaggaagcg aggaggggat gtacgtgctg aggtggagct 1801gcaccgactt tgacaacatc ctcatgaccg tcacctgctt tgagaagtct gagcaggtgc 1861agggtgccca gaagcagttc aagaactttc agatcgaggt gcagaagggc cgctacagtc 1921tgcacggttc ggaccgcagc ttccccagct tgggagacct catgagccac ctcaagaagc 1981agatcctgcg cacggataac atcagcttca tgctaaaacg ctgctgccag cccaagcccc 2041gagaaatctc caacctgctg gtggctacta agaaagccca ggagtggcag cccgtctacc 2101ccatgagcca gctgagtttc gatcggatcc tcaagaagga tctggtgcag ggcgagcacc 2161ttgggagagg cacgagaaca cacatctatt ctgggaccct gatggattac aaggatgacg 2221aaggaacttc tgaagagaag aagataaaag tgatcctcaa agtcttagac cccagccaca 2281gggatatttc cctggccttc ttcgaggcag ccagcatgat gagacaggtc tcccacaaac 2341acatcgtgta cctctatggc gtctgtgtcc gcgacgtgga gaatatcatg gtggaagagt 2401ttgtggaagg gggtcctctg gatctcttca tgcaccggaa aagcgatgtc cttaccacac 2461catggaaatt caaagttgcc aaacagctgg ccagtgccct gagctacttg gaggataaag 2521acctggtcca tggaaatgtg tgtactaaaa acctcctcct ggcccgtgag ggcatcgaca 2581gtgagtgtgg cccattcatc aagctcagtg accccggcat ccccattacg gtgctgtcta 2641ggcaagaatg cattgaacga atcccatgga ttgctcctga gtgtgttgag gactccaaga 2701acctgagtgt ggctgctgac aagtggagct ttggaaccac gctctgggaa atctgctaca 2761atggcgagat ccccttgaaa gacaagacgc tgattgagaa agagagattc tatgaaagcc 2821ggtgcaggcc agtgacacca tcatgtaagg agctggctga cctcatgacc cgctgcatga 2881actatgaccc caatcagagg cctttcttcc gagccatcat gagagacatt aataagcttg 2941aagagcagaa tccagatatt gtttcagaaa aaaaaccagc aactgaagtg gaccccacac 3001attttgaaaa gcgcttccta aagaggatcc gtgacttggg agagggccac tttgggaagg 3061ttgagctctg caggtatgac cccgaagggg acaatacagg ggagcaggtg gctgttaaat 3121ctctgaagcc tgagagtgga ggtaaccaca tagctgatct gaaaaaggaa atcgagatct 3181taaggaacct ctatcatgag aacattgtga agtacaaagg aatctgcaca gaagacggag 3241gaaatggtat taagctcatc atggaatttc tgccttcggg aagccttaag gaatatcttc 3301caaagaataa gaacaaaata aacctcaaac agcagctaaa atatgccgtt cagatttgta 3361aggggatgga ctatttgggt tctcggcaat acgttcaccg ggacttggca gcaagaaatg 3421tccttgttga gagtgaacac caagtgaaaa ttggagactt cggtttaacc aaagcaattg 3481aaaccgataa ggagtattac accgtcaagg atgaccggga cagccctgtg ttttggtatg 3541ctccagaatg tttaatgcaa tctaaatttt atattgcctc tgacgtctgg tcttttggag 3601tcactctgca tgagctgctg acttactgtg attcagattc tagtcccatg gctttgttcc 3661tgaaaatgat aggcccaacc catggccaga tgacagtcac aagacttgtg aatacgttaa 3721aagaaggaaa acgcctgccg tgcccaccta actgtccaga tgaggtttat caacttatga 3781ggaaatgctg ggaattccaa ccatccaatc ggacaagctt tcagaacctt attgaaggat 3841ttgaagcact tttaaaataa gaagcatgaa taacatttaa attccacaga ttatcaagtc 3901cttctcctgc aacaaatgcc caagtcattt tttaaaaatt tctaatgaaa gaagtttgtg 3961ttctgtccaa aaagtcactg aactcatact tcagtacata tacatgtata aggcacactg 4021tagtgcttaa tatgtgtaag gacttcctct ttaaatttgg taccagtaac ttagtgacac 4081ataatgacaa ccaaaatatt tgaaagcact taagcactcc tccttgtgga aagaatatac 4141caccatttca tctggctagt tcaccatcac aactgcatta ccaaaagggg atttttgaaa 4201acgaggagtt gaccaaaata atatctgaag atgattgctt ttccctgctg ccagctgatc 4261tgaaatgttt tgctggcaca ttaatcatag ataaagaaag attgatggac ttagccctca 4321aatttcagta tctatacagt actagaccat gcattcttaa aatattagat accaggtagt 4381atatattgtt tctgtacaaa aatgactgta ttctctcacc agtaggactt aaactttgtt 4441tctccagtgg cttagctcct gttcctttgg gtgatcacta gcacccattt ttgagaaagc 4501tggttctaca tggggggata gctgtggaat agataatttg ctgcatgtta attctcaaga 4561actaagcctg tgccagtgct ttcctaagca gtataccttt aatcagaact cattcccaga 4621acctggatgc tattacacat gcttttaaga aacgtcaatg tatatccttt tataactcta 4681ccactttggg gcaagctatt ccagcactgg ttttgaatgc tgtatgcaac cagtctgaat 4741accacatacg ctgcactgtt cttagagggt ttccatactt accaccgatc tacaagggtt 4801gatccctgtt tttaccatca atcatcaccc tgtggtgcaa cacttgaaag acccggctag 4861aggcactatg gacttcagga tccactagac agttttcagt ttgcttggag gtagctgggt 4921aatcaaaaat gtttagtcat tgattcaatg tgaacgatta cggtctttat gaccaagagt 4981ctgaaaatct ttttgttatg ctgtttagta ttcgtttgat attgttactt ttcacctgtt 5041gagcccaaat tcaggattgg ttcagtggca gcaatgaagt tgccatttaa atttgttcat 5101agcctacatc accaaggtct ctgtgtcaaa cctgtggcca ctctatatgc actttgttta 5161ctctttatac aaataaatat actaaagact ttacatgca Huma JAK1 mRNA Variant 6(SEQ ID NO: 6) 1ggggcgggac gggaggcggt gcgtcgctga gcgcaggccg cggcggccgc ggagtatcct 61ggagctgcag acagtgcggg cctgcgccca gtcccggctg tcctcgccgc gacccctcct 121cagccctggg cgcgcgcacg ctggggcccc gcggggctgg ccgcctagcg agcctgccgg 181tcgaccccag ccagcgcagc gacggggcgc tgcctggccc aggcgcacac ggaagtgtta 241tctaaaacag ttcatgctgc tgaaaacctc cttcctggca gatgtccctc aaccctactg 301gtgcctggct tctgagacac acgcttctct gaagtagctt tggaaagtag agaagaaaat 361ccagtttgct tcttggagaa cactggacag ctgaataaat gcagtatcta aatataaaag 421aggactgcaa tgccatggct ttctgtgcta aaatgaggag ctccaagaag actgaggtga 481acctggaggc ccctgagcca ggggtggaag tgatcttcta tctgtcggac agggagcccc 541tccggctggg cagtggagag tacacagcag aggaactgtg catcagggct gcacaggcat 601gccgtatctc tectetttgt cacaacctct ttgccctgta tgacgagaac accaagctct 661ggtatgctcc aaatcgcacc atcaccgttg atgacaagat gtccctccgg ctccactacc 721ggatgaggtt ctatttcacc aattggcatg gaaccaacga caatgagcag tcagtgtggc 781gtcattctcc aaagaagcag aaaaatggct acgagaaaaa aaagattcca gatgcaaccc 841ctctccttga tgccagctca ctggagtatc tgtttgctca gggacagtat gatttggtga 901aatgcctggc tcctattcga gaccccaaga ccgagcagga tggacatgat attgagaacg 961agtgtctagg gatggctgtc ctggccatct cacactatgc catgatgaag aagatgcagt 1021tgccagaact gcccaaggac atcagctaca agcgatatat tccagaaaca ttgaataagt 1081ccatcagaca gaggaacctt ctcaccagga tgcggataaa taatgttttc aaggatttcc 1141taaaggaatt taacaacaag accatttgtg acagcagcgt gtccacgcat gacctgaagg 1201tgaaatactt ggctaccttg gaaactttga caaaacatta cggtgctgaa atatttgaga 1261cttccatgtt actgatttca tcagaaaatg agatgaattg gtttcattcg aatgacggtg 1321gaaacgttct ctactacgaa gtgatggtga ctgggaatct tggaatccag tggaggcata 1381aaccaaatgt tgtttctgtt gaaaaggaaa aaaataaact gaagcggaaa aaactggaaa 1441ataaacacaa gaaggatgag gagaaaaaca agatccggga agagtggaac aatttttctt 1501acttccctga aatcactcac attgtaataa aggagtctgt ggtcagcatt aacaagcagg 1561acaacaagaa aatggaactg aagctctctt cccacgagga ggccttgtcc tttgtgtccc 1621tggtagatgg ctacttccgg ctcacagcag atgcccatca ttacctctgc accgacgtgg 1681cccccccgtt gatcgtccac aacatacaga atggctgtca tggtccaatc tgtacagaat 1741acgccatcaa taaattgcgg caagaaggaa gcgaggaggg gatgtacgtg ctgaggtgga 1801gctgcaccga ctttgacaac atcctcatga ccgtcacctg ctttgagaag tctgagcagg 1861tgcagggtgc ccagaagcag ttcaagaact ttcagatcga ggtgcagaag ggccgctaca 1921gtctgcacgg ttcggaccgc agcttcccca gcttgggaga cctcatgagc cacctcaaga 1981agcagatcct gcgcacggat aacatcagct tcatgctaaa acgctgctgc cagcccaagc 2041cccgagaaat ctccaacctg ctggtggcta ctaagaaagc ccaggagtgg cagcccgtct 2101accccatgag ccagctgagt ttcgatcgga tcctcaagaa ggatctggtg cagggcgagc 2161accttgggag aggcacgaga acacacatct attctgggac cctgatggat tacaaggatg 2221acgaaggaac ttctgaagag aagaagataa aagtgatcct caaagtctta gaccccagcc 2281acagggatat ttccctggcc ttcttcgagg cagccagcat gatgagacag gtctcccaca 2341aacacatcgt gtacctctat ggcgtctgtg tccgcgacgt ggagaatatc atggtggaag 2401agtttgtgga agggggtcct ctggatctct tcatgcaccg gaaaagcgat gtccttacca 2461caccatggaa attcaaagtt gccaaacagc tggccagtgc cctgagctac ttggaggata 2521aagacctggt ccatggaaat gtgtgtacta aaaacctcct cctggcccgt gagggcatcg 2581acagtgagtg tggcccattc atcaagctca gtgaccccgg catccccatt acggtgctgt 2641ctaggcaaga atgcattgaa cgaatcccat ggattgctcc tgagtgtgtt gaggactcca 2701agaacctgag tgtggctgct gacaagtgga gctttggaac cacgctctgg gaaatctgct 2761acaatggcga gatccccttg aaagacaaga cgctgattga gaaagagaga ttctatgaaa 2821gccggtgcag gccagtgaca ccatcatgta aggagctggc tgacctcatg acccgctgca 2881tgaactatga ccccaatcag aggcctttct tccgagccat catgagagac attaataagc 2941ttgaagagca gaatccagat attgtttcag aaaaaaaacc agcaactgaa gtggacccca 3001cacattttga aaagcgcttc ctaaagagga tccgtgactt gggagagggc cactttggga 3061aggttgagct ctgcaggtat gaccccgaag gggacaatac aggggagcag gtggctgtta 3121aatctctgaa gcctgagagt ggaggtaacc acatagctga tctgaaaaag gaaatcgaga 3181tcttaaggaa cctctatcat gagaacattg tgaagtacaa aggaatctgc acagaagacg 3241gaggaaatgg tattaagctc atcatggaat ttctgccttc gggaagcctt aaggaatatc 3301ttccaaagaa taagaacaaa ataaacctca aacagcagct aaaatatgcc gttcagattt 3361gtaaggggat ggactatttg ggttctcggc aatacgttca ccgggacttg gcagcaagaa 3421atgtccttgt tgagagtgaa caccaagtga aaattggaga cttcggttta accaaagcaa 3481ttgaaaccga taaggagtat tacaccgtca aggatgaccg ggacagccct gtgttttggt 3541atgctccaga atgtttaatg caatctaaat tttatattgc ctctgacgtc tggtcttttg 3601gagtcactct gcatgagctg ctgacttact gtgattcaga ttctagtccc atggctttgt 3661tcctgaaaat gataggccca acccatggcc agatgacagt cacaagactt gtgaatacgt 3721taaaagaagg aaaacgcctg ccgtgcccac ctaactgtcc agatgaggtt tatcaactta 3781tgaggaaatg ctgggaattc caaccatcca atcggacaag ctttcagaac cttattgaag 3841gatttgaagc acttttaaaa taagaagcat gaataacatt taaattccac agattatcaa 3901gtccttctcc tgcaacaaat gcccaagtca ttttttaaaa atttctaatg aaagaagttt 3961gtgttctgtc caaaaagtca ctgaactcat acttcagtac atatacatgt ataaggcaca 4021ctgtagtgct taatatgtgt aaggacttcc tctttaaatt tggtaccagt aacttagtga 4081cacataatga caaccaaaat atttgaaagc acttaagcac tcctccttgt ggaaagaata 4141taccaccatt tcatctggct agttcaccat cacaactgca ttaccaaaag gggatttttg 4201aaaacgagga gttgaccaaa ataatatctg aagatgattg cttttccctg ctgccagctg 4261atctgaaatg ttttgctggc acattaatca tagataaaga aagattgatg gacttagccc 4321tcaaatttca gtatctatac agtactagac catgcattct taaaatatta gataccaggt 4381agtatatatt gtttctgtac aaaaatgact gtattctctc accagtagga cttaaacttt 4441gtttctccag tggcttagct cctgttcctt tgggtgatca ctagcaccca tttttgagaa 4501agctggttct acatgggggg atagctgtgg aatagataat ttgctgcatg ttaattctca 4561agaactaagc ctgtgccagt gctttcctaa gcagtatacc tttaatcaga actcattccc 4621agaacctgga tgctattaca catgctttta agaaacgtca atgtatatcc ttttataact 4681ctaccacttt ggggcaagct attccagcac tggttttgaa tgctgtatgc aaccagtctg 4741aataccacat acgctgcact gttcttagag ggtttccata cttaccaccg atctacaagg 4801gttgatccct gtttttacca tcaatcatca ccctgtggtg caacacttga aagacccggc 4861tagaggcact atggacttca ggatccacta gacagttttc agtttgcttg gaggtagctg 4921ggtaatcaaa aatgtttagt cattgattca atgtgaacga ttacggtctt tatgaccaag 4981agtctgaaaa tettittgtt atgctgttta gtattcgttt gatattgtta cttttcacct 5041gttgagccca aattcaggat tggttcagtg gcagcaatga agttgccatt taaatttgtt 5101catagcctac atcaccaagg tctctgtgtc aaacctgtgg ccactctata tgcactttgt 5161ttactcttta tacaaataaa tatactaaag actttacatg ca Human JAK1 mRNA Variant 7(SEQ ID NO: 7) 1agaagcggag cgtatacgga ggaggcggga tgcatttctg catcgagcgc acaaagcgct 61tctctgaagt agctttggaa agtagagaag aaaatccagt ttgcttcttg gagaacactg 121gacagctgaa taaatgcagt atctaaatat aaaagaggac tgcaatgcca tggctttctg 181tgctaaaatg aggagctcca agaagactga ggtgaacctg gaggcccctg agccaggggt 241ggaagtgatc ttctatctgt cggacaggga gcccctccgg ctgggcagtg gagagtacac 301agcagaggaa ctgtgcatca gggctgcaca ggcatgccgt atctctcctc tttgtcacaa 361cctctttgcc ctgtatgacg agaacaccaa gctctggtat gctccaaatc gcaccatcac 421cgttgatgac aagatgtccc tccggctcca ctaccggatg aggttctatt tcaccaattg 481gcatggaacc aacgacaatg agcagtcagt gtggcgtcat tctccaaaga agcagaaaaa 541tggctacgag aaaaaaaaga ttccagatgc aacccctctc cttgatgcca gctcactgga 601gtatctgttt gctcagggac agtatgattt ggtgaaatgc ctggctccta ttcgagaccc 661caagaccgag caggatggac atgatattga gaacgagtgt ctagggatgg ctgtcctggc 721catctcacac tatgccatga tgaagaagat gcagttgcca gaactgccca aggacatcag 781ctacaagcga tatattccag aaacattgaa taagtccatc agacagagga accttctcac 841caggatgcgg ataaataatg ttttcaagga tttcctaaag gaatttaaca acaagaccat 901ttgtgacagc agcgtgtcca cgcatgacct gaaggtgaaa tacttggcta ccttggaaac 961tttgacaaaa cattacggtg ctgaaatatt tgagacttcc atgttactga tttcatcaga 1021aaatgagatg aattggtttc attcgaatga cggtggaaac gttctctact acgaagtgat 1081ggtgactggg aatcttggaa tccagtggag gcataaacca aatgttgttt ctgttgaaaa 1141ggaaaaaaat aaactgaagc ggaaaaaact ggaaaataaa cacaagaagg atgaggagaa 1201aaacaagatc cgggaagagt ggaacaattt ttcttacttc cctgaaatca ctcacattgt 1261aataaaggag tctgtggtca gcattaacaa gcaggacaac aagaaaatgg aactgaagct 1321ctettcccac gaggaggcct tgtcctttgt gtccctggta gatggctact tccggctcac 1381agcagatgcc catcattacc tctgcaccga cgtggccccc ccgttgatcg tccacaacat 1441acagaatggc tgtcatggtc caatctgtac agaatacgcc atcaataaat tgcggcaaga 1501aggaagcgag gaggggatgt acgtgctgag gtggagctgc accgactttg acaacatcct 1561catgaccgtc acctgctttg agaagtctga gcaggtgcag ggtgcccaga agcagttcaa 1621gaactttcag atcgaggtgc agaagggccg ctacagtctg cacggttcgg accgcagctt 1681ccccagcttg ggagacctca tgagccacct caagaagcag atcctgcgca cggataacat 1741cagcttcatg ctaaaacgct gctgccagcc caagccccga gaaatctcca acctgctggt 1801ggctactaag aaagcccagg agtggcagcc cgtctacccc atgagccagc tgagtttcga 1861tcggatcctc aagaaggatc tggtgcaggg cgagcacctt gggagaggca cgagaacaca 1921catctattct gggaccctga tggattacaa ggatgacgaa ggaacttctg aagagaagaa 1981gataaaagtg atcctcaaag tcttagaccc cagccacagg gatatttccc tggccttctt 2041cgaggcagcc agcatgatga gacaggtctc ccacaaacac atcgtgtacc tctatggcgt 2101ctgtgtccgc gacgtggaga atatcatggt ggaagagttt gtggaagggg gtcctctgga 2161tctcttcatg caccggaaaa gcgatgtcct taccacacca tggaaattca aagttgccaa 2221acagctggcc agtgccctga gctacttgga ggataaagac ctggtccatg gaaatgtgtg 2281tactaaaaac ctcctcctgg cccgtgaggg catcgacagt gagtgtggcc cattcatcaa 2341gctcagtgac cccggcatcc ccattacggt gctgtctagg caagaatgca ttgaacgaat 2401cccatggatt gctcctgagt gtgttgagga ctccaagaac ctgagtgtgg ctgctgacaa 2461gtggagcttt ggaaccacgc tctgggaaat ctgctacaat ggcgagatcc ccttgaaaga 2521caagacgctg attgagaaag agagattcta tgaaagccgg tgcaggccag tgacaccatc 2581atgtaaggag ctggctgacc tcatgacccg ctgcatgaac tatgacccca atcagaggcc 2641tttcttccga gccatcatga gagacattaa taagcttgaa gagcagaatc cagatattgt 2701ttcagaaaaa aaaccagcaa ctgaagtgga ccccacacat tttgaaaagc gcttcctaaa 2761gaggatccgt gacttgggag agggccactt tgggaaggtt gagctctgca ggtatgaccc 2821cgaaggggac aatacagggg agcaggtggc tgttaaatct ctgaagcctg agagtggagg 2881taaccacata gctgatctga aaaaggaaat cgagatctta aggaacctct atcatgagaa 2941cattgtgaag tacaaaggaa tctgcacaga agacggagga aatggtatta agctcatcat 3001ggaatttctg ccttcgggaa gccttaagga atatcttcca aagaataaga acaaaataaa 3061cctcaaacag cagctaaaat atgccgttca gatttgtaag gggatggact atttgggttc 3121tcggcaatac gttcaccggg acttggcagc aagaaatgtc cttgttgaga gtgaacacca 3181agtgaaaatt ggagacttcg gtttaaccaa agcaattgaa accgataagg agtattacac 3241cgtcaaggat gaccgggaca gccctgtgtt ttggtatgct ccagaatgtt taatgcaatc 3301taaattttat attgcctctg acgtctggtc ttttggagtc actctgcatg agctgctgac 3361ttactgtgat tcagattcta gtcccatggc tttgttcctg aaaatgatag gcccaaccca 3421tggccagatg acagtcacaa gacttgtgaa tacgttaaaa gaaggaaaac gcctgccgtg 3481cccacctaac tgtccagatg aggtttatca acttatgagg aaatgctggg aattccaacc 3541atccaatcgg acaagctttc agaaccttat tgaaggattt gaagcacttt taaaataaga 3601agcatgaata acatttaaat tccacagatt atcaagtcct tctcctgcaa caaatgccca 3661agtcattttt taaaaatttc taatgaaaga agtttgtgtt ctgtccaaaa agtcactgaa 3721ctcatacttc agtacatata catgtataag gcacactgta gtgcttaata tgtgtaagga 3781cttcctcttt aaatttggta ccagtaactt agtgacacat aatgacaacc aaaatatttg 3841aaagcactta agcactcctc cttgtggaaa gaatatacca ccatttcatc tggctagttc 3901accatcacaa ctgcattacc aaaaggggat ttttgaaaac gaggagttga ccaaaataat 3961atctgaagat gattgctttt ccctgctgcc agctgatctg aaatgttttg ctggcacatt 4021aatcatagat aaagaaagat tgatggactt agccctcaaa tttcagtatc tatacagtac 4081tagaccatgc attcttaaaa tattagatac caggtagtat atattgtttc tgtacaaaaa 4141tgactgtatt ctctcaccag taggacttaa actttgtttc tccagtggct tagctcctgt 4201tcctttgggt gatcactagc acccattttt gagaaagctg gttctacatg gggggatagc 4261tgtggaatag ataatttgct gcatgttaat tctcaagaac taagcctgtg ccagtgcttt 4321cctaagcagt atacctttaa tcagaactca ttcccagaac ctggatgcta ttacacatgc 4381ttttaagaaa cgtcaatgta tatcctttta taactctacc actttggggc aagctattcc 4441agcactggtt ttgaatgctg tatgcaacca gtctgaatac cacatacgct gcactgttct 4501tagagggttt ccatacttac caccgatcta caagggttga tccctgtttt taccatcaat 4561catcaccctg tggtgcaaca cttgaaagac ccggctagag gcactatgga cttcaggatc 4621cactagacag ttttcagttt gcttggaggt agctgggtaa tcaaaaatgt ttagtcattg 4681attcaatgtg aacgattacg gtctttatga ccaagagtct gaaaatcttt ttgttatgct 4741gtttagtatt cgtttgatat tgttactttt cacctgttga gcccaaattc aggattggtt 4801cagtggcagc aatgaagttg ccatttaaat ttgttcatag cctacatcac caaggtctct 4861gtgtcaaacc tgtggccact ctatatgcac tttgtttact ctttatacaa ataaatatac 4921taaagacttt acatgca Human JAK1 mRNA Variant 8 (SEQ ID NO: 8) 1ggggcgggac gggaggcggt gcgtcgctga gcgcaggccg cggcggccgc ggagtatcct 61ggagctgcag acagtgcggg cctgcgccca gtcccggctg tcctcgccgc gacccctcct 121cagccctggg cgcgcgcacg ctggggcccc gcggggctgg ccgcctagcg agcctgccgg 181tcgaccccag ccagcgcagc gacggggcgc tgcctggccc aggcgcacac ggaagtgcgc 241ttctctgaag tagctttgga aagtagagaa gaaaatccag tttgcttctt ggagaacact 301ggacagctga ataaatgcag tatctaaata taaaagagga ctgcaatgcc atggctttct 361gtgctaaaat gaggagctcc aagaagactg aggtgaacct ggaggcccct gagccagggg 421tggaagtgat cttctatctg tcggacaggg agcccctccg gctgggcagt ggagagtaca 481cagcagagga actgtgcatc agggctgcac aggcatgccg tatctctcct ctttgtcaca 541acctctttgc cctgtatgac gagaacacca agctctggta tgctccaaat cgcaccatca 601ccgttgatga caagatgtcc ctccggctcc actaccggat gaggttctat ttcaccaatt 661ggcatggaac caacgacaat gagcagtcag tgtggcgtca ttctccaaag aagcagaaaa 721atggctacga gaaaaaaaag attccagatg caacccctct ccttgatgcc agctcactgg 781agtatctgtt tgctcaggga cagtatgatt tggtgaaatg cctggctcct attcgagacc 841ccaagaccga gcaggatgga catgatattg agaacgagtg tctagggatg gctgtcctgg 901ccatctcaca ctatgccatg atgaagaaga tgcagttgcc agaactgccc aaggacatca 961gctacaagcg atatattcca gaaacattga ataagtccat cagacagagg aaccttctca 1021ccaggatgcg gataaataat gttttcaagg atttcctaaa ggaatttaac aacaagacca 1081tttgtgacag cagcgtgtcc acgcatgacc tgaaggtgaa atacttggct accttggaaa 1141ctttgacaaa acattacggt gctgaaatat ttgagacttc catgttactg atttcatcag 1201aaaatgagat gaattggttt cattcgaatg acggtggaaa cgttctctac tacgaagtga 1261tggtgactgg gaatcttgga atccagtgga ggcataaacc aaatgttgtt tctgttgaaa 1321aggaaaaaaa taaactgaag cggaaaaaac tggaaaataa acacaagaag gatgaggaga 1381aaaacaagat ccgggaagag tggaacaatt tttcttactt ccctgaaatc actcacattg 1441taataaagga gtctgtggtc agcattaaca agcaggacaa caagaaaatg gaactgaagc 1501tctcttccca cgaggaggcc ttgtcctttg tgtccctggt agatggctac ttccggctca 1561cagcagatgc ccatcattac ctctgcaccg acgtggcccc cccgttgatc gtccacaaca 1621tacagaatgg ctgtcatggt ccaatctgta cagaatacgc catcaataaa ttgcggcaag 1681aaggaagcga ggaggggatg tacgtgctga ggtggagctg caccgacttt gacaacatcc 1741tcatgaccgt cacctgcttt gagaagtctg aggtgcaggg tgcccagaag cagttcaaga 1801actttcagat cgaggtgcag aagggccgct acagtctgca cggttcggac cgcagcttcc 1861ccagcttggg agacctcatg agccacctca agaagcagat cctgcgcacg gataacatca 1921gcttcatgct aaaacgctgc tgccagccca agccccgaga aatctccaac ctgctggtgg 1981ctactaagaa agcccaggag tggcagcccg tctaccccat gagccagctg agtttcgatc 2041ggatcctcaa gaaggatctg gtgcagggcg agcaccttgg gagaggcacg agaacacaca 2101tctattctgg gaccctgatg gattacaagg atgacgaagg aacttctgaa gagaagaaga 2161taaaagtgat cctcaaagtc ttagacccca gccacaggga tatttccctg gccttcttcg 2221aggcagccag catgatgaga caggtctccc acaaacacat cgtgtacctc tatggcgtct 2281gtgtccgcga cgtggagaat atcatggtgg aagagtttgt ggaagggggt cctctggatc 2341tcttcatgca ccggaaaagc gatgtcctta ccacaccatg gaaattcaaa gttgccaaac 2401agctggccag tgccctgagc tacttggagg ataaagacct ggtccatgga aatgtgtgta 2461ctaaaaacct cctcctggcc cgtgagggca tcgacagtga gtgtggccca ttcatcaagc 2521tcagtgaccc cggcatcccc attacggtgc tgtctaggca agaatgcatt gaacgaatcc 2581catggattgc tcctgagtgt gttgaggact ccaagaacct gagtgtggct gctgacaagt 2641ggagctttgg aaccacgctc tgggaaatct gctacaatgg cgagatcccc ttgaaagaca 2701agacgctgat tgagaaagag agattctatg aaagccggtg caggccagtg acaccatcat 2761gtaaggagct ggctgacctc atgacccgct gcatgaacta tgaccccaat cagaggcctt 2821tcttccgagc catcatgaga gacattaata agcttgaaga gcagaatcca gatattgttt 2881cagaaaaaaa accagcaact gaagtggacc ccacacattt tgaaaagcgc ttcctaaaga 2941ggatccgtga cttgggagag ggccactttg ggaaggttga gctctgcagg tatgaccccg 3001aaggggacaa tacaggggag caggtggctg ttaaatctct gaagcctgag agtggaggta 3061accacatagc tgatctgaaa aaggaaatcg agatcttaag gaacctctat catgagaaca 3121ttgtgaagta caaaggaatc tgcacagaag acggaggaas tggtattaag ctcatcatgg 3181aatttctgcc ttcgggaagc cttaaggaat atcttccaaa gaataagaac aaaataaacc 3241tcaaacagca gctaaaatat gccgttcaga tttgtaaggg gatggactat ttgggttctc 3301ggcaatacgt tcaccgggac ttggcagcaa gaaatgtcct tgttgagagt gaacaccaag 3361tgaaaattgg agacttcggt ttaaccaaag caattgaaac cgataaggag tattacaccg 3421tcaaggatga ccgggacagc cctgtgtttt ggtatgctcc agaatgttta atgcaatcta 3481aattttatat tgcctctgac gtctggtctt ttggagtcac tctgcatgag ctgctgactt 3541actgtgattc agattctagt cccatggctt tgttcctgaa aatgataggc ccaacccatg 3601gccagatgac agtcacaaga cttgtgaata cgttaaaaga aggaaaacgc ctgccgtgcc 3661cacctaactg tccagatgag gtttatcaac ttatgaggaa atgctgggaa ttccaaccat 3721ccaatcggac aagctttcag aaccttattg aaggatttga agcactttta aaataagaag 3781catgaataac atttaaattc cacagattat caagtccttc tcctgcaaca aatgcccaag 3841tcatttttta aaaatttcta atgaaagaag tttgtgttct gtccaaaaag tcactgaact 3901catacttcag tacatataca tgtataaggc acactgtagt gcttaatatg tgtaaggact 3961tectetttaa atttggtacc agtaacttag tgacacataa tgacaaccaa aatatttgaa 4021agcacttaag cactcctcct tgtggaaaga atataccacc atttcatctg gctagttcac 4081catcacaact gcattaccaa aaggggattt ttgaaaacga ggagttgacc aaaataatat 4141ctgaagatga ttgcttttcc ctgctgccag ctgatctgaa atgttttgct ggcacattaa 4201tcatagataa agaaagattg atggacttag ccctcaaatt tcagtatcta tacagtacta 4261gaccatgcat tcttaaaata ttagatacca ggtagtatat attgtttctg tacaaaaatg 4321actgtattct ctcaccagta ggacttaaac tttgtttctc cagtggctta gctcctgttc 4381ctttgggtga tcactagcac ccatttttga gaaagctggt tctacatggg gggatagctg 4441tggaatagat aatttgctgc atgttaattc tcaagaacta agcctgtgcc agtgctttcc 4501taagcagtat acctttaatc agaactcatt cccagaacct ggatgctatt acacatgctt 4561ttaagaaacg tcaatgtata tccttttata actctaccac tttggggcaa gctattccag 4621cactggtttt gaatgctgta tgcaaccagt ctgaatacca catacgctgc actgttctta 4681gagggtttcc atacttacca ccgatctaca agggttgatc cctgttttta ccatcaatca 4741tcaccctgtg gtgcaacact tgaaagaccc ggctagaggc actatggact tcaggatcca 4801ctagacagtt ttcagtttgc ttggaggtag ctgggtaatc aaaaatgttt agtcattgat 4861tcaatgtgaa cgattacggt ctttatgacc aagagtctga aaatcttttt gttatgctgt 4921ttagtattcg tttgatattg ttacttttca cctgttgagc ccaaattcag gattggttca 4981gtggcagcaa tgaagttgcc atttaaattt gttcatagcc tacatcacca aggtctctgt 5041gtcaaacctg tggccactct atatgcactt tgtttactct ttatacaaat aaatatacta 5101aagactttac atgca Human JAK2 mRNA Variant 1 (SEQ ID NO: 9) 1ctgcaggaag gagagaggaa gaggagcaga agggggcagc agcggacgcc gctaacggcc 61tccctcggcg ctgacaggct gggccggcgc ccggctcgct tgggtgttcg cgtcgccact 121tcggcttctc ggccggtcgg gcccctcggc ccgggcttgc ggcgcgcgtc ggggctgagg 181gctgctgcgg cgcagggaga ggcctggtcc tcgctgccga gggatgtgag tgggagctga 241gcccacactg gagggccccc gagggcccag cctggaggtc gttcagagcc gtgcccgtcc 301cggggcttcg cagaccttga cccgccgggt aggagccgcc cctgcgggct cgagggcgcg 361ctctggtcgc ccgatctgtg tagccggttt cagaagcagg caacaggaac aagatgtgaa 421ctgtttctct tctgcagaaa aagaggctct tcctcctcct cccgcgacgg caaatgttct 481gaaaaagact ctgcatggga atggcctgcc ttacgatgac agaaatggag ggaacatcca 541cctcttctat atatcagaat ggtgatattt ctggaaatgc caattctatg aagcaaatag 601atccagttct tcaggtgtat ctttaccatt cccttgggaa atctgaggca gattatctga 661cctttccatc tggggagtat gttgcagaag aaatctgtat tgctgcttct aaagcttgtg 721gtatcacacc tgtgtatcat aatatgtttg ctttaatgag tgaaacagaa aggatctggt 781atccacccaa ccatgtcttc catatagatg agtcaaccag gcataatgta ctctacagaa 841taagatttta ctttcctcgt tggtattgca gtggcagcaa cagagcctat cggcatggaa 901tatctcgagg tgctgaagct cctcttcttg atgactttgt catgtcttac ctctttgctc 961agtggcggca tgattttgtg cacggatgga taaaagtacc tgtgactcat gaaacacagg 1021aagaatgtct tgggatggca gtgttagata tgatgagaat agccaaagaa aacgatcaaa 1081ccccactggc catctataac tctatcagct acaagacatt cttaccaaaa tgtattcgag 1141caaagatcca agactatcat attttgacaa ggaagcgaat aaggtacaga tttcgcagat 1201ttattcagca attcagccaa tgcaaagcca ctgccagaaa cttgaaactt aagtatctta 1261taaatctgga aactctgcag tctgccttct acacagagaa atttgaagta aaagaacctg 1321gaagtggtcc ttcaggtgag gagatttttg caaccattat aataactgga aacggtggaa 1381ttcagtggtc aagagggaaa cataaagaaa gtgagacact gacagaacag gatttacagt 1441tatattgcga ttttcctaat attattgatg tcagtattaa gcaagcaaac caagagggtt 1501caaatgaaag ccgagttgta actatccata agcaagatgg taaaaatctg gaaattgaac 1561ttagctcatt aagggaagct ttgtctttcg tgtcattaat tgatggatat tatagattaa 1621ctgcagatgc acatcattac ctctgtaaag aagtagcacc tccagccgtg cttgaaaata 1681tacaaagcaa ctgtcatggc ccaatttcga tggattttgc cattagtaaa ctgaagaaag 1741caggtaatca gactggactg tatgtacttc gatgcagtcc taaggacttt aataaatatt 1801ttttgacttt tgctgtcgag cgagaaaatg tcattgaata taaacactgt ttgattacaa 1861aaaatgagaa tgaagagtac aacctcagtg ggacaaagaa gaacttcagc agtcttaaag 1921atcttttgaa ttgttaccag atggaaactg ttcgctcaga caatataatt ttccagttta 1981ctaaatgctg tcccccaaag ccaaaagata aatcaaacct tctagtcttc agaacgaatg 2041gtgtttctga tgtaccaacc tcaccaacat tacagaggcc tactcatatg aaccaaatgg 2101tgtttcacaa aatcagaaat gaagatttga tatttaatga aagccttggc caaggcactt 2161ttacaaagat ttttaaaggc gtacgaagag aagtaggaga ctacggtcaa ctgcatgaaa 2221cagaagttct tttaaaagtt ctggataaag cacacagaaa ctattcagag tetttetttg 2281aagcagcaag tatgatgagc aagetttctc acaagcattt ggttttaaat tatggagtat 2341gtgtctgtgg agacgagaat attctggttc aggagtttgt aaaatttgga tcactagata 2401catatctgaa aaagaataaa aattgtataa atatattatg gaaacttgaa gttgctaaac 2461agttggcatg ggccatgcat tttctagaag aaaacaccct tattcatggg aatgtatgtg 2521ccaaaaatat tctgcttatc agagaagaag acaggaagac aggaaatcct cctttcatca 2581aacttagtga tcctggcatt agtattacag ttttgccaaa ggacattctt caggagagaa 2641taccatgggt accacctgaa tgcattgaaa atcctaaaaa tttaaatttg gcaacagaca 2701aatggagttt tggtaccact ttgtgggaaa tctgcagtgg aggagataaa cctctaagtg 2761ctctggattc tcaaagaaag ctacaatttt atgaagatag gcatcagctt cctgcaccaa 2821agtgggcaga attagcaaac cttataaata attgtatgga ttatgaacca gatttcaggc 2881cttctttcag agccatcata cgagatctta acagtttgtt tactccagat tatgaactat 2941taacagaaaa tgacatgtta ccaaatatga ggataggtgc cctggggttt tctggtgcct 3001ttgaagaccg ggatcctaca cagtttgaag agagacattt gaaatttcta cagcaacttg 3061gcaagggtaa ttttgggagt gtggagatgt gccggtatga ccctctacag gacaacactg 3121gggaggtggt cgctgtaaaa aagcttcagc atagtactga agagcaccta agagactttg 3181aaagggaaat tgaaatcctg aaatccctac agcatgacaa cattgtaaag tacaagggag 3241tgtgctacag tgctggtcgg cgtaatctaa aattaattat ggaatattta ccatatggaa 3301gtttacgaga ctatcttcaa aaacataaag aacggataga tcacataaaa cttctgcagt 3361acacatctca gatatgcaag ggtatggagt atcttggtac aaaaaggtat atccacaggg 3421atctggcaac gagaaatata ttggtggaga acgagaacag agttaaaatt ggagattttg 3481ggttaaccaa agtcttgcca caagacaaag aatactataa agtaaaagaa cctggtgaaa 3541gtcccatatt ctggtatgct ccagaatcac tgacagagag caagttttct gtggcctcag 3601atgtttggag ctttggagtg gttctgtatg aacttttcac atacattgag aagagtaaaa 3661gtccaccagc ggaatttatg cgtatgattg gcaatgacaa acaaggacag atgatcgtgt 3721tccatttgat agaacttttg aagaataatg gaagattacc aagaccagat ggatgcccag 3781atgagatcta tatgatcatg acagaatgct ggaacaataa tgtaaatcaa cgcccctcct 3841ttagggatct agctcttcga gtggatcaaa taagggataa catggctgga tgaaagaaat 3901gaccttcatt ctgagaccaa agtagattta cagaacaaag ttttatattt cacattgctg 3961tggactatta ttacatatat cattattata taaatcatga tgctagccag caaagatgtg 4021aaaatatctg ctcaaaactt tcaaagttta gtaagttttt cttcatgagg ccaccagtaa 4081aagacattaa tgagaattcc ttagcaagga ttttgtaaga agtttcttaa acattgtcag 4141ttaacatcac tcttgtctgg caaaagaaaa aaaatagact ttttcaactc agctttttga 4201gacctgaaaa aattattatg taaattttgc aatgttaaag atgcacagaa tatgtatgta 4261tagtttttac cacagtggat gtataatacc ttggcatctt gtgtgatgtt ttacacacat 4321gagggctggt gttcattaat actgttttct aatttttcca tagttaatct ataattaatt 4381acttcactat acaaacaaat taagatgttc agataattga ataagtacct ttgtgtcctt 4441gttcatttat atcgctggcc agcattataa gcaggtgtat acttttagct tgtagttcca 4501tgtactgtaa atatttttca cataaaggga acaaatgtct agttttattt gtataggaaa 4561tttccctgac cctaaataat acattttgaa atgaaacaag cttacaaaga tataatctat 4621tttattatgg tttcccttgt atctatttgt ggtgaatgtg ttttttaaat ggaactatct 4681ccaaattttt ctaagactac tatgaacagt tttcttttaa aattttgaga ttaagaatgc 4741caggaatatt gtcatccttt gagctgctga ctgccaataa cattcttcga tctctgggat 4801ttatgctcat gaactaaatt taagcttaag ccataaaata gattagattg ttttttaaaa 4861atggatagct cattaagaag tgcagcaggt taagaatttt ttcctaaaga ctgtatattt 4921gaggggtttc agaattttgc attgcagtca tagaagagat ttatttcctt tttagagggg 4981aaatgaggta aataagtaaa aaagtatgct tgttaatttt attcaagaat gccagtagaa 5041aattcataac gtgtatcttt aagaaaaatg agcatacatc ttaaatcttt tcaattaagt 5101ataaggggtt gttcgttgtt gtcatttgtt atagtgctac tccactttag acaccatagc 5161taaaataaaa tatggtgggt tttgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg 5221tgttatttat acaaaactta aaatacttgc tgttttgatt aaaaagaaaa tagtttctta 5281cttta Human JAK2 mRNA Variant 2 (SEQ ID NO: 10) 1attcggggag actgcaggcc aaccgggagg ctgagttcga agctagcagg gcggcgaagc 61cagtgtcgcc cgcggcgttg agaagacggt gtggccccgg agagggtgga gacaactgtg 121acgggcttcc cggctgcccg aagtgggagt ggtgtggggc tgcaggaagg agagaggaag 181aggagcagaa gggggcagca gcggacgccg ctaacggcct ccctcggcgc tgacaggctg 241ggccggcgcc cggctcgctt gggtgttcgc gtcgccactt cggcttctcg gccggtcggg 301cccctcggcc cgggcttgcg gcgcgcgtcg gggctgaggg ctgctgcggc gcagggagag 361gcctggtcct cgctgccgag ggatgtgagt gggagctgag cccacactgg agggcccccg 421agggcccagc ctggaggtcg ttcagagccg tgcccgtccc ggggcttcgc agaccttgac 481ccgccgggtt tcagaagcag gcaacaggaa caagatgtga actgtttctc ttctgcagaa 541aaagaggctc ttcctcctcc tcccgcgacg gcaaatgttc tgaaaaagac tctgcatggg 601aatggcctgc cttacgatga cagaaatgga gggaacatcc acctcttcta tatatcagaa 661tggtgatatt tctggaaatg ccaattctat gaagcaaata gatccagttc ttcaggtgta 721tctttaccat tcccttggga aatctgaggc agattatctg acctttccat ctggggagta 781tgttgcagaa gaaatctgta ttgctgcttc taaagcttgt ggtatcacac ctgtgtatca 841taatatgttt gctttaatga gtgaaacaga aaggatctgg tatccaccca accatgtctt 901ccatatagat gagtcaacca ggcataatgt actctacaga ataagatttt actttcctcg 961ttggtattgc agtggcagca acagagccta tcggcatgga atatctcgag gtgctgaagc 1021tectettctt gatgactttg tcatgtctta cctctttgct cagtggcggc atgattttgt 1081gcacggatgg ataaaagtac ctgtgactca tgaaacacag gaagaatgtc ttgggatggc 1141agtgttagat atgatgagaa tagccaaaga aaacgatcaa accccactgg ccatctataa 1201ctctatcagc tacaagacat tcttaccaaa atgtattcga gcaaagatcc aagactatca 1261tattttgaca aggaagcgaa taaggtacag atttcgcaga tttattcagc aattcagcca 1321atgcaaagcc actgccagaa acttgaaact taagtatctt ataaatctgg aaactctgca 1381gtctgccttc tacacagaga aatttgaagt aaaagaacct ggaagtggtc cttcaggtga 1441ggagattttt gcaaccatta taataactgg aaacggtgga attcagtggt caagagggaa 1501acataaagaa agtgagacac tgacagaaca ggatttacag ttatattgcg attttcctaa 1561tattattgat gtcagtatta agcaagcaaa ccaagagggt tcaaatgaaa gccgagttgt 1621aactatccat aagcaagatg gtaaaaatct ggaaattgaa cttagctcat taagggaagc 1681tttgtctttc gtgtcattaa ttgatggata ttatagatta actgcagatg cacatcatta 1741cctctgtaaa gaagtagcac ctccagccgt gcttgaaaat atacaaagca actgtcatgg 1801cccaatttcg atggattttg ccattagtaa actgaagaaa gcaggtaatc agactggact 1861gtatgtactt cgatgcagtc ctaaggactt taataaatat tttttgactt ttgctgtcga 1921gcgagaaaat gtcattgaat ataaacactg tttgattaca aaaaatgaga atgaagagta 1981caacctcagt gggacaaaga agaacttcag cagtcttaaa gatcttttga attgttacca 2041gatggaaact gttcgctcag acaatataat tttccagttt actaaatgct gtcccccaaa 2101gccaaaagat aaatcaaacc ttctagtctt cagaacgaat ggtgtttctg atgtaccaac 2161ctcaccaaca ttacagaggc ctactcatat gaaccaaatg gtgtttcaca aaatcagaaa 2221tgaagatttg atatttaatg aaagccttgg ccaaggcact tttacaaaga tttttaaagg 2281cgtacgaaga gaagtaggag actacggtca actgcatgaa acagaagttc ttttaaaagt 2341tctggataaa gcacacagaa actattcaga gtctttcttt gaagcagcaa gtatgatgag 2401caagctttct cacaagcatt tggttttaaa ttatggagta tgtgtctgtg gagacgagaa 2461tattctggtt caggagtttg taaaatttgg atcactagat acatatctga aaaagaataa 2521aaattgtata aatatattat ggaaacttga agttgctaaa cagttggcat gggccatgca 2581ttttctagaa gaaaacaccc ttattcatgg gaatgtatgt gccaaaaata ttctgcttat 2641cagagaagaa gacaggaaga caggaaatcc tcctttcatc aaacttagtg atcctggcat 2701tagtattaca gttttgccaa aggacattct tcaggagaga ataccatggg taccacctga 2761atgcattgaa aatcctaaaa atttaaattt ggcaacagac aaatggagtt ttggtaccac 2821tttgtgggaa atctgcagtg gaggagataa acctctaagt gctctggatt ctcaaagaaa 2881gctacaattt tatgaagata ggcatcagct tcctgcacca aagtgggcag aattagcaaa 2941ccttataaat aattgtatgg attatgaacc agatttcagg ccttctttca gagccatcat 3001acgagatctt aacagtttgt ttactccaga ttatgaacta ttaacagaaa atgacatgtt 3061accaaatatg aggataggtg ccctggggtt ttctggtgcc tttgaagacc gggatcctac 3121acagtttgaa gagagacatt tgaaatttct acagcaactt ggcaagggta attttgggag 3181tgtggagatg tgccggtatg accctctaca ggacaacact ggggaggtgg tcgctgtaaa 3241aaagcttcag catagtactg aagagcacct aagagacttt gaaagggaaa ttgaaatcct 3301gaaatcccta cagcatgaca acattgtaaa gtacaaggga gtgtgctaca gtgctggtcg 3361gcgtaatcta aaattaatta tggaatattt accatatgga agtttacgag actatcttca 3421aaaacataaa gaacggatag atcacataaa acttctgcag tacacatctc agatatgcaa 3481gggtatggag tatcttggta caaaaaggta tatccacagg gatctggcaa cgagaaatat 3541attggtggag aacgagaaca gagttaaaat tggagatttt gggttaacca aagtcttgcc 3601acaagacaaa gaatactata aagtaaaaga acctggtgaa agtcccatat tctggtatgc 3661tccagaatca ctgacagaga gcaagttttc tgtggcctca gatgtttgga gctttggagt 3721ggttctgtat gaacttttca catacattga gaagagtaaa agtccaccag cggaatttat 3781gcgtatgatt ggcaatgaca aacaaggaca gatgatcgtg ttccatttga tagaactttt 3841gaagaataat ggaagattac caagaccaga tggatgccca gatgagatct atatgatcat 3901gacagaatgc tggaacaata atgtaaatca acgcccctcc tttagggatc tagctcttcg 3961agtggatcaa ataagggata acatggctgg atgaaagaaa tgaccttcat tctgagacca 4021aagtagattt acagaacaaa gttttatatt tcacattgct gtggactatt attacatata 4081tcattattat ataaatcatg atgctagcca gcaaagatgt gaaaatatct gctcaaaact 4141ttcaaagttt agtaagtttt tcttcatgag gccaccagta aaagacatta atgagaattc 4201cttagcaagg attttgtaag aagtttctta aacattgtca gttaacatca ctcttgtctg 4261gcaaaagaaa aaaaatagac tttttcaact cagctttttg agacctgaaa aaattattat 4321gtaaattttg caatgttaaa gatgcacaga atatgtatgt atagttttta ccacagtgga 4381tgtataatac cttggcatct tgtgtgatgt tttacacaca tgagggctgg tgttcattaa 4441tactgttttc taatttttcc atagttaatc tataattaat tacttcacta tacaaacaaa 4501ttaagatgtt cagataattg aataagtacc tttgtgtcct tgttcattta tatcgctggc 4561cagcattata agcaggtgta tacttttagc ttgtagttcc atgtactgta aatatttttc 4621acataaaggg aacaaatgtc tagttttatt tgtataggaa atttccctga ccctaaataa 4681tacattttga aatgaaacaa gcttacaaag atataatcta ttttattatg gtttcccttg 4741tatctatttg tggtgaatgt gttttttaaa tggaactatc tccaaatttt tctaagacta 4801ctatgaacag ttttctttta aaattttgag attaagaatg ccaggaatat tgtcatcctt 4861tgagctgctg actgccaata acattcttcg atctctggga tttatgctca tgaactaaat 4921ttaagcttaa gccataaaat agattagatt gttttttaaa aatggatagc tcattaagaa 4981gtgcagcagg ttaagaattt tttcctaaag actgtatatt tgaggggttt cagaattttg 5041cattgcagtc atagaagaga tttatttcct ttttagaggg gaaatgaggt aaataagtaa 5101aaaagtatgc ttgttaattt tattcaagaa tgccagtaga aaattcataa cgtgtatctt 5161taagaaaaat gagcatacat cttaaatctt ttcaattaag tataaggggt tgttcgttgt 5221tgtcatttgt tatagtgcta ctccacttta gacaccatag ctaaaataaa atatggtggg 5281ttttgtgtgt gtgtgtgtgt gtgtgtgtgt gtgtgtgtgt gtgttattta tacaaaactt 5341aaaatacttg ctgttttgat taaaaagaaa atagtttctt actttaHuman JAK2 mRNA Variant 3 (SEQ ID NO: 11) 1attcggggag actgcaggcc aaccgggagg ctgagttcga agctagcagg gcggcgaagc 61cagtgtcgcc cgcggcgttg agaagacggc aaatgttctg aaaaagactc tgcatgggaa 121tggcctgcct tacgatgaca gaaatggagg gaacatccac ctcttctata tatcagaatg 181gtgatatttc tggaaatgcc aattctatga agcaaataga tccagttctt caggtgtatc 241tttaccattc ccttgggaaa tctgaggcag attatctgac ctttccatct ggggagtatg 301ttgcagaaga aatctgtatt gctgcttcta aagcttgtgg tatcacacct gtgtatcata 361atatgtttgc tttaatgagt gaaacagaaa ggatctggta tccacccaac catgtcttcc 421atatagatga gtcaaccagg cataatgtac tctacagaat aagattttac tttcctcgtt 481ggtattgcag tggcagcaac agagcctatc ggcatggaat atctcgaggt gctgaagctc 541ctcttcttga tgactttgtc atgtcttacc tctttgctca gtggcggcat gattttgtgc 601acggatggat aaaagtacct gtgactcatg aaacacagga agaatgtctt gggatggcag 661tgttagatat gatgagaata gccaaagaaa acgatcaaac cccactggcc atctataact 721ctatcagcta caagacattc ttaccaaaat gtattcgagc aaagatccaa gactatcata 781ttttgacaag gaagcgaata aggtacagat ttcgcagatt tattcagcaa ttcagccaat 841gcaaagccac tgccagaaac ttgaaactta agtatcttat aaatctggaa actctgcagt 901ctgccttcta cacagagaaa tttgaagtaa aagaacctgg aagtggtcct tcaggtgagg 961agatttttgc aaccattata ataactggaa acggtggaat tcagtggtca agagggaaac 1021ataaagaaag tgagacactg acagaacagg atttacagtt atattgcgat tttcctaata 1081ttattgatgt cagtattaag caagcaaacc aagagggttc aaatgaaagc cgagttgtaa 1141ctatccataa gcaagatggt aaaaatctgg aaattgaact tagctcatta agggaagctt 1201tgtctttcgt gtcattaatt gatggatatt atagattaac tgcagatgca catcattacc 1261tctgtaaaga agtagcacct ccagccgtgc ttgaaaatat acaaagcaac tgtcatggcc 1321caatttcgat ggattttgcc attagtaaac tgaagaaagc aggtaatcag actggactgt 1381atgtacttcg atgcagtcct aaggacttta ataaatattt tttgactttt gctgtcgagc 1441gagaaaatgt cattgaatat aaacactgtt tgattacaaa aaatgagaat gaagagtaca 1501acctcagtgg gacaaagaag aacttcagca gtcttaaaga tcttttgaat tgttaccaga 1561tggaaactgt tcgctcagac aatataattt tccagtttac taaatgctgt cccccaaagc 1621caaaagataa atcaaacctt ctagtcttca gaacgaatgg tgtttctgat gtaccaacct 1681caccaacatt acagaggcct actcatatga accaaatggt gtttcacaaa atcagaaatg 1741aagatttgat atttaatgaa agccttggcc aaggcacttt tacaaagatt tttaaaggcg 1801tacgaagaga agtaggagac tacggtcaac tgcatgaaac agaagttctt ttaaaagttc 1861tggataaagc acacagaaac tattcagagt ctttctttga agcagcaagt atgatgagca 1921agetttctca caagcatttg gttttaaatt atggagtatg tgtctgtgga gacgagaata 1981ttctggttca ggagtttgta aaatttggat cactagatac atatctgaaa aagaataaaa 2041attgtataaa tatattatgg aaacttgaag ttgctaaaca gttggcatgg gccatgcatt 2101ttctagaaga aaacaccctt attcatggga atgtatgtgc caaaaatatt ctgcttatca 2161gagaagaaga caggaagaca ggaaatcctc ctttcatcaa acttagtgat cctggcatta 2221gtattacagt tttgccaaag gacattcttc aggagagaat accatgggta ccacctgaat 2281gcattgaaaa tcctaaaaat ttaaatttgg caacagacaa atggagtttt ggtaccactt 2341tgtgggaaat ctgcagtgga ggagataaac ctctaagtgc tctggattct caaagaaagc 2401tacaatttta tgaagatagg catcagcttc ctgcaccaaa gtgggcagaa ttagcaaacc 2461ttataaataa ttgtatggat tatgaaccag atttcaggcc ttctttcaga gccatcatac 2521gagatcttaa cagtttgttt actccagatt atgaactatt aacagaaaat gacatgttac 2581caaatatgag gataggtgcc ctggggtttt ctggtgcctt tgaagaccgg gatcctacac 2641agtttgaaga gagacatttg aaatttctac agcaacttgg caagggtaat tttgggagtg 2701tggagatgtg ccggtatgac cctctacagg acaacactgg ggaggtggtc gctgtaaaaa 2761agcttcagca tagtactgaa gagcacctaa gagactttga aagggaaatt gaaatcctga 2821aatccctaca gcatgacaac attgtaaagt acaagggagt gtgctacagt gctggtcggc 2881gtaatctaaa attaattatg gaatatttac catatggaag tttacgagac tatcttcaaa 2941aacataaaga acggatagat cacataaaac ttctgcagta cacatctcag atatgcaagg 3001gtatggagta tcttggtaca aaaaggtata tccacaggga tctggcaacg agaaatatat 3061tggtggagaa cgagaacaga gttaaaattg gagattttgg gttaaccaaa gtcttgccac 3121aagacaaaga atactataaa gtaaaagaac ctggtgaaag tcccatattc tggtatgctc 3181cagaatcact gacagagagc aagttttctg tggcctcaga tgtttggagc tttggagtgg 3241ttctgtatga acttttcaca tacattgaga agagtaaaag tccaccagcg gaatttatgc 3301gtatgattgg caatgacaaa caaggacaga tgatcgtgtt ccatttgata gaacttttga 3361agaataatgg aagattacca agaccagatg gatgcccaga tgagatctat atgatcatga 3421cagaatgctg gaacaataat gtaaatcaac gcccctcctt tagggatcta gctcttcgag 3481tggatcaaat aagggataac atggctggat gaaagaaatg accttcattc tgagaccaaa 3541gtagatttac agaacaaagt tttatatttc acattgctgt ggactattat tacatatatc 3601attattatat aaatcatgat gctagccagc aaagatgtga aaatatctgc tcaaaacttt 3661caaagtttag taagtttttc ttcatgaggc caccagtaaa agacattaat gagaattcct 3721tagcaaggat tttgtaagaa gtttcttaaa cattgtcagt taacatcact cttgtctggc 3781aaaagaaaaa aaatagactt tttcaactca gctttttgag acctgaaaaa attattatgt 3841aaattttgca atgttaaaga tgcacagaat atgtatgtat agtttttacc acagtggatg 3901tataatacct tggcatcttg tgtgatgttt tacacacatg agggctggtg ttcattaata 3961ctgttttcta atttttccat agttaatcta taattaatta cttcactata caaacaaatt 4021aagatgttca gataattgaa taagtacctt tgtgtccttg ttcatttata tcgctggcca 4081gcattataag caggtgtata cttttagctt gtagttccat gtactgtaaa tatttttcac 4141ataaagggaa caaatgtcta gttttatttg tataggaaat ttccctgacc ctaaataata 4201cattttgaaa tgaaacaagc ttacaaagat ataatctatt ttattatggt ttcccttgta 4261tctatttgtg gtgaatgtgt tttttaaatg gaactatctc caaatttttc taagactact 4321atgaacagtt ttcttttaaa attttgagat taagaatgcc aggaatattg tcatcctttg 4381agctgctgac tgccaataac attcttcgat ctctgggatt tatgctcatg aactaaattt 4441aagcttaagc cataaaatag attagattgt tttttaaaaa tggatagctc attaagaagt 4501gcagcaggtt aagaattttt tcctaaagac tgtatatttg aggggtttca gaattttgca 4561ttgcagtcat agaagagatt tatttccttt ttagagggga aatgaggtaa ataagtaaaa 4621aagtatgctt gttaatttta ttcaagaatg ccagtagaaa attcataacg tgtatcttta 4681agaaaaatga gcatacatct taaatctttt caattaagta taaggggttg ttcgttgttg 4741tcatttgtta tagtgctact ccactttaga caccatagct aaaataaaat atggtgggtt 4801ttgtgtgtgt gtgtgtgtgt gtgtgtgtgt gtgtgtgtgt gttatttata caaaacttaa 4861aatacttgct gttttgatta aaaagaaaat agtttcttac tttaHuman JAK2 mRNA Variant 4 (SEQ ID NO: 12) 1gggagtggtg tggggctgca ggaaggagag aggaagagga gcagaagggg gcagcagcgg 61acgccgctaa cggcctccct cggcgctgac aggctgggcc ggcgcccggc tcgcttgggt 121gttcgcgtcg ccacttcggc ttctcggccg gtcgggcccc tcggcccggg cttgcggcgc 181gcgtcggggc tgagggctgc tgcggcgcag ggagaggcct ggtcctcgct gccgagggat 241gtgagtggga gctgagccca cactggaggg cccccgaggg cccagcctgg aggtcgttca 301gagccgtgcc cgtcccgggg cttcgcagac cttgacccgc cgggtaggag ccgcccctgc 361gggctcgagg gcgcgctctg gtcgcccgat ctgtgtagcc ggcaaatgtt ctgaaaaaga 421ctctgcatgg gaatggcctg ccttacgatg acagaaatgg agggaacatc cacctcttct 481atatatcaga atggtgatat ttctggaaat gccaattcta tgaagcaaat agatccagtt 541cttcaggtgt atctttacca ttcccttggg aaatctgagg cagattatct gacctttcca 601tctggggagt atgttgcaga agaaatctgt attgctgctt ctaaagcttg tggtatcaca 661cctgtgtatc ataatatgtt tgctttaatg agtgaaacag aaaggatctg gtatccaccc 721aaccatgtct tccatataga tgagtcaacc aggcataatg tactctacag aataagattt 781tactttcctc gttggtattg cagtggcagc aacagagcct atcggcatgg aatatctcga 841ggtgctgaag ctcctcttct tgatgacttt gtcatgtctt acctctttgc tcagtggcgg 901catgattttg tgcacggatg gataaaagta cctgtgactc atgaaacaca ggaagaatgt 961cttgggatgg cagtgttaga tatgatgaga atagccaaag aaaacgatca aaccccactg 1021gccatctata actctatcag ctacaagaca ttcttaccaa aatgtattcg agcaaagatc 1081caagactatc atattttgac aaggaagcga ataaggtaca gatttcgcag atttattcag 1141caattcagcc aatgcaaagc cactgccaga aacttgaaac ttaagtatct tataaatctg 1201gaaactctgc agtctgcctt ctacacagag aaatttgaag taaaagaacc tggaagtggt 1261ccttcaggtg aggagatttt tgcaaccatt ataataactg gaaacggtgg aattcagtgg 1321tcaagaggga aacataaaga aagtgagaca ctgacagaac aggatttaca gttatattgc 1381gattttccta atattattga tgtcagtatt aagcaagcaa accaagaggg ttcaaatgaa 1441agccgagttg taactatcca taagcaagat ggtaaaaatc tggaaattga acttagctca 1501ttaagggaag ctttgtcttt cgtgtcatta attgatggat attatagatt aactgcagat 1561gcacatcatt acctctgtaa agaagtagca cctccagccg tgcttgaaaa tatacaaagc 1621aactgtcatg gcccaatttc gatggatttt gccattagta aactgaagaa agcaggtaat 1681cagactggac tgtatgtact tcgatgcagt cctaaggact ttaataaata ttttttgact 1741tttgctgtcg agcgagaaaa tgtcattgaa tataaacact gtttgattac aaaaaatgag 1801aatgaagagt acaacctcag tgggacaaag aagaacttca gcagtcttaa agatcttttg 1861aattgttacc agatggaaac tgttcgctca gacaatataa ttttccagtt tactaaatgc 1921tgtcccccaa agccaaaaga taaatcaaac cttctagtct tcagaacgaa tggtgtttct 1981gatgtaccaa cctcaccaac attacagagg cctactcata tgaaccaaat ggtgtttcac 2041aaaatcagaa atgaagattt gatatttaat gaaagccttg gccaaggcac ttttacaaag 2101atttttaaag gcgtacgaag agaagtagga gactacggtc aactgcatga aacagaagtt 2161cttttaaaag ttctggataa agcacacaga aactattcag agtetttett tgaagcagca 2221agtatgatga gcaagctttc tcacaagcat ttggttttaa attatggagt atgtgtctgt 2281ggagacgaga atattctggt tcaggagttt gtaaaatttg gatcactaga tacatatctg 2341aaaaagaata aaaattgtat aaatatatta tggaaacttg aagttgctaa acagttggca 2401tgggccatgc attttctaga agaaaacacc cttattcatg ggaatgtatg tgccaaaaat 2461attctgctta tcagagaaga agacaggaag acaggaaatc ctcctttcat caaacttagt 2521gatcctggca ttagtattac agttttgcca aaggacattc ttcaggagag aataccatgg 2581gtaccacctg aatgcattga aaatcctaaa aatttaaatt tggcaacaga caaatggagt 2641tttggtacca ctttgtggga aatctgcagt ggaggagata aacctctaag tgctctggat 2701tctcaaagaa agctacaatt ttatgaagat aggcatcagc ttcctgcacc aaagtgggca 2761gaattagcaa accttataaa taattgtatg gattatgaac cagatttcag gccttctttc 2821agagccatca tacgagatct taacagtttg tttactccag attatgaact attaacagaa 2881aatgacatgt taccaaatat gaggataggt gccctggggt tttctggtgc ctttgaagac 2941cgggatccta cacagtttga agagagacat ttgaaatttc tacagcaact tggcaagggt 3001aattttggga gtgtggagat gtgccggtat gaccctctac aggacaacac tggggaggtg 3061gtcgctgtaa aaaagcttca gcatagtact gaagagcacc taagagactt tgaaagggaa 3121attgaaatcc tgaaatccct acagcatgac aacattgtaa agtacaaggg agtgtgctac 3181agtgctggtc ggcgtaatct aaaattaatt atggaatatt taccatatgg aagtttacga 3241gactatcttc aaaaacataa agaacggata gatcacataa aacttctgca gtacacatct 3301cagatatgca agggtatgga gtatcttggt acaaaaaggt atatccacag ggatctggca 3361acgagaaata tattggtgga gaacgagaac agagttaaaa ttggagattt tgggttaacc 3421aaagtcttgc cacaagacaa agaatactat aaagtaaaag aacctggtga aagtcccata 3481ttctggtatg ctccagaatc actgacagag agcaagtttt ctgtggcctc agatgtttgg 3541agctttggag tggttctgta tgaacttttc acatacattg agaagagtaa aagtccacca 3601gcggaattta tgcgtatgat tggcaatgac aaacaaggac agatgatcgt gttccatttg 3661atagaacttt tgaagaataa tggaagatta ccaagaccag atggatgccc agatgagatc 3721tatatgatca tgacagaatg ctggaacaat aatgtaaatc aacgcccctc ctttagggat 3781ctagctcttc gagtggatca aataagggat aacatggctg gatgaaagaa atgaccttca 3841ttctgagacc aaagtagatt tacagaacaa agttttatat ttcacattgc tgtggactat 3901tattacatat atcattatta tataaatcat gatgctagcc agcaaagatg tgaaaatatc 3961tgctcaaaac tttcaaagtt tagtaagttt ttcttcatga ggccaccagt aaaagacatt 4021aatgagaatt ccttagcaag gattttgtaa gaagtttctt aaacattgtc agttaacatc 4081actcttgtct ggcaaaagaa aaaaaataga ctttttcaac tcagcttttt gagacctgaa 4141aaaattatta tgtaaatttt gcaatgttaa agatgcacag aatatgtatg tatagttttt 4201accacagtgg atgtataata ccttggcatc ttgtgtgatg ttttacacac atgagggctg 4261gtgttcatta atactgtttt ctaatttttc catagttaat ctataattaa ttacttcact 4321atacaaacaa attaagatgt tcagataatt gaataagtac ctttgtgtcc ttgttcattt 4381atatcgctgg ccagcattat aagcaggtgt atacttttag cttgtagttc catgtactgt 4441aaatattttt cacataaagg gaacaaatgt ctagttttat ttgtatagga aatttccctg 4501accctaaata atacattttg aaatgaaaca agcttacaaa gatataatct attttattat 4561ggtttccctt gtatctattt gtggtgaatg tgttttttaa atggaactat ctccaaattt 4621ttctaagact actatgaaca gttttctttt aaaattttga gattaagaat gccaggaata 4681ttgtcatcct ttgagctgct gactgccaat aacattcttc gatctctggg atttatgctc 4741atgaactaaa tttaagctta agccataaaa tagattagat tgttttttaa aaatggatag 4801ctcattaaga agtgcagcag gttaagaatt ttttcctaaa gactgtatat ttgaggggtt 4861tcagaatttt gcattgcagt catagaagag atttatttcc tttttagagg ggaaatgagg 4921taaataagta aaaaagtatg cttgttaatt ttattcaaga atgccagtag aaaattcata 4981acgtgtatct ttaagaaaaa tgagcataca tcttaaatct tttcaattaa gtataagggg 5041ttgttcgttg ttgtcatttg ttatagtgct actccacttt agacaccata gctaaaataa 5101aatatggtgg gttttgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgttattt 5161atacaaaact taaaatactt gctgttttga ttaaaaagaa aatagtttct tactttaHuman JAK3 mRNA (SEQ ID NO: 13) 1cacacaggaa ggagccgagt gggactttcc tctcgctgcc tcccggctct gcccgccctt 61cgaaagtcca gggtccctgc ccgctaggca agttgcactc atggcacctc caagtgaaga 121gacgcccctg atccctcagc gttcatgcag cctcttgtcc acggaggctg gtgccctgca 181tgtgctgctg cccgctcggg gccccgggcc cccccagcgc ctatctttct cctttgggga 241ccacttggct gaggacctgt gcgtgcaggc tgccaaggcc agcggcatcc tgcctgtgta 301ccactccctc tttgctctgg ccacggagga cctgtcctgc tggttccccc cgagccacat 361cttctccgtg gaggatgcca gcacccaagt cctgctgtac aggattcgct tttacttccc 421caattggttt gggctggaga agtgccaccg cttcgggcta cgcaaggatt tggccagtgc 481tatccttgac ctgccagtcc tggagcacct ctttgcccag caccgcagtg acctggtgag 541tgggcgcctc cccgtgggcc tcagtctcaa ggagcagggt gagtgtctca gcctggccgt 601gttggacctg gcccggatgg cgcgagagca ggcccagcgg ccgggagagc tgctgaagac 661tgtcagctac aaggcctgcc tacccccaag cctgcgcgac ctgatccagg gcctgagctt 721cgtgacgcgg aggcgtattc ggaggacggt gcgcagagcc ctgcgccgcg tggccgcctg 781ccaggcagac cggcactcgc tcatggccaa gtacatcatg gacctggagc ggctggatcc 841agccggggcc gccgagacct tccacgtggg cctccctggg gcccttggtg gccacgacgg 901gctggggctg ctccgcgtgg ctggtgacgg cggcatcgcc tggacccagg gagaacagga 961ggtcctccag cccttctgcg actttccaga aatcgtagac attagcatca agcaggcccc 1021gcgcgttggc ccggccggag agcaccgcct ggtcactgtt accaggacag acaaccagat 1081tttagaggcc gagttcccag ggctgcccga ggctctgtcg ttcgtggcgc tcgtggacgg 1141ctacttccgg ctgaccacgg actcccagca cttcttctgc aaggaggtgg caccgccgag 1201gctgctggag gaagtggccg agcagtgcca cggccccatc actctggact ttgccatcaa 1261caagctcaag actgggggct cacgtcctgg ctcctatgtt ctccgccgca gcccccagga 1321ctttgacagc ttcctcctca ctgtctgtgt ccagaacccc cttggtcctg attataaggg 1381ctgcctcatc cggcgcagcc ccacaggaac cttccttctg gttggcctca gccgacccca 1441cagcagtctt cgagagctcc tggcaacctg ctgggatggg gggctgcacg tagatggggt 1501ggcagtgacc ctcacttcct gctgtatccc cagacccaaa gaaaagtcca acctgatcgt 1561ggtccagaga ggtcacagcc cacccacatc atccttggtt cagccccaat cccaatacca 1621gctgagtcag atgacatttc acaagatccc tgctgacagc ctggagtggc atgagaacct 1681gggccatggg tccttcacca agatttaccg gggctgtcgc catgaggtgg tggatgggga 1741ggcccgaaag acagaggtgc tgctgaaggt catggatgcc aagcacaaga actgcatgga 1801gtcattcctg gaagcagcga gcttgatgag ccaagtgtcg taccggcatc tcgtgctgct 1861ccacggcgtg tgcatggctg gagacagcac catggtgcag gaatttgtac acctgggggc 1921catagacatg tatctgcgaa aacgtggcca cctggtgcca gccagctgga agctgcaggt 1981ggtcaaacag ctggcctacg ccctcaacta tctggaggac aaaggcctgc cccatggcaa 2041tgtctctgcc cggaaggtgc tcctggctcg ggagggggct gatgggagcc cgcccttcat 2101caagctgagt gaccctgggg tcagccccgc tgtgttaagc ctggagatgc tcaccgacag 2161gatcccctgg gtggcccccg agtgtctccg ggaggcgcag acacttagct tggaagctga 2221caagtggggc ttcggcgcca cggtctggga agtgtttagt ggcgtcacca tgcccatcag 2281tgccctggat cctgctaaga aactccaatt ttatgaggac cggcagcagc tgccggcccc 2341caagtggaca gagctggccc tgctgattca acagtgcatg gcctatgagc cggtccagag 2401gccctccttc cgagccgtca ttcgtgacct caatagcctc atctcttcag actatgagct 2461cctctcagac cccacacctg gtgccctggc acctcgtgat gggctgtgga atggtgccca 2521gctctatgcc tgccaagacc ccacgatctt cgaggagaga cacctcaagt acatctcaca 2581gctgggcaag ggcaactttg gcagcgtgga gctgtgccgc tatgacccgc taggcgacaa 2641tacaggtgcc ctggtggccg tgaaacagct gcagcacagc gggccagacc agcagaggga 2701ctttcagcgg gagattcaga tcctcaaagc actgcacagt gatttcattg tcaagtatcg 2761tggtgtcagc tatggcccgg gccgccagag cctgcggctg gtcatggagt acctgcccag 2821cggctgcttg cgcgacttcc tgcagcggca ccgcgcgcgc ctcgatgcca gccgcctcct 2881tctctattcc tcgcagatct gcaagggcat ggagtacctg ggctcccgcc gctgcgtgca 2941ccgcgacctg gccgcccgaa acatcctcgt ggagagcgag gcacacgtca agatcgctga 3001cttcggccta gctaagctgc tgccgcttga caaagactac tacgtggtcc gcgagccagg 3061ccagagcccc attttctggt atgcccccga atccctctcg gacaacatct tctctcgcca 3121gtcagacgtc tggagcttcg gggtcgtcct gtacgagctc ttcacctact gcgacaaaag 3181ctgcagcccc tcggccgagt tcctgcggat gatgggatgt gagcgggatg tccccgccct 3241ctgccgcctc ttggaactgc tggaggaggg ccagaggctg ccggcgcctc ctgcctgccc 3301tgctgaggtt cacgagctca tgaagctgtg ctgggcccct agcccacagg accggccatc 3361attcagcgcc ctgggccccc agctggacat gctgtggagc ggaagccggg ggtgtgagac 3421tcatgccttc actgctcacc cagagggcaa acaccactcc ctgtcctttt catagctcct 3481gcccgcagac ctctggatta ggtctctgtt gactggctgt gtgaccttag gcccggagct 3541gcccctctct gggcctcaga ggccttatga gggtcctcta cttcaggaac acccccatga 3601cattgcattt gggggggctc ccgtggcctg tagaatagcc tgtggccttt gcaatttgtt 3661aaggttcaag acagatgggc atatgtgtca gtggggctct ctgagtcctg gcccaaagaa 3721gcaaggaacc aaatttaaga ctctcgcatc ttcccaaccc cttaagccct ggccccctga 3781gtttcctttt ctgtctctct ctttttattt tttttatttt tatttttatt tttgagacag 3841agcctcgctc tgttacccag ggtggagtgc agtggtgcga tctcggctca gtgcaacctc 3901tgcttcccag gttcaagcga ttctcctgcc tcagcctccc gagtagctgg gattacaggt 3961gtgcaccacc acacccggct aatttttttt atttttaata gagatgaggt ttcaccatga 4021tggccaggct gatctcgaac tcctaacctc aagtgatcct cccacctcag cctcccaaag 4081tgttggaata ataggcatga gccactgcac ccaggctttt ttttttttaa atttattatt 4141attattttta agagacagga tcttgctacg ttgcccaggc tggtcttgaa ctcctgggct 4201acagtgatcc tcctgcctta tcctcctaaa tagctgggac tacagcacct agttttgagt 4261ttcctgtctt atttccaatg gggacattca tgtagctttt tttttttttt tttttttgag 4321acggagtctc gctctgtcgc ccaggctgga gtacagtggc gcaatctagg ctcactgcaa 4381gctccgcctc ctgggttcac accattctct cgcctcagcc tcccaagtag ctgggactac 4441aggcgcccgc caccacaccc ggctaatttt ttgtattttt agtagagacg gggtttcacc 4501ttgttagcca ggatggtttc catctcctga cctcgtgatc tgcccgtctc ggcctcccaa 4561agtgctggga ttacaggcat gagccactgc gcccggccct catgtagctt taaatgtatg 4621atctgacttc tgctccccga tctctgtttc tctggaggaa gccaaggaca agagcagttg 4681ctgtggctgg gactctgcct tttaggggag cccgtgtatc tctttgggat cctgaaaggg 4741ggcaggaaag gctggggtcc cagtccaccc taatggtatc tgagtgtcct agggcttcag 4801ttttcccacc tgtccaatgg gaccctttct gtcctcaccc tacaaggggc acaaagggat 4861gacaccaaac ctggcaggaa cttttcacgc aatcaaggga aggaaaggca ttcctggcag 4921agggaacagc atgccaagcg tgagaaggct cagagtaagg aggttaagag cccaagtatt 4981ggagcctaca gttttgcccc ttccatgcag tgtgacagtg ggcaagttcc tttccctctc 5041tgggtctcag ttctgtcccc tgcaaaatgg tcagagctta ccccttggct gtgcagggtc 5101aactttctga ctggtgagag ggattctcat gcaggttaag cttctgctgc tcctcctcac 5161ctgcaaagct tttctgccac ttttgcctcc ttggaaaact cttatccatc tctcaaaact 5221ccagctacca catccttgca gccttccctc atataccccc actactactg tagccctgtc 5281cttccctcca gccccactct ggccctgggg ctggggaagt gtctgtgtcc agctgtctcc 5341cctgacctca gggttccttg ggggctgggc tgaggcctca gtacagaggg ggctctggaa 5401atgtttgttg actgaataaa ggaattcagt ggaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa Human JAK3 mRNA(SEQ ID NO: 14) 1ccctctgacc aggactgagg ggetttttct ctctgtgccc caggcaagtt gcactcatta 61tggaattccg gcggcccgct aggcaagttg cactcatggc acctccaagt gaagagacgc 121ccctgatccc tcagcgttca tgcagcctct tgtccacgga ggctggtgcc ctgcatgtgc 181tgctgcccgc tcgggccccg gggccccccc agcgcctatc tttctccttt ggggaccact 241tggctgagga cctgtgcgtg caggctgcca aggccagcgg catcctgcct gtgtaccact 301ccctctttgc tctggccacg gaggacctgt cctgctggtt ccccccgagc cacatcttct 361ccgtggagga tgccagcacc caagtcctgc tgtacaggat tcgcttttac ttccccaatt 421ggtttgggct ggagaagtgc caccgcttcg ggctacgcaa ggatttggcc agtgctatcc 481ttgacctgcc agtcctggag cacctctttg cccagcaccg cagtgacctg gtgagtgggc 541gcctccccgt gggcctcagt ctcaaggagc agggtgagtg tctcagcctg gccgtgttgg 601acctggcccg gatggcgcga gagcaggccc agcggccggg agagctgctg aagactgtca 661gctacaaggc ctgcctaccc ccaagcctgc gcgacctgat ccagggcctg agcttcgtga 721cgcggagggc tattcggagg acggtgcgca gagccctgcc gcgcgtggcc gcctgccagg 781cagaccggca ctcgctcatg gccaagtaca tcatggacct ggagcggctg gatccagccg 841gggccgccga gaccttccac gtgggcctcc ctggggccct tggtggccac gacgggctgg 901ggctgctccg cgtggctggt gacggcggca tcgcctggac ccagggagaa caggaggtcc 961tccagccctt ctgcgacttt ccagaaatcg tagacattag catcaagcag gccccgcgcg 1021ttggcccggc cggagagcac cgcctggtca ctgttaccag gacagacaac cagattttag 1081aggccgagtt cccagggctg cccgaggctc tgtcgttcgt ggcgctcgtg gacggctact 1141tccggctgac cacggactcc cagcacttct tctgcaagga ggtggcaccg ccgaggctgc 1201tggaggaagt ggccgagcag tgccacggcc ccatcactct ggactttgcc atcaacaagc 1261tcaagactgg gggctcacgt cctggctcct atgttctccg ccgcagcccc caggactttg 1321acagcttcct cctcactgtc tgtgtccaga acccccttgg tcctgattat aagggctgcc 1381tcatccggcg cagccccaca ggaaccttcc ttctggttgg cctcagccga ccccacagca 1441gtcttcgaga gctcctggca acctgctggg atggggggct gcacgtagat ggggtggcag 1501tgaccctcac ttcctgctgt atccccagac ccaaagaaaa gtccaacctg atcgtggtcc 1561agagaggtca cagcccaccc acatcatcct tggttcagcc ccaatcccaa taccagctga 1621gtcagatgac atttcacaag atccctgctg acagcctgga gtggcatgag aacctgggcc 1681atgggtcctt caccaagatt taccggggct gtcgccatga ggtggtggat ggggaggccc 1741gaaagacaga ggtgctgctg aaggtcatgg atgccaagca caagaactgc atggagtcat 1801tcctggaagc agcgagcttg atgagccaag tgtcgtaccg gcatctcgtg ctgctccacg 1861gcgtgtgcat ggctggagac agcaccatgg tgcaggaatt tgtacacctg ggggccatag 1921acatgtatct gcgaaaacgt ggccacctgg tgccagccag ctggaagctg caggtggtca 1981aacagctggc ctacgccctc aactatctgg aggacaaagg cctgccccat ggcaatgtct 2041ctgcccggaa ggtgctcctg gctcgggagg gggctgatgg gagcccgccc ttcatcaagc 2101tgagtgaccc tggggtcagc cccgctgtgt taagcctgga gatgctcacc gacaggatcc 2161cctgggtggc ccccgagtgt ctccgggagg cgcagacact tagcttggaa gctgacaagt 2221ggggcttcgg cgccacggtc tgggaagtgt ttagtggcgt caccatgccc atcagtgccc 2281tggatcctgc taagaaactc caattttatg aggaccggca gcagctgccg gcccccaagt 2341ggacagagct ggccctgctg attcaacagt gcatggccta tgagccggtc cagaggccct 2401ccttccgagc cgtcattcgt gacctcaata gcctcatctc ttcagactat gagctcctct 2461cagaccccac acctggtgcc ctggcacctc gtgatgggct gtggaatggt gcccagctct 2521atgcctgcca agaccccacg atcttcgagg agagacacct caagtacatc tcacagctgg 2581gcaagggcaa ctttggcagc gtggagctgt gccgctatga cccgctagcc cacaatacag 2641gtgccctggt ggccgtgaaa cagctgcagc acagcgggcc agaccagcag agggactttc 2701agcgggagat tcagatcctc aaagcactgc acagtgattt cattgtcaag tatcgtggtg 2761tcagctatgg cccgggccgg ccagagctgc ggctggtcat ggagtacctg cccagcggct 2821gcttgcgcga cttcctgcag cggcaccgcg cgcgcctcga tgccagccgc ctccttctct 2881attcctcgca gatctgcaag ggcatggagt acctgggctc ccgccgctgc gtgcaccgcg 2941acctggccgc ccgaaacatc ctcgtggaga gcgaggcaca cgtcaagatc gctgacttcg 3001gcctagctaa gctgctgccg cttgacaaag actactacgt ggtccgcgag ccaggccaga 3061gccccatttt ctggtatgcc cccgaatccc tctcggacaa catcttctct cgccagtcag 3121acgtctggag cttcggggtc gtcctgtacg agctcttcac ctactgcgac aaaagctgca 3181gcccctcggc cgagttcctg cggatgatgg gatgtgagcg ggatgtcccc gccctctgcc 3241gcctcttgga actgctggag gagggccaga ggctgccggc gcctcctgcc tgccctgctg 3301aggttcacga gctcatgaag ctgtgctggg cccctagccc acaggaccgg ccatcattca 3361gcgccctggg cccccagctg gacatgctgt ggagcggaag ccgggggtgt gagactcatg 3421ccttcactgc tcacccagag ggcaaacacc actccctgtc cttttcatag ctcctgcccg 3481cagacctctg gattaggtct ctgttgactg gctgtgtgac cttaggcccg gagctgcccc 3541tctctgggcc tcagaggcct tatgagggtc ctctacttca ggaacacccc catgacattg 3601catttggggg ggctcccgtg gcctgtagaa tagcctgtgg cctttgcaat ttgttaaggt 3661tcaagacaga tgggcatatg tgtcagtggg gctctctgag tcctggccca aagaagcaag 3721gaaccaaatt taagactctc gcatcttccc aaccccttaa gccctggccc cctgagtttc 3781cttttctcgt ctctctcttt ttattttttt tatttttatt tttatttttg agacagagcc 3841tcgctcgtta cccagggtgg agtgcagtgg tagcgatctc ggctcacagt gcaacctctg 3901cttcccaggt tcaagcgatt ctcctgcctc agcctcccga gtagctggga ttacaggtgt 3961gcaccaccac acccggctaa ttttttttat ttttaataga gatgaggttt caccatgatg 4021gccaggctga tctcgaactc ctaacctcaa gtgatcctcc cacc Human TYK2 mRNA(SEQ ID NO: 15) 1aagcagtagc tacccgcggg agcggggagg ggtccgggtt cgagcttgtg ttcccccgga 61agggtgagtc tggacgcggg cgcggaagga gcgcggccgg aggtcctcag gaagaagccg 121cggggactgg ctgcgcttga caggctgcac ttggatggga gcacctggtg cctcgggact 181gctccgatgc ccgggtctgt gctgaatgtg taatatgcgg aactatattg aaacattaca 241accatctttt gatggcaaca ccctgaggac ctcccttttc cagatgggga aactgaggcc 301cagaattgct aagtggcttg cttgagttga cacagggagc tccaggactc accctcagct 361gagccacctg ccgggagcat gcctctgcgc cactggggga tggccagggg cagtaagccc 421gttggggatg gagcccagcc catggctgcc atgggaggcc tgaaggtgct tctgcactgg 481gctggtccag gcggcgggga gccctgggtc actttcagtg agtcatcgct gacagctgag 541gaagtctgca tccacattgc acataaagtt ggtatcactc ctccttgctt caatctcttt 601gccctcttcg atgctcaggc ccaagtctgg ttgcccccaa accacatcct agagatcccc 661agagatgcaa gcctgatgct atatttccgc ataaggtttt atttccggaa ctggcatggc 721atgaatcctc gggaaccggc tgtgtaccgt tgtgggcccc caggaaccga ggcatcctca 781gatcagacag cacaggggat gcaactcctg gacccagcct catttgagta cctctttgag 841cagggcaagc atgagtttgt gaatgacgtg gcatcactgt gggagctgtc gaccgaggag 901gagatccacc actttaagaa tgagagcctg ggcatggcct ttctgcacct ctgtcacctc 961gctctccgcc atggcatccc cctggaggag gtggccaaga agaccagctt caaggactgc 1021atcccgcgct ccttccgccg gcatatccgg cagcacagcg ccctgacccg gctgcgcctt 1081cggaacgtct tccgcaggtt cctgcgggac ttccagccgg gccgactctc ccagcagatg 1141gtcatggtca aatacctagc cacactcgag cggctggcac cccgcttcgg cacagagcgt 1201gtgcccgtgt gccacctgag gctgctggcc caggccgagg gggagccctg ctacatccgg 1261gacagtgggg tggcccctac agaccctggc cctgagtctg ctgctgggcc cccaacccac 1321gaggtgctgg tgacaggcac tggtggcatc cagtggtggc cagtagagga ggaggtgaac 1381aaggaggagg gttctagtgg cagcagtggc aggaaccccc aagccagcct gtttgggaag 1441aaggccaagg ctcacaaggc agtcggccag ccggcagaca ggccgcggga gccactgtgg 1501gcctacttct gtgacttccg ggacatcacc cacgtggtgc tgaaagagca ctgtgtcagc 1561atccaccggc aggacaacaa gtgcctggag ctgagcttgc cttcccgggc tgcggcgctg 1621tccttcgtgt cgctggtgga cggctatttc cgcctgacgg ccgactccag ccactacctg 1681tgccacgagg tggctccccc acggctggtg atgagcatcc gggatgggat ccacggaccc 1741ctgctggagc catttgtgca ggccaagctg cggcccgagg acggcctgta cctcattcac 1801tggagcacca gccaccccta ccgcctgatc ctcacagtgg cccagcgtag ccaggcacca 1861gacggcatgc agagcttgcg gctccgaaag ttccccattg agcagcagga cggggccttc 1921gtgctggagg gctggggccg gtccttcccc agcgttcggg aacttggggc tgccttgcag 1981ggctgcttgc tgagggccgg ggatgactgc ttctctctgc gtcgctgttg cctgccccaa 2041ccaggagaaa cctccaatct catcatcatg cggggggctc gggccagccc caggacactc 2101aacctcagcc agctcagctt ccaccgggtt gaccagaagg agatcaccca gctgtcccac 2161ttgggccagg gcacaaggac caacgtgtat gagggccgcc tgcgagtgga gggcagcggg 2221gaccctgagg agggcaagat ggatgacgag gaccccctcg tgcctggcag ggaccgtggg 2281caggagctac gagtggtgct caaagtgctg gaccctagtc accatgacat cgccctggcc 2341ttctacgaga cagccagcct catgagccag gtctcccaca cgcacctggc cttcgtgcat 2401ggcgtctgtg tgcgcggccc tgaaaatatc atggtgacag agtacgtgga gcacggaccc 2461ctggatgtgt ggctgcggag ggagcggggc catgtgccca tggcttggaa gatggtggtg 2521gcccagcagc tggccagcgc cctcagctac ctggagaaca agaacctggt tcatggtaat 2581gtgtgtggcc ggaacatcct gctggcccgg ctggggttgg cagagggcac cagccccttc 2641atcaagctga gtgatcctgg cgtgggcctg ggcgccctct ccagggagga gcgggtggag 2701aggatcccct ggctggcccc cgaatgccta ccaggtgggg ccaacagcct aagcaccgcc 2761atggacaagt gggggtttgg cgccaccctc ctggagatct gctttgacgg agaggcccct 2821ctgcagagcc gcagtccctc cgagaaggag catttctacc agaggcagca ccggctgccc 2881gagccctcct gcccacagct ggccacactc accagccagt gtctgaccta tgagccaacc 2941cagaggccat cattccgcac catcctgcgt gacctcaccc ggctgcagcc ccacaatctt 3001gctgacgtct tgactgtgaa cccggactca ccggcgtcgg accctacggt tttccacaag 3061cgctatttga aaaagatccg agatctgggc gagggtcact tcggcaaggt cagcttgtac 3121tgctacgatc cgaccaacga cggcactggc gagatggtgg cggtgaaagc cctcaaggca 3181gactgcggcc cccagcaccg ctcgggctgg aagcaggaga ttgacattct gcgcacgctc 3241taccacgagc acatcatcaa gtacaagggc tgctgcgagg accaaggcga gaagtcgctg 3301cagctggtca tggagtacgt gcccctgggc agcctccgag actacctgcc ccggcacagc 3361atcgggctgg cccagctgct gctcttcgcc cagcagatct gcgagggcat ggcctatctg 3421cacgcgcagc actacatcca ccgagaccta gccgcgcgca acgtgctgct ggacaacgac 3481aggctggtca agatcgggga ctttggccta gccaaggccg tgcccgaagg ccacgagtac 3541taccgcgtgc gcgaggatgg ggacagcccc gtgttctggt atgccccaga gtgcctgaag 3601gagtataagt tctactatgc gtcagatgtc tggtccttcg gggtgaccct gtatgagctg 3661ctgacgcact gtgactccag ccagagcccc cccacgaaat tccttgagct cataggcatt 3721gctcagggtc agatgacagt tctgagactc actgagttgc tggaacgagg ggagaggctg 3781ccacggcccg acaaatgtcc ctgtgaggtc tatcatctca tgaagaactg ctgggagaca 3841gaggcgtcct ttcgcccaac cttcgagaac ctcataccca ttctgaagac agtccatgag 3901aagtaccaag gccaggcccc ttcagtgttc agcgtgtgct gaggcacaat ggcagccctg 3961cctgggagga ctggaccagg cagtggctgc agagggagcc tcctgctccc tgctccagga 4021tgaaaccaag agggggatgt cagcctcacc cacaccgtgt gccttactcc tgtctagaga 4081ccccacctct gtgaacttat ttttctttct tggccgtgag cctaaccatg atcttgaggg 4141acccaacatt tgtaggggca ctaatccagc ccttaaatcc cccagcttcc aaacttgagg 4201cccaccatct ccaccatctg gtaataaact catgttttct ctgctggaaa aaaaaaaaaa 4261aa

In some embodiments, an antisense nucleic acid molecule is complementaryto all or part of a non-coding region of the coding strand of anucleotide sequence encoding a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2 protein.Non-coding regions (5′ and 3′ untranslated regions) are the 5′ and 3′sequences that flank the coding region in a gene and are not translatedinto amino acids.

Based upon the sequences disclosed herein, one of skill in the art caneasily choose and synthesize any of a number of appropriate antisensenucleic acids to target a nucleic acid encoding a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, orTYK2 protein described herein. Antisense nucleic acids targeting anucleic acid encoding a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2 protein can bedesigned using the software available at the Integrated DNA Technologieswebsite.

In some embodiments, an antisense nucleic acid is about 5, 10, 15, 20,25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50 nucleotides or more in length. An antisenseoligonucleotide can be constructed using chemical synthesis andenzymatic ligation reactions using procedures known in the art. Forexample, an antisense nucleic acid can be chemically synthesized usingnaturally occurring nucleotides or variously modified nucleotidesdesigned to increase the biological stability of the molecules or toincrease the physical stability of the duplex formed between theantisense and sense nucleic acids, e.g., phosphorothioate derivativesand acridine substituted nucleotides can be used.

Examples of modified nucleotides which can be used to generate anantisense nucleic acid include 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil,5-chlorouracil, 5-iodouracil, hypoxanthine, xanthine, 4-acetylcytosine,5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil,5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine,5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil,beta-D-galactosylqueosine, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine,1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine,2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-adenine,7-methylguanine, 5-methylaminomethyluracil,5-methoxyaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, beta-D-mannosylqueosine,5′-methoxycarboxymethyluracil, 5-methoxyuracil,2-methylthio-N6-isopentenyladenine, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v),wybutoxosine, pseudouracil, queosine, 2-thiocytosine,5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 2-thiouracil, 4-thiouracil, 5-methyluracil,uracil-5-oxyacetic acid methylester, uracil-5-oxyacetic acid (v),5-methyl-2-thiouracil, 3-(3-amino-3-N-2-carboxypropyl) uracil, (acp3)w,and 2,6-diaminopurine. Alternatively, the antisense nucleic acid can beproduced biologically using an expression vector into which a nucleicacid has been subcloned in an antisense orientation (i.e., RNAtranscribed from the inserted nucleic acid will be of an antisenseorientation to a target nucleic acid of interest).

The antisense nucleic acid molecules described herein can be prepared invitro and administered to a mammal, e.g., a human. Alternatively, theycan be generated in situ such that they hybridize with or bind tocellular mRNA and/or genomic DNA encoding a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2protein to thereby inhibit expression, e.g., by inhibiting transcriptionand/or translation. The hybridization can be by conventional nucleotidecomplementarities to form a stable duplex, or, for example, in the caseof an antisense nucleic acid molecule that binds to DNA duplexes,through specific interactions in the major groove of the double helix.The antisense nucleic acid molecules can be delivered to a mammaliancell using a vector (e.g., a lentivirus, a retrovirus, or an adenovirusvector).

In some embodiments, an antisense nucleic acid is an α-anomeric nucleicacid molecule. An α-anomeric nucleic acid molecule forms specificdouble-stranded hybrids with complementary RNA in which, contrary to theusual, β-units, the strands run parallel to each other (Gaultier et al.,Nucleic Acids Res. 15:6625-6641, 1987). The antisense nucleic acid canalso comprise a 2′-O-methylribonucleotide (Inoue et al., Nucleic AcidsRes. 15:6131-6148, 1987) or a chimeric RNA-DNA analog (Inoue et al.,FEBS Lett. 215:327-330, 1987).

In some embodiments, an inhibitory nucleic acid is a ribozyme that hasspecificity for a nucleic acid encoding a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2protein (e.g., specificity for a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2 mRNA, e.g.,specificity for any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-15). Ribozymes are catalyticRNA molecules with ribonuclease activity that are capable of cleaving asingle-stranded nucleic acid, such as an mRNA, to which they have acomplementary region. Thus, ribozymes (e.g., hammerhead ribozymes(described in Haselhoff and Gerlach, Nature 334:585-591, 1988)) can beused to catalytically cleave mRNA transcripts to thereby inhibittranslation of the protein encoded by the mRNA. A ribozyme havingspecificity for a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2 mRNA can be designed basedupon the nucleotide sequence of any of the JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2mRNA sequences disclosed herein. For example, a derivative of aTetrahymena L-19 IVS RNA can be constructed in which the nucleotidesequence of the active site is complementary to the nucleotide sequenceto be cleaved in a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2 mRNA (see, e.g., U.S. Pat.Nos. 4,987,071 and 5,116,742). Alternatively, a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, orTYK2 mRNA can be used to select a catalytic RNA having a specificribonuclease activity from a pool of RNA molecules. See, e.g., Bartel etal., Science 261:1411-1418, 1993.

In some embodiments, an inhibitory nucleic acid is a nucleic acidmolecule that forms triple helical structures. For example, expressionof a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or JAK4 polypeptide can be inhibited by targetingnucleotide sequences complementary to the regulatory region of the geneencoding the JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2 polypeptide (e.g., the promoterand/or enhancer, e.g., a sequence that is at least 1 kb, 2 kb, 3 kb, 4kb, or 5 kb upstream of the transcription initiation start state) toform triple helical structures that prevent transcription of the gene intarget cells. See generally Helene, Anticancer Drug Des. 6(6):569-84,1991; Helene, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 660:27-36, 1992; and Maher, Bioassays14(12):807-15, 1992.

In various embodiments, inhibitory nucleic acids can be modified at thebase moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone to improve, e.g., thestability, hybridization, or solubility of the molecule. For example,the deoxyribose phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids can be modifiedto generate peptide nucleic acids (see, e.g., Hyrup et al., BioorganicMedicinal Chem. 4(1):5-23, 1996). Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) arenucleic acid mimics, e.g., DNA mimics, in which the deoxyribosephosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and only thefour natural nucleobases are retained. The neutral backbone of PNAsallows for specific hybridization to DNA and RNA under conditions of lowionic strength. The synthesis of PNA oligomers can be performed usingstandard solid phase peptide synthesis protocols (see, e.g.,Perry-O'Keefe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:14670-675, 1996).PNAs can be used as antisense or antigene agents for sequence-specificmodulation of gene expression by, e.g., inducing transcription ortranslation arrest or inhibiting replication.

PNAs can be modified, e.g., to enhance their stability or cellularuptake, by attaching lipophilic or other helper groups to PNA, by theformation of PNA-DNA chimeras, or by the use of liposomes or othertechniques of drug delivery known in the art. For example, PNA-DNAchimeras can be generated which may combine the advantageous propertiesof PNA and DNA. Such chimeras allow DNA recognition enzymes, e.g., RNAseH and DNA polymerases, to interact with the DNA portion while the PNAportion would provide high binding affinity and specificity. PNA-DNAchimeras can be linked using linkers of appropriate lengths selected interms of base stacking, number of bonds between the nucleobases, andorientation.

The synthesis of PNA-DNA chimeras can be performed as described in Finnet al., Nucleic Acids Res. 24:3357-63, 1996. For example, a DNA chaincan be synthesized on a solid support using standard phosphoramiditecoupling chemistry and modified nucleoside analogs. Compounds such as5′-(4-methoxytrityl)amino-5′-deoxy-thymidine phosphoramidite can be usedas a link between the PNA and the 5′ end of DNA (Mag et al., NucleicAcids Res. 17:5973-88, 1989). PNA monomers are then coupled in astepwise manner to produce a chimeric molecule with a 5′ PNA segment anda 3′ DNA segment (Finn et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 24:3357-63, 1996).Alternatively, chimeric molecules can be synthesized with a 5′ DNAsegment and a 3′ PNA segment (Peterser et al., Bioorganic Med. Chem.Lett. 5:1119-11124, 1975).

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acids include other appendedgroups such as peptides, or agents facilitating transport across thecell membrane (see, Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.86:6553-6556, 1989; Lemaitre et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.84:648-652, 1989; and WO 88/09810). In addition, the inhibitory nucleicacids can be modified with hybridization-triggered cleavage agents (see,e.g., Krol et al., Bio/Techniques 6:958-976, 1988) or intercalatingagents (see, e.g., Zon, Pharm. Res., 5:539-549, 1988). To this end, theoligonucleotide may be conjugated to another molecule, e.g., a peptide,hybridization triggered cross-linking agent, transport agent,hybridization-triggered cleavage agent, etc.

In some embodiments, expression of a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2 mRNA isdecreased in a mammalian cell by RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is aprocess in which mRNA is degraded in host cells. To inhibit an mRNA,double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) corresponding to a portion of the gene to besilenced (e.g., a gene encoding a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2 polypeptide)is introduced into a mammalian cell. The dsRNA is digested into 21-23nucleotide-long duplexes called short interfering RNAs (or siRNAs),which bind to a nuclease complex to form what is known as theRNA-induced silencing complex (or RISC). The RISC targets the homologoustranscript by base pairing interactions between one of the siRNA strandsand the endogenous mRNA. It then cleaves the mRNA about 12 nucleotidesfrom the 3′ terminus of the siRNA (see Sharp et al., Genes Dev.15:485-490, 2001, and Hammond et al., Nature Rev. Gen. 2:110-119, 2001).

RNA-mediated gene silencing can be induced in a mammalian cell in manyways, e.g., by enforcing endogenous expression of RNA hairpins (see,Paddison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99:1443-1448, 2002) or,as noted above, by transfection of small (21-23 nt) dsRNA (reviewed inCaplen, Trends Biotech. 20:49-51, 2002). Methods for modulating geneexpression with RNAi are described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 6,506,559 andUS 2003/0056235, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Standard molecular biology techniques can be used to generate siRNAs.Short interfering RNAs can be chemically synthesized, recombinantlyproduced, e.g., by expressing RNA from a template DNA, such as aplasmid, or obtained from commercial vendors, such as Dharmacon. The RNAused to mediate RNAi can include synthetic or modified nucleotides, suchas phosphorothioate nucleotides. Methods of transfecting cells withsiRNA or with plasmids engineered to make siRNA are routine in the art.

The siRNA molecules used to decrease expression of a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3,or TYK2 mRNA can vary in a number of ways. For example, they can includea 3′ hydroxyl group and strands of 21, 22, or 23 consecutivenucleotides. They can be blunt ended or include an overhanging end ateither the 3′ end, the 5′ end, or both ends. For example, at least onestrand of the RNA molecule can have a 3′ overhang from about 1 to about6 nucleotides (e.g., 1-5, 1-3, 2-4, or 3-5 nucleotides (whetherpyrimidine or purine nucleotides) in length. Where both strands includean overhang, the length of the overhangs may be the same or differentfor each strand.

To further enhance the stability of the RNA duplexes, the 3′ overhangscan be stabilized against degradation (by, e.g., including purinenucleotides, such as adenosine or guanosine nucleotides or replacingpyrimidine nucleotides by modified analogues (e.g., substitution ofuridine 2-nucleotide 3′ overhangs by 2′-deoxythymidine is tolerated anddoes not affect the efficiency of RNAi). Any siRNA can be used in themethods of decreasing a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2 mRNA, provided it hassufficient homology to the target of interest (e.g., a sequence presentin any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-15, e.g., a target sequence encompassing thetranslation start site or the first exon of the mRNA). There is no upperlimit on the length of the siRNA that can be used (e.g., the siRNA canrange from about 21 base pairs of the gene to the full length of thegene or more (e.g., about 20 to about 30 base pairs, about 50 to about60 base pairs, about 60 to about 70 base pairs, about 70 to about 80base pairs, about 80 to about 90 base pairs, or about 90 to about 100base pairs).

Non-limiting examples of JAK inhibitors that are siRNAs are described inCook et al., Blood 123:2826-2837, 2014. Non-limiting examples of JAKinhibitors that are short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are described inKoppikar et al., Nature 489(7414):155-159, 2012).

In certain embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of aninhibitory nucleic acid targeting a nucleic acid encoding a JAK1, JAK2,JAK3, or TYK2 protein is administered to a subject (e.g., a humansubject) in need thereof.

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid is about 10 nucleotidesto about 40 nucleotides (e.g., about 10 to about 30 nucleotides, about10 to about 25 nucleotides, about 10 to about 20 nucleotides, about 10to about 15 nucleotides, 10 nucleotides, 11 nucleotides, 12 nucleotides,13 nucleotides, 14 nucleotides, 15 nucleotides, 16 nucleotides, 17nucleotides, 18 nucleotides, 19 nucleotides, 20 nucleotides, 21nucleotides, 22 nucleotides, 23 nucleotides, 24 nucleotides, 25nucleotides, 26 nucleotides, 27 nucleotides, 28 nucleotides, 29nucleotides, 30 nucleotides, 31 nucleotides, 32 nucleotides, 33nucleotides, 34 nucleotides, 35 nucleotides, 36 nucleotides, 37nucleotides, 38 nucleotides, 39 nucleotides, or 40 nucleotides) inlength. One skilled in the art will appreciate that inhibitory nucleicacids may comprise at least one modified nucleic acid at either the 5′or 3′end of DNA or RNA.

As is known in the art, the term “thermal melting point (Tm)” refers tothe temperature, under defined ionic strength, pH, and inhibitorynucleic acid concentration, at which 50% of the inhibitory nucleic acidscomplementary to the target sequence hybridize to the target sequence atequilibrium. In some embodiments, an inhibitory nucleic acid can bindspecifically to a target nucleic acid under stingent conditions, e.g.,those in which the salt concentration is at least about 0.01 to 1.0 M Naion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperatureis at least about 30° C. for short oligonucleotides (e.g., 10 to 50nucleotide). Stringent conditions can also be achieved with the additionof destabilizing agents such as formamide.

In some embodiments of any of the inhibitory nucleic acids describedherein, the inhibitory nucleic acid binds to a target nucleic acid(e.g., a nucleic acid encoding JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2) with a T_(m)of greater than 20° C., greater than 22° C., greater than 24° C.,greater than 26° C., greater than 28° C., greater than 30° C., greaterthan 32° C., greater than 34° C., greater than 36° C., greater than 38°C., greater than 40° C., greater than 42° C., greater than 44° C.,greater than 46° C., greater than 48° C., greater than 50° C., greaterthan 52° C., greater than 54° C., greater than 56° C., greater than 58°C., greater than 60° C., greater than 62° C., greater than 64° C.,greater than 66° C., greater than 68° C., greater than 70° C., greaterthan 72° C., greater than 74° C., greater than 76° C., greater than 78°C., or greater than 80° C., e.g., as measured in phosphate bufferedsaline using a UV spectrophotometer.

In some embodiments of any of the inhibitor nucleic acids describedherein, the inhibitory nucleic acid binds to a target nucleic acid(e.g., a nucleic acid encoding a JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, or TYK2) with a T_(m)of about 20° C. to about 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74°C., about 72° C., about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64°C., about 62° C., about 60° C., about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54°C., about 52° C., about 50° C., about 48° C., about 46° C., about 44°C., about 42° C., about 40° C., about 38° C., about 36° C., about 34°C., about 32° C., about 30° C., about 28° C., about 26° C., about 24°C., or about 22° C. (inclusive); about 22° C. to about 80° C., about 78°C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C., about 68°C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C., about 58°C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C., about 50° C., about 48°C., about 46° C., about 44° C., about 42° C., about 40° C., about 38°C., about 36° C., about 34° C., about 32° C., about 30° C., about 28°C., about 26° C., or about 24° C. (inclusive); about 24° C. to about 80°C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70°C., about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60°C., about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C., about 50°C., about 48° C., about 46° C., about 44° C., about 42° C., about 40°C., about 38° C., about 36° C., about 34° C., about 32° C., about 30°C., about 28° C., or about 26° C. (inclusive); about 26° C. to about 80°C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70°C., about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60°C., about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C., about 50°C., about 48° C., about 46° C., about 44° C., about 42° C., about 40°C., about 38° C., about 36° C., about 34° C., about 32° C., about 30°C., or about 28° C. (inclusive); about 28° C. to about 80° C., about 78°C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C., about 68°C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C., about 58°C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C., about 50° C., about 48°C., about 46° C., about 44° C., about 42° C., about 40° C., about 38°C., about 36° C., about 34° C., about 32° C., or about 30° C.(inclusive); about 30° C. to about 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C.,about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C.,about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C., about 58° C., about 56° C.,about 54° C., about 52° C., about 50° C., about 48° C., about 46° C.,about 44° C., about 42° C., about 40° C., about 38° C., about 36° C.,about 34° C., or about 32° C. (inclusive); about 32° C. to about 80° C.,about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C.,about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C.,about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C., about 50° C.,about 48° C., about 46° C., about 44° C., about 42° C., about 40° C.,about 38° C., about 36° C., or about 34° C. (inclusive); about 34° C. toabout 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C.,about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C.,about 60° C., about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C.,about 50° C., about 48° C., about 46° C., about 44° C., about 42° C.,about 40° C., about 38° C., or about 36° C. (inclusive); about 36° C. toabout 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C.,about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C.,about 60° C., about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C.,about 50° C., about 48° C., about 46° C., about 44° C., about 42° C.,about 40° C., or about 38° C. (inclusive); about 38° C. to about 80° C.,about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C.,about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C.,about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C., about 50° C.,about 48° C., about 46° C., about 44° C., about 42° C., or about 40° C.(inclusive); about 40° C. to about 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C.,about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C.,about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C., about 58° C., about 56° C.,about 54° C., about 52° C., about 50° C., about 48° C., about 46° C.,about 44° C., or about 42° C. (inclusive); about 42° C. to about 80° C.,about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C.,about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C.,about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C., about 50° C.,about 48° C., about 46° C., or about 44° C. (inclusive); about 44° C. toabout 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C.,about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C.,about 60° C., about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C.,about 50° C., about 48° C., or about 46° C. (inclusive); about 46° C. toabout 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C.,about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C.,about 60° C., about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C.,about 50° C., or about 48° C. (inclusive); about 48° C. to about 80° C.,about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C.,about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C.,about 58° C., about 56° C., about 54° C., about 52° C., or about 50° C.(inclusive); about 50° C. to about 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C.,about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C.,about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C., about 58° C., about 56° C.,about 54° C., or about 52° C. (inclusive); about 52° C. to about 80° C.,about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C.,about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., about 60° C.,about 58° C., about 56° C., or about 54° C. (inclusive); about 54° C. toabout 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C.,about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C.,about 60° C., about 58° C., or about 56° C. (inclusive); about 56° C. toabout 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C.,about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C.,about 60° C., or about 58° C. (inclusive); about 58° C. to about 80° C.,about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C.,about 68° C., about 66° C., about 64° C., about 62° C., or about 60° C.(inclusive); about 60° C. to about 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C.,about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C., about 68° C., about 66° C.,about 64° C., or about 62° C. (inclusive); about 62° C. to about 80° C.,about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., about 70° C.,about 68° C., about 66° C., or about 64° C. (inclusive); about 64° C. toabout 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C.,about 70° C., about 68° C., or about 66° C. (inclusive); about 66° C. toabout 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C.,about 70° C., or about 68° C. (inclusive); about 68° C. to about 80° C.,about 78° C., about 76° C., about 74° C., about 72° C., or about 70° C.(inclusive); about 70° C. to about 80° C., about 78° C., about 76° C.,about 74° C., or about 72° C. (inclusive); about 72° C. to about 80° C.,about 78° C., about 76° C., or about 74° C. (inclusive); about 74° C. toabout 80° C., about 78° C., or about 76° C. (inclusive); about 76° C. toabout 80° C. or about 78° C. (inclusive); or about 78° C. to about 80°C. (inclusive),

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid is formulated in ananoparticle (e.g., a nanoparticle including one or more syntheticpolymers, e.g., Patil et al., Pharmaceutical Nanotechnol. 367:195-203,2009; Yang et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, doi:10.1021/acsami.6b16556, 2017; Perepelyuk et al., Mol. Ther. NucleicAcids 6:259-268, 2017). In some embodiments, the nanoparticle can be amucoadhesive particle (e.g., nanoparticles having a positively-chargedexterior surface) (Andersen et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 555:77-86, 2009).In some embodiments, the nanoparticle can have a neutrally-chargedexterior surface.

In some embodiments, the inhibitory nucleic acid is formulated, e.g., asa liposome (Buyens et al., J. Control Release 158(3): 362-370, 2012;Scarabel et al., Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 17:1-14, 2017), a micelle(e.g., a mixed micelle) (Tangsangasaksri et al., BioMacromolecules17:246-255, 2016; Wu et al., Nanotechnology, doi:10.1088/1361-6528/aa6519, 2017), a microemulsion (WO 11/004395), ananoemulsion, or a solid lipid nanoparticle (Sahay et al., NatureBiotechnol. 31:653-658, 2013; and Lin et al., Nanomedicine 9(1):105-120,2014). Additional exemplary structural features of inhibitory nucleicacids and formulations of inhibitory nucleic acids are described in US2016/0090598.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition includes a sterilesaline solution and one or more inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., any ofthe inhibitory nucleic acids described herein). In some examples, apharmaceutical composition consists of a sterile saline solution and oneor more inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., any of the inhibitory nucleicacids described herein). In certain embodiments, the sterile saline is apharmaceutical grade saline. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceuticalcomposition can include one or more inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., anyof the inhibitory nucleic acids described herein) and sterile water. Incertain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition consists of one ormore inhibitory nucleic acid (e.g., any of the inhibitory nucleic acidsdescribed herein) and sterile water. In certain embodiments, apharmaceutical composition includes one or more inhibitory nucleic acid(e.g., any of the inhibitory nucleic acids described herein) andphosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In certain embodiments, apharmaceutical composition consists of one or more inhibitory nucleicacids (e.g., any of the inhibitory nucleic acids described herein) andsterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In some examples, the sterilesaline is a pharmaceutical grade PBS.

In certain embodiments, one or more inhibitory nucleic acids (e.g., anyof the inhibitory nucleic acids described herein) is admixed withpharmaceutically acceptable active and/or inert substances for thepreparation of pharmaceutical compositions or formulations. Compositionsand methods for the formulation of pharmaceutical compositions depend ona number of criteria, including, but not limited to, route ofadministration, extent of disease, or dose to be administered.

Pharmaceutical compositions including one or more inhibitory nucleicacids encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or saltsof such esters. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutical compositionsinclude pharmaceutically acceptable salts of inhibitory nucleic acids.Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limitedto, sodium and potassium salts.

Also provided herein are prodrugs that include additional nucleosides atone or both ends of an inhibitory nucleic acid which are cleaved byendogenous nucleases within the body, to form the active inhibitorynucleic acid.

In some embodiments, lipid moieties are used to formulate an inhibitorynucleic acid. In certain such methods, the inhibitory nucleic acid isintroduced into preformed liposomes or lipoplexes made of mixtures ofcationic lipids and neutral lipids. In certain methods, inhibitorynucleic acid complexes with mono- or poly-cationic lipids are formedwithout the presence of a neutral lipid. In certain embodiments, a lipidmoiety is selected to increase distribution of an inhibitory nucleicacid to a particular cell or tissue in a mammal. In some examples, alipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of an inhibitorynucleic acid to fat tissue in a mammal. In certain embodiments, a lipidmoiety is selected to increase distribution of an inhibitory nucleicacid to muscle tissue.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise one or more inhibitory nucleic acid and one or more excipients.In certain such embodiments, excipients are selected from water, saltsolutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylase,magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin,hydroxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone.

In some examples, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein includesliposomes and emulsions. Liposomes and emulsions can be used toformulate hydrophobic compounds. In some examples, certain organicsolvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.

In some examples, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein includesone or more tissue-specific delivery molecules designed to deliver oneor more inhibitory nucleic acids to specific tissues or cell types in amammal. For example, a pharmaceutical composition can include liposomescoated with a tissue-specific antibody.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition provided hereinincludes a co-solvent system. Examples of such co-solvent systemsinclude benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organicpolymer, and an aqueous phase. A non-limiting example of such aco-solvent system is the VPD co-solvent system, which is a solution ofabsolute ethanol comprising 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of thenonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80′ and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300.As can be appreciated, other surfactants may be used instead ofPolysorbate 80™; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied;other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g.,polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides maysubstitute for dextrose.

In some examples, a pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oraladministration. In some examples, pharmaceutical compositions areformulated for buccal administration.

In some examples, a pharmaceutical composition is formulated foradministration by injection (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous,intramuscular, etc.). In some of these embodiments, a pharmaceuticalcomposition includes a carrier and is formulated in aqueous solution,such as water or physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks'ssolution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. In someexamples, other ingredients are included (e.g., ingredients that aid insolubility or serve as preservatives). In some examples, injectablesuspensions are prepared using appropriate liquid carriers, suspendingagents, and the like. Some pharmaceutical compositions for injection areformulated in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dosecontainers. Some pharmaceutical compositions for injection aresuspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, andmay contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing, and/ordispersing agents. Solvents suitable for use in pharmaceuticalcompositions for injection include, but are not limited to, lipophilicsolvents and fatty oils, such as sesame oil, synthetic fatty acidesters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, and liposomes.

Small Molecule Inhibitors of Janus Kinase or Other Protein Kinases

In some embodiments, the protein kinase inhibitor is a small moleculeJAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is filgotinib (GLPG0634, G146034)(Vermeire et al., Lancet 389(10066):266-275, 2017; Menet et al., J. Med.Chem. 57(22):9323-9342, 2014; Van Rompaey et al., J. Immunol.191(7):3568-3577, 2013; Namour et al., Clin. Pharmacokinet.54(8):859-874, 2015), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a metabolite of filgotinib,such as4-(4-(2-amino-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-5-yl)benzyl)thiomorpholine-1,1-dioxide(WO2018087202A1, US2016/0296529A1, U.S. Pat. No. 9,284,311B2), havingthe following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a mixture of filgotinib andthe foregoing metabolite thereof (US 2016/0296529A1, U.S. Pat. No.9,284,311B2).

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is solcitinib (GSK2586184,GLPG0778; Kahl et al., Lupus 25(13):1420-1430, 2016; Ludbrook et al.,Br. J. Dermatol. 174(5):985-995, 2016; van Vollenhoven et al., Lupus24(6):648-649, 2015), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is oclacitinib (PF03394197,Apoquel®) (Gonzales et al., J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 37(4):317-324,2014; Collard et al., J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 37(3):279-285, 2014;Cosgrove et al., Vet. Dermatol. 24(6):587-597, 2013), having thefollowing structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is upadacitinib (ABT494) (Kremeret al., Arthritis Rheumatol. 68(12):2867-2877, 2016; Mohamed et al.,Clin. Pharmaco. 55(12):1547-1558, 2016), GLG0778 (O'Shea et al., Ann.Rev. Med. 66(1):311-28, 2015; Schwartz et al., Nat. Rev. Rheum.12:25-36, 2016), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is itacitinib (INCB039110)(Mascarenhas et al., Haematologica 102(2):327-335, 2017; Bissonnette etal., J. Dermatolog. Treat. 27(4):332-338, 2016; Rosenthal et al., Exp.Opin. Pharmacother. 15(9):1265-1276, 2014), having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., itacitinibadipate).

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is abrocitinib (PF04965842)(Gadina et al., Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 26(2):237-243, 2014; Degryset etal., J. Hematol. Oncol. 8:91, 2015), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is INCB047986 or a variantthereof (Norman, Exp. Opin. Investig. Drugs 23(8):1067-1077, 2014); or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is SAR-20347 (Works et al., J.Immunol. 193(7):3278-3287, 2014)), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is, PF-06700841 (D'Amico, F. et al., Expert Opin. Invest.Drugs, 27(7):595-599 (2018)), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is INCB16562 or a variant thereof(Koppikar et al., Blood 115(4):2919-2927, 2010; Li et al., Neoplasia12(1):28-38, 2010), said INCB16562 having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is ruxolitinib (Jakafi®, Jakavi®,INCB018424) (Harrison et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 366:787-798, 2012; Pieriet al., Am. J. Hematol. 92(2):187-195, 2017; Mackay-Wiggan et al., JCIInsight 1(15):e89790, 2016; Rudolph et al., Leukemia 30(10):2119-2123,2016; Furqan et al., Biomark Res. 1(1):5, 2013), having the followingstructure:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is baricitinib (Olumiant®;INCB028050, LY3009104) (Gras, Drugs Today (Barc) 52(10):543-550, 2016;Smolen et al., Ann. Rheum. Dis. 76(4):694-700, 2016; Kubo et al.,Expert. Rev. Clin. Immunol. 12(9):911-919, 2016; Fridman et al., J.Immunol. 84(9):5298-5307, 2010; Hsu and Armstrong, J. Immunol. Res.Article ID 283617, 2014), having the following structure:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is momelotinib (GS-0387, CYT387)(Pardanani et al., Leukemia 23: 1441-1445, 2009; Gupta et al.,Haematologica 102(1):94-102, 2017; Hu et al., Mol. Pharm. 13(2):689-697,2016; Abubaker et al., BMC Cancer 14:317, 2014; Durmus et al.,Pharmacol. Res. 76:9-16, 2013; Pardanani et al., Leukemia27(6):1322-1327, 2013; Monaghan et al., Leukemia 25(12):1891-1899, 2011;Tyner et al., Blood 115(25):5232-5240, 2010) having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is AZD1480 (Ioannidis et al., J.Med. Chem. 54: 262-276, 2011; Moisan et al., Nat. Cell Biol.17(1):57-67, 2015; Qin et al., J. Neurosci. 36(18):5144059, 2016; Jianget al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 458(4):908-912, 2015; Verstovseket al., Leuk. Res. 39(2):157-163, 2015; Plimack et al., Oncologist18(7): 819-820, 2013; Yan et al., Oncotarget 4(3):433-445, 2013), havingthe following structure:

or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is CEP-33779 (Dugan et al., J.Med. Chem. 55(11):5243-5254, 2012; Seavey et al., Mol. Cancer Ther.11(4):984-993, 2012; Stump et al., Arthritis Res. Ther. 13(2):R68,2011), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is fedratinib (TG101348,SAR302503) (Pardanani et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 29:789-796, 2011; Jamiesonet al., J. Transl. Med. 13:294, 2015; Zhang et al., Oncotarget6(16):14329-14343, 2015; Wernig et al., Blood 105:4508-4515, 2008),having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is lestaurtinib (CEP-701) (Hexnetet al., Blood 111:5663-5671, 2008; Santos et al., Blood 115: 1131-1136,2010; Smith et al., Blood 103: 3669-3676, 2004; Hexner et al., Leuk.Lymphoma. 56(9):2543, 2015; Geyer et al., Hematology17(Suppl1):S129-132, 2012; Diaz et al., PLoS One 6(4):e18856, 2011;Minturn et al., Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 68(4):1057-1065, 2011),having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is AC-430((R)-(4-fluorophenyl)-[4-[(5-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino]quinazolin-2-yl]methanol)(O'Shea et al., Immunity 36(4):542-550, 2012; Patterson et al., Clin.Exp. Immunol. 176:1-10, 2014; U.S. Pat. No. 8,927,711;ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT01287858), having thefollowing structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is pacritinib (SB1518) (Deeg etal., J. Clin. Oncol. 29: Abstract 6515, 2011; Verstovsek et al., J.Hematol. Oncol. 9(1):137, 2016; Chow et al., Onco Targets. Ther.9:2655-2665, 2016; Komrokji et al., Blood 125(17):2649-2655, 2015;Jayaraman et al., Drug Metab. Lett. 9(1):28-47, 2015; clinicaltrials.govidentifier (NCT number): NCT02055781), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is BMS-911543 (Mace et al.,Oncotarget 6(42):44509-44522, 2015; Wan et al., ACS Med. Chem. Lett.6(8):850-855, 2015; Purandare et al., Leukemia 26(2):280-288, 2012),having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is XL019 (Verstovsek et al.,Leuk. Res. 38(3):316-322, 2014; Forsyth et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.22(24):7653-7658, 2012), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is Gandotinib® (LY2784544) (Ma etal., Blood Cancer J. 3:e109, 2013; Verstovsek et al., Blood 122: 665,2013; Mitchell et al., Org. Process Res. Dev. 16(1):70-81. 2012), havingthe following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound as described in US2009/0258864 A1, which is hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety. In a more particular embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is R723(Shide et al., Blood 117(25):6866-6875, 2011; US 2009/0258864 A1) havingthe following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tyrphostin B42((E)-N-benzyl-2-cyano-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acrylamide; Sugimoto etal., Eur. J. Immunol., 33(1):243-51, 2003), having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is Z3(2-methyl-1-phenyl-4-pyridin-2-yl-2-(2-pyridin-2-ylethyl)butan-1-one)(Sayyah et al., Mol. Cancer. Ther. 7(8):2308-2318, 2008) or a variantthereof, said Z3 having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is NVP-BSK805 or a variantthereof (Ringel et al., Acta Haematol. 132(1):75-86, 2014; Baffert etal., Mol. Cancer. Ther. 9(7):1945-1955, 2010), said NVP-BSK805 havingthe following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (for example, thedihydrochloride salt thereof).

In some embodiments, JAK inhibitor is CHZ868 or a variant thereof (Wu etal., Cancer Cell 28(1):29-41, 2015; Meyer et al., Cancer Cell28(1):15-28, 2015), said CHZ868 having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is decernotinib (VX-509) (Elwoodet al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2017; Genovese et al., Ann Rheum Dis.75(11):1979-1983, 2016; Gadina et al., Arthritis Rheumatol. 68(1):31-34,2016; Farmer et al., J. Med. Chem. 58(18):7195-7216, 2015; Fleischmannet al., Arthritis Rheumatol. 67(2):334-343, 2015; Mahajan et al., J.Pharmacol. 353(2):405-414, 2015), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is PF-06651600 (Thorarensen A. etal., J. Med. Chem., 60(5):1971-1993, 2017), having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is R348 (R932348) or a variantthereof (Velotta et al., Transplantation 87(5):653-659, 2009; Deuse etal., Transplantation 85(6):885-892, 2008), said R348 having thefollowing structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is the active metabolite of R348,also known as R333 (R932333) (Neuro-Oncol, 2014:16, suppl 3: iii35;Presto et al., Br. J. Derm., 2018, 178(6): 1308-1314; Velotta et al.,Transplantation 87(5):653-659, 2009); or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is cucurbitacin I (JSI-124) or avariant thereof (Oi et al., Int. J. Oncol. 49(6):2275-2284, 2016; Qi etal., Am. J. Chin. Med. 43(2):337-347, 2015; Seo et al., Food Chem.Toxicol. 64:217-224, 2014), said cucurbitacin I having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some preferred embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib(3-[(3R,4R)-4-methyl-3-[methyl(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]piperidin-1-yl]-3-oxopropanenitrile)having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a more particularembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate (Xeljanz®,Jakvinus®, tasocitinib, CP-690,550). In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is a variant of tofacitinib, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof. Tofacitinib and variants thereof are described in, forexample, Ghoreschi et al., J. Immunol. 186(7):4234-4243, 2011; Yoshidaet al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 418(2):234-240, 2012; Calama etal., Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. S1094-5539(16):30060-30068, 2017; Cutolo etal., J. Inflamm. Res. 6:129-137, 2013; Yokoyama et al., J. Clin.Immunol. 33(3):586-594, 2013; Thoma et al., J. Med. Chem. 54(1):284-288,2011; and Meyer et al. (2010) J. Inflamm. 7-41.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib variant is a prodrug oftofacitinib. In some more particular embodiments, the tofacitinibprodrug is a glucuronide-containing prodrug, for example, as describedin US 2017/0145044 A1, which is incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety. In some embodiments, the glucuronide-containing prodrug oftofacitinib is a compound of formula I:

wherein:

n is 0, 1, or 2;

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, amino, nitro, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, cyano, hydroxy andtrifluoromethyl;

each R², when present, is independently selected from the groupconsisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, amino, nitro, fluoro, chloro,bromo, iodo, cyano, hydroxyl and trifluoromethyl;

R³ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl;

R⁴ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the glucuronide-containing prodrugof tofacitinib is a compound of formula I, as described above, wherein nis 0, R³ is methyl, and R⁴ is methyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the glucuronide-containing prodrugof tofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(2-amino-4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the glucuronide-containing prodrugof tofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the glucuronide-containing prodrugof tofacitinib is a(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)-2-methylphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the glucuronide-containing prodrugof tofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(2-chloro-4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)phenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the glucuronide-containing prodrugof tofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)oxy)methyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the glucuronide-containing prodrug of tofacitinib isTD-3504 (Theravance Biopharma) or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In some embodiments, the glucuronide-containing prodrug oftofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyano-acetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamoyl)-oxy)methyl)-2-nitrophenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib variant is a thiocarbamate prodrugof tafacitinib, for example, as described in US 2018/0339980 A1, whichis incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In someembodiments, the thiocarbamate prodrug of tofacitinib is a compound offormula Ia.

wherein:

n is 0, 1, or 2;

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₃alkoxy, amino, nitro, halo, cyano, hydroxy and trifluoromethyl;

each R², when present, is independently selected from the groupconsisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₃ alkoxy, amino, nitro, halo, cyano,hydroxyl and trifluoromethyl;

R³ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl;

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl and ethyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the thiocarbamate prodrug oftofacitinib is a compound of formula Ia, as described above, wherein nis 0, R³ is methyl, and R⁴ is methyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the thiocarbamate prodrug oftofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamothioyl)oxy)methyl)-2-nitrophenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the thiocarbamate prodrug oftofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamothioyl)oxy)methyl)phenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure.

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the thiocarbamate prodrug oftofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-11-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamothioyl)oxy)methyl)-2-methylphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the thiocarbamate prodrug oftofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(2-chloro-4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamothioyl)oxy)methyl)phenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure.

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the thiocarbamate prodrug oftofacitinib is(2S,3S,4S,5R,6S)-6-(4-((((2-(4-(((3R,4R)-1-(2-cyanoacetyl)-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)(methyl)amino)-N-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-7-carboxamido)ethyl)(methyl)carbamothioyl)oxy)methyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy)-3,4,5-trihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylicacid having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is 3-O-methylthespesilactam (Liet al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 86(10):1411-8, 2013)), having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is peficitinib (ASP015K,JNJ-54781532) or a variant thereof (Genovese et al., ArthritisRheumatol., 2017; Ito et al., J. Pharmacol. Sci. 133(1):25-33, 2017; Caoet al. (2016) Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev. 5(6):435-449, 2016; Takeuchi etal., Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75(6):1057-1064, 2016), said peficitinib havingthe following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a naphthyridine compound asdescribed in US 2016/0347772 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 9,725,470 B2 or10,072,026, each of which are incorporated by reference in theirentirety herein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound ofthe following formula:

wherein:

R¹ is selected from:

(a) C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with one,two, or three fluoro or with a substituent selected from —CN;—OC₁₋₃alkyl; —C(O)OC₁₋₄alkyl; phenyl, wherein phenyl is optionallysubstituted with —OH; pyridinyl, wherein pyridinyl is optionallysubstituted with —CN; tetrahydropyranyl; —C(O)NR^(a)R^(b), wherein R^(a)and R^(b) are independently hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl or R^(a) is hydrogenand R^(b) is

and a group selected from

(b) a group selected from

wherein m is 1 or 2;

(c) —C(O)R⁶, wherein R⁶ is selected from

C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with one, two, orthree fluoro or with a substituent selected from —OH, —CN, —OC₁₋₄alkyl,phenyl, and —NR^(e)R^(f), wherein Re and R^(f) are independentlyhydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl;

C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, wherein C₃₋₆cycloalkyl is optionally substituted withC₁₋₃alkyl;

pyridinyl, wherein pyridinyl is optionally substituted with —CN; and

wherein R⁷ is —CN, —CF₃, or —OCH₃;

(d) —C(O)OR⁸, wherein R⁸ is selected from C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkylis optionally substituted with —CN, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,or —OR^(m), wherein R^(m) is hydrogen or C₁₋₃alkyl; and C₁₋₄alkenyl; and

(e) —S(O)₂R⁹, wherein R⁹ is selected from

C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with —CN,—OC₁₋₃alkyl, phenyl, pyridinyl, or C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,

C₁₋₄alkenyl,

C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, wherein C₃₋₆cycloalkyl is optionally substituted withC₁₋₃alkyl,

phenyl,

pyridinyl, wherein pyridinyl is optionally substituted with fluoro,

heterocycle containing 4 to 6 ring atoms including one nitrogen atom,wherein the heterocycle is optionally substituted with —CN or C₁₋₃alkyl,wherein C₁₋₃alkyl is optionally substituted with —CN or —OC₁₋₃alkyl; and

R² is selected from hydrogen, —OC₁₋₃alkyl, and —CH₂-R¹⁰, wherein R¹⁰ isselected from —OH, morpholinyl, piperidinyl, wherein piperidinyl isoptionally substituted with two fluoro, and piperazinyl, whereinpiperazinyl is optionally substituted with methyl;

R³ is selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₃alkyl, —OC₁₋₃alkyl, —C(O)OC₁₋₃alkyl,—S(O)₂C₁₋₃alkyl, and —CH₂S(O)₂C₁₋₃alkyl;

R⁴ is hydrogen or —OC₁₋₃alkyl;

R⁵ is hydrogen or fluoro; and

n is 1 or 2;

provided that

when R³ is —OC₁₋₃ alkyl and R², R⁴, and R⁵ are each hydrogen, R⁹ is notphenyl;

when R⁵ is fluoro, n is 1, and R², R³, and R⁴ are each hydrogen, R⁹ isnot phenyl; and

when R⁵ is fluoro, R³ is methyl, and R² and R⁴ are each hydrogen, R¹ isnot —C(O)OR⁸;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is naphthyridinecompound TD-1473 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In another particular embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is a naphthyridinecompound having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a pyrimidine compound asdescribed in WO 2017/189822 A1, US 2017/0312280 A1, and U.S. Pat. No.10,028,960, each of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety. In some embodiments, the pan-JAK inhibitor is a compound ofthe following Formula:

wherein:

R¹ is selected from:

-   -   (a) —S(O)₂R⁴, wherein R⁴ is selected from:        -   C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with            —CN, —OC₁₋₃alkyl, or C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,        -   heterocyclyl containing 4 to 6 ring atoms including one            nitrogen atom, wherein any heterocyclyl is optionally            substituted with —CN,        -   C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,        -   pyridinyl, wherein pyridinyl is optionally substituted with            fluoro, and        -   phenyl;

-   -   (b) C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with        —CN, CN or pyridinyl, wherein pyridinyl is optionally        substituted with —CN; and    -   (c) —C(O)R⁵, wherein R⁵ is selected from:        -   C₁₋₄alkyl, wherein C₁₋₄alkyl is optionally substituted with            C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, or with one or two fluoro,        -   —OC₁₋₄alkyl,        -   C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, and morpholinyl;

R² is hydrogen or methyl;

R³ is C₁₋₃alkyl; and

n is 1 or 2;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some more particular embodiments, the pyrimidine compound is acompound having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound as described in US2017/0121327 A1, U.S. Pat. No. 10,100,049 or 10,183,942, each of whichare herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In someembodiments, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

In some embodiments, JAK inhibitor is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In other embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is cerdulatinib (PRT2070,PRT062070) (Coffey et al. (2014) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.351(3):538-548, 2014; and Ma et al., Oncotarget 6(41):43881-43896, 2015)having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is pyridone 6 (P6; JAK Inhibitor1; CAS Registry No. 457081-03-07) (Nakagawa et al., J. Immunol.187(9):4611-4620, 2011; Pedranzini et al., Cancer Res. 66(19):9714-9721,2006; Bordonaro et al., PLoS One 9:e 115068, 2014), having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is PF-06263276 (Jones et al.,“Design and Synthesis of a Pan-Janus Kinase Inhibitor Clinical Candidate(PF-06263276) Suitable for Inhaled and Topical Delivery for theTreatment of Inflammatory Diseases of the Lungs and Skin,” J. Med.Chem., 2017, 60 (2), pp 767-786) having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is NDI-031301 (Akahane et al.,Blood 128:1596, 2016); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is BMS-986165 (Gillooly et al.,2016 ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting, Abstract 11L, 2016), having the followingstructure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tyrphostin A1 (Ishizaki etal., Int. Immunol. 26(5):257-267, 2014; Sugimoto et al., Eur. J.Immunol., 33(1):243-51, 2003), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a triazolopyridine, forexample, as disclosed in US 2013/0143915; or a variant thereof, forexample, a triazolopyridine having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a compound as described byTokarski J. S. et al., J. Biol. Chem., V290, No. 17, pp. 11061-11074(2015), which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety,wherein the compound has the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is NDI-031407 (Miao et al.,“Potent and Selective Tyk2 Inhibitor Highly Efficacious in Rodent Modelsof Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Psoriasis,” Nimbus Therapeutics, 2016ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting; Sep. 28, 2016; Abstract number 1911).

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is R256 (AZD0449) or a variantthereof (Ashino et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 133(4):1162-1174,2014); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is SDC-1801; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. SDC-1801 (Sareum PLC)demonstrates high selectivity for TYK2 and JAK1 kinases relative to JAK2and JAK3.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is GSK-2864192A; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Additional examples of JAK inhibitors are described in, e.g., Furomotoet al., BioDrugs 27(5):431-438, 2013; O'Shea et al., Ann. Rheum. Dis.72(2):ii111-ii-115, 2013; Sonbol et al., Ther. Adv. Hematol. 4(1):15-35,2013; Tanaka et al. (2015) J. Biochem. 158(3):173-179, 2015; Masse etal., J. Immunol. 194(1):67, 2015; Menet, Pharm. Pat. Anal. 3(4):449-466,2014; Liang et al., Euro. J. Med. Chem. 67: 175-187, 2013; Jang et al.,Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 25(18):3947-3952, 2015); U.S. Pat. Nos.9,296,725; 9,309,240; US 2013/0231340; and US 2016/0251376.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. Preferably, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinibor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In a most preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor is a tyrosine kinaseinhibitor, for example, a CSF-1R inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetyrosine kinase inhibitor is edicotinib (PRV-6527; JNJ-40346527) havingthe following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is TOP-1288 (Foster,Martyn et al., “The Pharmacological Profile of TOP1288, a NarrowSpectrum Kinase Inhibitor (NSKI) in Clinical Development as anAnti-Inflammatory Treatment for Ulcerative Colitis,” Gastroenterology,Volume 152, Issue 5, S766).

In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor is GLPG-0555, which inhibitsGT622 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01023321).

In some embodiments, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor is a compounddescribed in WO 2008/068751, which is incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety. In some embodiments, the small molecule is a compoundrepresented by the following structure:

wherein:

R¹, R², R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, acyland a functional group that gives rise to hydroxyl upon hydrolysis;

R³ and R⁷ are independently selected from H, halogen, haloalkyl and OR⁸,wherein R is H, C₁-C4 alkyl, acyl or a functional group that gives riseto hydroxyl upon hydrolysis;

R⁴ is H or CN;

including salts, hydrates, solvates, polymorphs, optical isomers,geometrical isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and mixtures thereof.

In some embodiments, the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor is a compoundhaving the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, thecompound is an agent that targets IRS1/2 and STAT3. In some embodiments,the compound is NT219 (El-Ami et al., Aging Cell (2014) 13:165-174;Kitov Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor is a compounddescribed in Reuveni et al., Cancer Res. (2013) 73:4383-4394, forexample, NT52, NT75, NT157, NT205 or C133; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the protein kinase inhibitor is a small moleculeinhibitor of receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIP-1kinase), for example, GSK-2982772 (Harris, P. A. et al., J. Med. Chem.60(4):1247-1261 (2017); clinicaltrials.gov study identifier NCT02903966entitled GSK2982772 Study in Subjects With Ulcerative Colitis) havingthe following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor is semapimod(N,N′-Bis{3,5-bis(1-(carbamimidoylhydrazono)ethyl)phenyl}decanediamide;CNI-1493; CAS Registry No. 352513-83-8) (ClinicalTrials.gov IdentifierNCT00739986). Semapimod inhibits c-Raf, a MAPK kinase kinase upstream ofERK (Lowenberg M, Verhaar A, van den Blink B, ten Kate F, van DeventerS, Peppelenbosch M, Hommes D. Specific inhibition of c-Raf activity bysemapimod induces clinical remission in severe Crohn's disease. J.Immunol. 2005; 175:2293-2300).

In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor is dorarnapimod (BIRB 796; CASRegistry No. 285983-48-4), having the following structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Doramapimod is a p38mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (Schreiber S, Feagan B,D'Haens G, et al., “Oral p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitionwith BIRB 796 for active Crohn's disease: a randomized, double-blind,placebo-controlled trial,” Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2006;4:325-34).

In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor is RWJ-68354 having thefollowing structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. RWJ-68354 is a p38mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor (Henry, J. R. et al.,“6-Amino-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-methoxy-3-(4-pyridyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine(RWJ 68354): a potent and selective p38 kinase inhibitor,” J. Med.Chem., 41(22):4196-8, 1998).

In some embodiments, the kinase inhibitor is PF-06650833 having thefollowing structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. PF-06650833 is aninterleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) inhibitor (Lee, K. L.et al., “Discovery of Clinical Candidate1-{[(2S,3S,4S)-3-Ethyl-4-fluoro-5-oxopyrrolidin-2yl]methoxy}-7methoxyisoquinoline-6-carboxamide (PF-06650833), a Potent, SelectiveInhibitor of Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4), byFragment-Based Drug Design,” J Med. Chem. 60(13):5521-5542, 2017).Exemplary Methods of Treating a Disease or Condition of theGastrointestinal (GI) Tract with a JAK Inhibitor

1. Topical Administration of Drug to the GI Tract of a Subject

Exemplary non-limiting embodiments follow.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a diseaseor condition of the GI tract of a subject, comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor;

wherein the topical administration comprises administering the JAKinhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor (a) to a section or subsection of the GI tract containing oneor more disease sites, or (b) proximal to a section or subsection of theGI tract containing one or more disease sites.

Preferably, the disease or condition is an inflammatory gastrointestinaldisease or condition. More preferably, the disease or condition is aninflammatory bowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, theinflammatory bowel disease is ulcerative colitis. In another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn'sdisease. In yet another more particular embodiment, the inflammatorybowel disease is ileal Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is administered to the stomach. In some embodiments, thedisease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is administered to the duodenum. In some embodiments, thedisease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is administered to the duodenum. In some embodiments, thedisease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is administered to the jejunum. In some embodiments, thedisease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is administered to the jejunum. In some embodiments, thedisease or condition is Crohn's disease. In some further embodiments,the disease or condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In some otherembodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis with atleast one or more disease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the ileum. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease. In some further embodiments, the diseaseor condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In some other embodiments, thedisease or condition is ulcerative colitis with at least one or moredisease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the ileum. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the cecum. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the cecum. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the colon. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released to the cecum. In some embodiments, thedisease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released to the ascending colon.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released to the cecum or ascending colon.In some embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released to the transverse colon.

In some embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released to the ascending or transversecolon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerativecolitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released to the descending colon. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the method of treating the disease or condition ofthe GI tract of the subject comprises administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount of theJAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose. In some embodiments, the methodcomprises administering an induction dose and subsequently administeringa maintenance dose of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor is contained in a device selected from anendoscope, an ingestible device, or a reservoir. In some embodiments,the endoscope comprises a catheter. In some embodiments, the catheter isa spray catheter. In some embodiments, the endoscope is connected to thereservoir. In some embodiments, the reservoir is an anchorablereservoir.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation is a suppository forrectal administration. In other embodiments, the pharmaceuticalformulation is an enema for rectal administration. In some furtherembodiments, the enema for rectal administration is for sustainedrelease or for delayed release.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

2. Topical Administration of Drug to the GI Tract of a Subject Via OralAdministration of an Ingestible Device as Disclosed Herein

Exemplary non-limiting embodiments follow.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device (a) to a sectionor subsection of the GI tract containing one or more disease sites, or(b) proximal to a section or subsection of the GI tract containing oneor more disease sites.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In another more particular embodiment,the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In yet another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the stomach. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease. In somefurther embodiments, the disease or condition is ileal Crohn's disease.In some other embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerativecolitis with at least one or more disease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the ileum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is Crohn's disease. In some furtherembodiments, the disease or condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In someother embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis withat least one or more disease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the ileum. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the colon. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascending colon. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum orascending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thetransverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascendingor transverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thedescending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is apre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time equal toor less than about 5 minutes after the device is localized at a desiredselected location in the GI tract of the subject, such as a pre-selectedlocation.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL. 3. Topical Administration of Drug to the GITract of a Subject Via Oral Administration of An Ingestible Device asDisclosed Herein, Further Comprising Localizing the Ingestible Device toa Pre-Selected Location of the GI Tract of the Subject

Exemplary non-limiting embodiments follow.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device (a) to a sectionor subsection of the GI tract containing one or more disease sites, or(b) proximal to a section or subsection of the GI tract containing oneor more disease sites.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In another more particular embodiment,the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In yet another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the pre-selected location is the section orsubsection of the GI tract containing the one or more inflammatorydisease sites.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the ileum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is Crohn's disease. In some furtherembodiments, the disease or condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In someother embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis withat least one or more disease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the colon. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascending colon. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thetransverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thedescending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In other embodiments, the pre-selected location is proximal to thesection or subsection of the GI tract containing the one or moreinflammatory disease sites. In some further embodiments, thepre-selected location immediately precedes the section or subsection ofthe subject's GI tract containing the one or more inflammatory diseasesites. In yet some further embodiments, the pre-selected location doesnot contain or has not been determined to contain a disease site.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the stomach. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In some furtherembodiments, the duodenum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In some furtherembodiments, the jejunum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease. In some further embodiments, the diseaseor condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In some other embodiments, thedisease or condition is ulcerative colitis with at least one or moredisease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the ileum. In some further embodiments, theileum does not contain or has not been determined to contain one or moredisease sites. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some furtherembodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In somefurther embodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not beendetermined to contain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum orascending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascendingor transverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time equal toor less than about 5 minutes after the device is localized at a desiredselected location in the GI tract of the subject, such as a pre-selectedlocation.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject, wherein said pre-selected location is the cecum; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device to the cecum,wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the colon.

In some embodiments, the one or more disease sites is in the ascendingcolon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, or a combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not beendetermined to contain a disease site.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In some more particular embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device localized at a desiredlocation in the GI tract of the subject, such as a pre-selectedlocation.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject, wherein said pre-selected location is the colon; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device to the colon,wherein at least one of the one or more disease sites is in the colon.

In some embodiments, the one or more disease sites is in the ascendingcolon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, or a combinationthereof.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In some more particular embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is localized at adesired location in the GI tract of the subject, such as a pre-selectedlocation.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject.

In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that beginsafter the ingestible device is swallowed by the subject. In someembodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after thedevice exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that ends when the device exits the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after thedevice has localized to a portion of the GI tract. In some embodiments,the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after the mechanism tomonitor elapsed time is inactivated. In some embodiments, the elapsedtime includes or consists of time of transition, or the elapsed timeduring passage of the device from one portion of the GI tract into asecond portion of the GI tract. In some embodiments, the elapsed timeincludes or consists of time following transition, or the elapsed timeafter passage of the device from one portion of the GI tract into asecond portion of the GI tract. In some further embodiments, the elapsedtime after entry of the device into the GI tract of the subjectcomprises time of transition, time following transition, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanism configured tomonitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

4. Topical Administration of Drug to the GI Tract of a Subject Via OralAdministration of an Ingestible Device as Disclosed Herein, FurtherComprising Localizing the Ingestible Device to a Pre-Selected Locationof the GI Tract of the Subject, Wherein the Device is a Self-LocalizingDevice

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is configured to determinethe device location within the subject's GI tract. In some embodiments,the ingestible device comprises a self-localization mechanism configuredto determine the device location within the subject's GI tract, and isthus a self-localizing device.

In some embodiments, the device is self-localized to a pre-selectedlocation in the GI tract of the subject. Thus, in some furtherembodiments, the method of treating a disease or condition of the GItract comprises localizing the device to a pre-selected location in theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the pre-selected locationis the section or subsection of the GI tract containing the one or moreinflammatory disease sites. In other embodiments, the pre-selectedlocation is proximal to the section or subsection of the GI tractcontaining the one or more inflammatory disease sites. In some furtherembodiments, the pre-selected location immediately precedes the sectionor subsection of the subject's GI tract containing the one or moreinflammatory disease sites. In yet some further embodiments, thepre-selected location does not contain or has not been determined tocontain a disease site.

In some exemplary embodiments, the method of treating a disease orcondition of the GI tract of the subject comprises using aself-localizing device comprising at least one sensor configured tocollect data, such as optical data, from the portions of the GI tractthrough which the device has travelled, including the portion of the GItract in which the device is presently located. In some more particularembodiments, the device determines its location based on data collectedby at least one sensor. In some more particular embodiments, the sensorcomprises a light sensor and the data comprises optical data. In somemore particular embodiments, the optical data is data collected by asystem that includes at least one light source and at least one lightdetector. In some more particular embodiments, the light detectorcomprises a light sensor.

In some more particular embodiments, the device determines its location(self-localizes) to the stomach about one (1) minute followingtransition of the device into the GI tract (e.g., time after entry ofthe device into the mouth, or time after swallowing the device). In somemore particular embodiments, the device determines its location to thejejunum about three (3) minutes following transition of the device fromthe stomach to the duodenum. In some more particular embodiments, thedevice is also localized in response to detection of a temperaturechange in the GI tract or in the portion of the GI tract where thedevice is located, relative to a portion of the GI trace where thedevice was previously located. In some more particular embodiments, thedevice is also localized upon detection of a pH change in the GI tractor in the portion of the GI tract where the device is located, relativeto a portion of the GI trace where the device was previously located. Inother more particular embodiments, localizing the device does notcomprise measuring the pH in the GI tract or in the portion of the GItract where the device is or was previously located. In some moreparticular embodiments, the device includes one or more machine readablehardware storage devices that store instructions that are executable byone or more processing devices to determine the location of the device.

In some more particular embodiments, the device determines its locationwithin the GI tract of the subject with an accuracy of at least about85%. In some more particular embodiments, transition of the device fromone portion of the GI tract into an adjacent portion of the GI tract isdetermined by the device with an accuracy of at least about 85%. In somemore particular embodiments, transition of the device from the stomachto the duodenum is determined with an accuracy of at least about 90%. Insome more particular embodiments, transition of the device from theduodenum to the jejunum is determined with an accuracy of at least about90%. In some more particular embodiments, transition of the device fromthe jejunum to the ileum is determined with an accuracy of at leastabout 80%. In some more particular embodiments, transition of the devicefrom the ileum to the cecum is determined with an accuracy of at leastabout 80%.

Exemplary non-limiting embodiments follow.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device (a) to a sectionor subsection of the GI tract containing one or more disease sites, or(b) proximal to a section or subsection of the GI tract containing oneor more disease sites;

wherein the device comprises a self-localization mechanism, and thedevice is self-localized to the pre-selected location via the deviceself-localization mechanism.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In another more particular embodiment,the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In yet another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the pre-selected location is the section orsubsection of the GI tract containing the one or more inflammatorydisease sites.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the ileum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is Crohn's disease. In some furtherembodiments, the disease or condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In someother embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis withat least one or more disease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the colon. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascending colon. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thetransverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thedescending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In other embodiments, the pre-selected location is proximal to thesection or subsection of the GI tract containing the one or moreinflammatory disease sites. In some further embodiments, thepre-selected location immediately precedes the section or subsection ofthe subject's GI tract containing the one or more inflammatory diseasesites. In yet some further embodiments, the pre-selected location doesnot contain or has not been determined to contain a disease site.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the stomach. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In some furtherembodiments, the duodenum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In some furtherembodiments, the jejunum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease. In some further embodiments, the diseaseor condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In some other embodiments, thedisease or condition is ulcerative colitis with at least one or moredisease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the ileum. In some further embodiments, theileum does not contain or has not been determined to contain one or moredisease sites. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some furtherembodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In somefurther embodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not beendetermined to contain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum orascending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascendingor transverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the device self-localization mechanism is based onoptical data, elapsed time, or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, the optical data comprises reflected light. Thus, in someembodiments, the device self-localization mechanism is based on datacomprising light reflectance occurring external to the device and withinthe GI tract of the subject, elapsed time after entry of the ingestibledevice into the GI tract of the subject, or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, the device comprising the self-localization mechanism(the self-localizing device) comprises a first light source and a secondlight source. In some embodiments, the first light source is configuredto emit light at a first wavelength, and the second light source isconfigured to emit light at a second wavelength different from the firstwavelength. In some embodiments, the self-localizing device furthercomprises a first detector and a second detector, wherein the firstdetector is configured to detect light at the first wavelength, and thesecond detector is configured to detect light at the second wavelength.In some further embodiments, the first wavelength and second wavelengthare each independently selected from the group consisting of red light,green light and blue light.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

Thus, in some embodiments, the method further comprises self-localizingthe device to the pre-selected location within the subject's GI tract,wherein the self-localization comprises detecting one or more devicetransitions between portions of the subject's GI tract. In some furtherembodiments, detecting one or more device transitions between portionsof the subject's GI tract is based on optical data, such as datacomprising light reflectance occurring external to the device and withinthe GI tract of the subject, elapsed time after entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, the one or more device transitions occurs between portionsof the GI tract selected from the group consisting of: mouth andstomach; esophagus and stomach; stomach and duodenum; duodenum andjejunum; jejunum and ileum; ileum and cecum; and cecum and colon; andcombinations of any two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device (a) to a sectionor subsection of the GI tract containing one or more disease sites, or(b) proximal to a section or subsection of the GI tract containing oneor more disease sites;

wherein the device further comprises a mechanism configured to measureelapsed time, and the device is self-localized to the pre-selectedlocation based on data comprising elapsed time that begins after entryof the device into the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that beginsafter entry of the ingestible device into the mouth of the subject. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that begins afterthe ingestible device is swallowed by the subject. In some embodiments,the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after the device exitsthe GI tract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of timethat ends when the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends after the device haslocalized to a portion of the GI tract. In some embodiments, the elapsedtime is a period of time that ends after the mechanism to monitorelapsed time is inactivated. In some embodiments, the elapsed timeincludes or consists of time of transition, or the elapsed time duringpassage of the device from one portion of the GI tract into a secondportion of the GI tract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time includesor consists of time following transition, or the elapsed time afterpassage of the device from one portion of the GI tract into a secondportion of the GI tract. In some further embodiments, the elapsed timeafter entry of the device into the GI tract of the subject comprisestime of transition, time following transition, or a combination thereof.In some embodiments, the mechanism configured to monitor elapsed time isa clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

In some embodiments, the time during transition of the device from thefirst portion of the GI tract to the second portion of the GI tract ispre-determined. In some embodiment, the time following transition of thedevice from the first portion of the GI tract to the second portion ofthe GI tract is pre-determined. In some embodiments, the second portionis an adjacent portion.

In some embodiments, the device is self-localized to the preselectedlocation by detecting one or more device transitions between theportions of the subject's GI tract.

In some embodiments, the device is self-localized to the pre-selectedlocation based on data consisting of elapsed time that begins afterentry of the device into the GI tract of the subject. In some moreparticular embodiments, the elapsed time is time of transition of thedevice from mouth to stomach or from esophagus to stomach.

In some further embodiments, the pre-selected location is the stomach.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the stomach. In some moreparticular embodiments, the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible (a) to a section orsubsection of the GI tract containing one or more disease sites, or (b)proximal to a section or subsection of the GI tract containing one ormore disease sites;

wherein the device is self-localized to the pre-selected location basedon data comprising:

(a) optical data;

(b) elapsed time after entry of the device into the GI tract of thesubject; or

(c) a combination of (a) and (b).

In some embodiments, the optical data comprises light reflectance thatis external to the device and within the GI tract of the subject.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In another more particular embodiment,the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In yet another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the pre-selected location is the section orsubsection of the GI tract containing the one or more inflammatorydisease sites.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the ileum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is Crohn's disease. In some furtherembodiments, the disease or condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In someother embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis withat least one or more disease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the colon. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascending colon. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thetransverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thedescending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In other embodiments, the pre-selected location is proximal to thesection or subsection of the GI tract containing the one or moreinflammatory disease sites. In some further embodiments, thepre-selected location immediately precedes the section or subsection ofthe subject's GI tract containing the one or more inflammatory diseasesites. In yet some further embodiments, the pre-selected location doesnot contain or has not been determined to contain a disease site.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the stomach. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In some furtherembodiments, the duodenum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In some furtherembodiments, the jejunum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease. In some further embodiments, the diseaseor condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In some other embodiments, thedisease or condition is ulcerative colitis with at least one or moredisease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the ileum. In some further embodiments, theileum does not contain or has not been determined to contain one or moredisease sites. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some furtherembodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In somefurther embodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not beendetermined to contain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum orascending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascendingor transverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the device self-localization mechanism is based ondata comprising light reflectance occurring external to the device andwithin the GI tract of the subject, elapsed time after entry of thedevice into the GI tract of the subject, or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, the device comprising the self-localization mechanism(the self-localizing device) comprises a first light source and a secondlight source. In some embodiments, the first light source is configuredto emit light at a first wavelength, and the second light source isconfigured to emit light at a second wavelength different from the firstwavelength. In some embodiments, the self-localizing device furthercomprises a first detector and a second detector, wherein the firstdetector is configured to detect light at the first wavelength, and thesecond detector is configured to detect light at the second wavelength.In some further embodiments, the first wavelength and second wavelengthare each independently selected from the group consisting of red light,green light and blue light.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

Thus, in some embodiments, the method further comprises self-localizingthe device to the pre-selected location within the subject's GI tract,wherein the self-localization comprises detecting one or more devicetransitions between portions of the subject's GI tract. In some furtherembodiments, detecting one or more device transitions between portionsof the subject's GI tract is based on optical data, such as datacomprising light reflectance occurring external to the device and withinthe GI tract of the subject, elapsed time after entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, or a combination thereof. In someembodiments, the one or more device transitions occurs between portionsof the GI tract selected from the group consisting of: mouth andstomach; esophagus and stomach; stomach and duodenum; duodenum andjejunum; jejunum and ileum; ileum and cecum; and cecum and colon; andcombinations of any two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In another more particular embodiment,the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In yet another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device (a) to a sectionor subsection of the GI tract containing one or more disease sites, or(b) proximal to a section or subsection of the GI tract containing oneor more disease sites;

wherein the device comprises at least one light source and at least onelight detector; and the device is self-localized to the pre-selectedlocation based on optical data collected by the device.

In some embodiments, the optical data comprises light reflectance thatis external to the device and within the GI tract of the subject.Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In another more particular embodiment,the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In yet another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the pre-selected location is the section orsubsection of the GI tract containing the one or more inflammatorydisease sites.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the ileum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is Crohn's disease. In some furtherembodiments, the disease or condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In someother embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis withat least one or more disease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the colon. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascending colon. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thetransverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thedescending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In other embodiments, the pre-selected location is proximal to thesection or subsection of the GI tract containing the one or moreinflammatory disease sites. In some further embodiments, thepre-selected location immediately precedes the section or subsection ofthe subject's GI tract containing the one or more inflammatory diseasesites. In yet some further embodiments, the pre-selected location doesnot contain or has not been determined to contain a disease site.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the stomach. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In some furtherembodiments, the duodenum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In some furtherembodiments, the jejunum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease. In some further embodiments, the diseaseor condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In some other embodiments, thedisease or condition is ulcerative colitis with at least one or moredisease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the ileum. In some further embodiments, theileum does not contain or has not been determined to contain one or moredisease sites. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some furtherembodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In somefurther embodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not beendetermined to contain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum orascending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascendingor transverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the device self-localization mechanism is based ondata comprising light reflectance occurring external to the device andwithin the GI tract of the subject, elapsed time after entry of thedevice into the GI tract of the subject, or a combination thereof. Insome embodiments, the device comprising the self-localization mechanism(the self-localizing device) comprises a first light source and a secondlight source. In some embodiments, the first light source is configuredto emit light at a first wavelength, and the second light source isconfigured to emit light at a second wavelength different from the firstwavelength. In some embodiments, the self-localizing device furthercomprises a first detector and a second detector, wherein the firstdetector is configured to detect light at the first wavelength, and thesecond detector is configured to detect light at the second wavelength.In some further embodiments, the first wavelength and second wavelengthare each independently selected from the group consisting of red light,green light and blue light.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

Thus, in some embodiments, the method further comprises self-localizingthe device to the pre-selected location within the subject's GI tract,wherein the self-localization comprises detecting one or more devicetransitions between portions of the subject's GI tract. In some furtherembodiments, detecting one or more device transitions between portionsof the subject's GI tract is based on light reflectance occurringexternal to the device and within the GI tract of the subject, elapsedtime after entry of the device into the GI tract of the subject, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more devicetransitions occurs between portions of the GI tract selected from thegroup consisting of: mouth and stomach; esophagus and stomach; stomachand duodenum; duodenum and jejunum; jejunum and ileum; ileum and cecum;and cecum and colon; and combinations of any two or more of theforegoing.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In another more particular embodiment,the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In yet another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a diseaseor condition of the GI tract of a subject, comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device (a) to a sectionor subsection of the GI tract containing one or more disease sites, or(b) proximal to a section or subsection of the GI tract containing oneor more disease sites;

wherein the device comprises a first light source and a second lightsource, wherein the first light source is configured to emit light at afirst wavelength, and the second light source is configured to emitlight at a second wavelength different from the first wavelength;

a first detector and a second detector, wherein the first detector isconfigured to detect light at the first wavelength, and the seconddetector is configured to detect light at the second wavelength; and

the device is self-localized to the pre-selected location based on datacomprising reflected light detected by the first detector, the seconddetector, or both.

In some embodiments, the reflected light is light that is external tothe device and present in the GI tract.

In some further embodiments, the first wavelength and second wavelengthare each independently selected from the group consisting of red light,green light and blue light.

In some embodiments, the device self-localization mechanism is based ondata further comprising elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

Thus, in some embodiments, the method further comprises self-localizingthe device to the pre-selected location within the subject's GI tract,wherein the self-localization comprises detecting one or more devicetransitions between portions of the subject's GI tract. In some furtherembodiments, detecting one or more device transitions between portionsof the subject's GI tract is based on data comprising the reflectedlight detected by the first detector, the second detector, or both,wherein the reflected light is external to the device and within the GItract of the subject; elapsed time after entry of the device into the GItract of the subject; or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, theone or more device transitions occurs between portions of the GI tractselected from the group consisting of: mouth and stomach; esophagus andstomach; stomach and duodenum; duodenum and jejunum; jejunum and ileum;ileum and cecum; and cecum and colon; and combinations of any two ormore of the foregoing.

In some more particular embodiments, the detected reflectance includesgreen light and blue light, wherein an increase in the ratio of thegreen to blue reflectance detected indicates that the device hastransitioned from the stomach to the duodenum.

In other more particular embodiments, the detected reflectance includesred light, wherein a decrease in red light reflectance detectedindicates that the device has transitioned from the jejunum to theileum.

In other more particular embodiments, the detected reflectance includesred light, green light and blue light, wherein a change in the ratio ofthe red to green reflectance detected, and/or a change in thecoefficient of variation (CV) of the detected blue reflectance,indicates that the device has transitioned from the cecum further intothe colon.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In another more particular embodiment,the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In yet another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the pre-selected location is the section orsubsection of the GI tract containing the one or more inflammatorydisease sites.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the ileum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is Crohn's disease. In some furtherembodiments, the disease or condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In someother embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis withat least one or more disease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the colon. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascending colon. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thetransverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thedescending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In other embodiments, the pre-selected location is proximal to thesection or subsection of the GI tract containing the one or moreinflammatory disease sites. In some further embodiments, thepre-selected location immediately precedes the section or subsection ofthe subject's GI tract containing the one or more inflammatory diseasesites. In yet some further embodiments, the pre-selected location doesnot contain or has not been determined to contain a disease site.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the stomach. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In some furtherembodiments, the duodenum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In some furtherembodiments, the jejunum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease. In some further embodiments, the diseaseor condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In some other embodiments, thedisease or condition is ulcerative colitis with at least one or moredisease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the ileum. In some further embodiments, theileum does not contain or has not been determined to contain one or moredisease sites. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some furtherembodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In somefurther embodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not beendetermined to contain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum orascending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascendingor transverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device (a) to a sectionor subsection of the GI tract containing one or more disease sites, or(b) proximal to a section or subsection of the GI tract containing oneor more disease sites;

wherein the device is self-localized to the pre-selected location basedon detecting one or more device transitions between portions of thesubject's GI tract; and optionally, the one or more device transitionsoccurs between the portions of the GI tract selected from the groupconsisting of mouth and stomach; esophagus and stomach; stomach andduodenum; duodenum and jejunum; jejunum and ileum; ileum and cecum; andcecum and colon; and combinations of any two or more of the foregoingdevice transitions.

In some embodiments, the detection of the one or more device transitionsis based on data comprising light reflectance occurring external to thedevice and within the GI tract of the subject, elapsed time after entryof the device into the GI tract of the subject, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the device comprising theself-localization mechanism (the self-localizing device) comprises afirst light source and a second light source. In some embodiments, thefirst light source is configured to emit light at a first wavelength,and the second light source is configured to emit light at a secondwavelength different from the first wavelength. In some embodiments, theself-localizing device further comprises a first detector and a seconddetector, wherein the first detector is configured to detect light atthe first wavelength, and the second detector is configured to detectlight at the second wavelength. In some further embodiments, the firstwavelength and second wavelength are each independently selected fromthe group consisting of red light, green light and blue light.

In another more particular embodiment, the detected reflectance includesgreen light and blue light, wherein an increase in the ratio of thegreen to blue reflectance detected indicates that the device hastransitioned from the stomach to the duodenum.

In other more particular embodiments, the detected reflectance includesred light, wherein a decrease in red light reflectance detectedindicates that the device has transitioned from the jejunum to theileum.

In other more particular embodiments, the detected reflectance includesred light, green light and blue light, wherein a change in the ratio ofthe red to green reflectance detected, and/or a change in thecoefficient of variation (CV) of the detected blue reflectance,indicates that the device has transitioned from the cecum further intothe colon.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In a more particular embodiment, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In another more particular embodiment,the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In yet another moreparticular embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease.

In some embodiments, the pre-selected location is the section orsubsection of the GI tract containing the one or more inflammatorydisease sites.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the ileum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is Crohn's disease. In some furtherembodiments, the disease or condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In someother embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis withat least one or more disease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the colon. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascending colon. Insome embodiments, the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thetransverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to thedescending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In other embodiments, the pre-selected location is proximal to thesection or subsection of the GI tract containing the one or moreinflammatory disease sites. In some further embodiments, thepre-selected location immediately precedes the section or subsection ofthe subject's GI tract containing the one or more inflammatory diseasesites. In yet some further embodiments, the pre-selected location doesnot contain or has not been determined to contain a disease site.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the device to the stomach. In someembodiments, the disease or condition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the duodenum. In some furtherembodiments, the duodenum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the jejunum. In some furtherembodiments, the jejunum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is Crohn's disease. In some further embodiments, the diseaseor condition is ileal Crohn's disease. In some other embodiments, thedisease or condition is ulcerative colitis with at least one or moredisease sites in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released to the ileum. In some further embodiments, theileum does not contain or has not been determined to contain one or moredisease sites. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In some furtherembodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not been determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the disease orcondition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ascending colon,and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum. In somefurther embodiments, the cecum does not contain or has not beendetermined to contain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments,the disease or condition is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the transversecolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the cecum orascending colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the descendingcolon, and the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is released from the device to the ascendingor transverse colon. In some embodiments, the disease or condition isulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

Device Localization Comprising Detecting Transition from Stomach toDuodenum

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject, wherein said pre-selected location is the duodenum; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device to the duodenum;

wherein the device is self-localized to the pre-selected location basedon detecting a transition from the stomach to the duodenum.

In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more disease sites is inthe duodenum.

In some other embodiments, at least one of the one or more disease sitesis in the jejunum. In some further embodiments, the duodenum does notcontain or has not been determined to contain a disease site.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In some more particular embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the detection of the transition from the stomach tothe duodenum is based on data comprising light reflectance occurringexternal to the device and within the GI tract of the subject, elapsedtime after entry of the device into the GI tract of the subject, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprising theself-localization mechanism (the self-localizing device) comprises afirst light source and a second light source. In some embodiments, thefirst light source is configured to emit light at a first wavelength,and the second light source is configured to emit light at a secondwavelength different from the first wavelength. In some embodiments, theself-localizing device further comprises a first detector and a seconddetector, wherein the first detector is configured to detect light atthe first wavelength, and the second detector is configured to detectlight at the second wavelength. In some further embodiments, the firstwavelength and second wavelength are each independently selected fromthe group consisting of red light, green light and blue light.

In some more particular embodiments, the detection of the transitionfrom the stomach to the duodenum comprises detecting green and bluelight reflectance, wherein an increase in the ratio of the green to bluereflectance detected indicates that the device has transitioned from thestomach to the duodenum.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject.

In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that beginsafter the ingestible device is swallowed by the subject. In someembodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after thedevice exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that ends when the device exits the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after thedevice has localized to a portion of the GI tract. In some embodiments,the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after the mechanism tomonitor elapsed time is inactivated. In some embodiments, the elapsedtime includes or consists of time of transition, or the elapsed timeduring passage of the device from one portion of the GI tract into asecond portion of the GI tract. In some embodiments, the elapsed timeincludes or consists of time following transition, or the elapsed timeafter passage of the device from one portion of the GI tract into asecond portion of the GI tract. In some further embodiments, the elapsedtime after entry of the device into the GI tract of the subjectcomprises time of transition, time following transition, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanism configured tomonitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

Device Localization Comprising Detecting Transition from Duodenum toJejunum

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject, wherein said pre-selected location is the jejunum; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device to the jejunum;

wherein the device is self-localized to the pre-selected location basedon detecting a transition from the duodenum to the jejunum.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease.

In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more disease sites is inthe jejunum. In some further embodiments, the disease or condition isCrohn's disease.

In other embodiments, at least one of the one or more disease sites isin the ileum. In some embodiments, the jejunum does not contain or hasnot been determined to contain a disease site. In some more particularembodiments, the inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease. In someeven more particular embodiments, the Crohn's disease is ileal Crohn'sdisease. In other particular embodiments, the inflammatory bowel diseaseis ulcerative colitis and at least one of the one more disease sites isin the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, the detection of the transition from the duodenumto the jejunum is based on data comprising light reflectance occurringexternal to the device and within the GI tract of the subject, elapsedtime after entry of the device into the GI tract of the subject, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprising theself-localization mechanism (the self-localizing device) comprises afirst light source and a second light source.

In some embodiments, the first light source is configured to emit lightat a first wavelength, and the second light source is configured to emitlight at a second wavelength different from the first wavelength. Insome embodiments, the self-localizing device further comprises a firstdetector and a second detector, wherein the first detector is configuredto detect light at the first wavelength, and the second detector isconfigured to detect light at the second wavelength. In some furtherembodiments, the first wavelength and second wavelength are eachindependently selected from the group consisting of red light, greenlight and blue light.

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition fromthe duodenum to the jejunum comprises (i) detecting green light and bluelight reflectance, wherein an increase in the ratio of the green to bluereflectance detected indicates that the device has transitioned from thestomach to the duodenum; and (ii) measuring a period of elapsed timeafter the transition to the duodenum; thereby determining that thedevice has transitioned from the duodenum to the jejunum. In someembodiments, the period of elapsed time is about 3 minutes. In a furtherembodiment, the device localization further comprises obtainingperistaltic contraction frequency data.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

Device Localization Comprising Detecting Transition from Jejunum toIleum

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject, wherein said pre-selected location is the ileum; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device to the ileum;

wherein the device is self-localized to the pre-selected location basedon detecting a transition from the jejunum to the ileum.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease.

In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more disease sites is inthe ileum. In some more particular embodiments, the inflammatory boweldisease is Crohn's disease. In some even more particular embodiments,the Crohn's disease is ileal Crohn's disease. In other particularembodiments, the inflammatory bowel disease is ulcerative colitis and atleast one of the one more disease sites is in the terminal ileum.

In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more disease sites is inthe cecum. In some embodiments, the ileum does not contain or has notbeen determined to contain a disease site. In some further embodiments,the inflammatory bowel disease is ulcerative colitis

In some embodiments, the detection of the transition from the jejunum tothe ileum is based on data comprising light reflectance occurringexternal to the device and within the GI tract of the subject, elapsedtime after entry of the device into the GI tract of the subject, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprising theself-localization mechanism (the self-localizing device) comprises afirst light source and a second light source. In some embodiments, thefirst light source is configured to emit light at a first wavelength,and the second light source is configured to emit light at a secondwavelength different from the first wavelength. In some embodiments, theself-localizing device further comprises a first detector and a seconddetector, wherein the first detector is configured to detect light atthe first wavelength, and the second detector is configured to detectlight at the second wavelength. In some further embodiments, the firstwavelength and second wavelength are each independently selected fromthe group consisting of red light, green light and blue light.

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition fromthe jejunum to the ileum comprises detecting red light reflectance,wherein a decrease in red light reflectance detected indicates that thedevice has transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject.

In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that beginsafter the ingestible device is swallowed by the subject. In someembodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after thedevice exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that ends when the device exits the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after thedevice has localized to a portion of the GI tract. In some embodiments,the elapsed time is a period of time that ends after the mechanism tomonitor elapsed time is inactivated. In some embodiments, the elapsedtime includes or consists of time of transition, or the elapsed timeduring passage of the device from one portion of the GI tract into asecond portion of the GI tract. In some embodiments, the elapsed timeincludes or consists of time following transition, or the elapsed timeafter passage of the device from one portion of the GI tract into asecond portion of the GI tract. In some further embodiments, the elapsedtime after entry of the device into the GI tract of the subjectcomprises time of transition, time following transition, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanism configured tomonitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

Device Localization Comprising Detecting Transition from Ileum to Cecum

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject, wherein said pre-selected location is the cecum; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device to the cecum;

wherein the device is self-localized to the pre-selected location basedon detecting a transition from the ileum to the cecum.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In some more particular embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more disease sites is inthe cecum.

In other embodiments, at least one of the one or more disease sites isin the colon. In some embodiments, the cecum does not contain or has notbeen determined to contain a disease site.

In some embodiments, the detection of the transition from the ileum tothe cecum is based on data comprising light reflectance occurringexternal to the device and within the GI tract of the subject, elapsedtime after entry of the device into the GI tract of the subject, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprising theself-localization mechanism (the self-localizing device) comprises afirst light source and a second light source. In some embodiments, thefirst light source is configured to emit light at a first wavelength,and the second light source is configured to emit light at a secondwavelength different from the first wavelength. In some embodiments, theself-localizing device further comprises a first detector and a seconddetector, wherein the first detector is configured to detect light atthe first wavelength, and the second detector is configured to detectlight at the second wavelength. In some further embodiments, the firstwavelength and second wavelength are each independently selected fromthe group consisting of red light, green light and blue light.

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition fromthe ileum to the cecum comprises detecting red, green and blue lightreflectance, wherein a decrease in the ratio of the red to greenreflectance detected, together with a decrease in the ratio of the greento blue reflectance detected, indicates that the device has transitionedfrom the ileum to the cecum.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

Device Localization Comprising Detecting Transition from Cecum to Colon

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject,comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising:

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor;

localizing the device to a pre-selected location of the GI tract of thesubject, wherein said pre-selected location is the colon; and

releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device to the colon;

wherein the device is self-localized to the pre-selected location basedon detecting a transition from the cecum to the colon.

Preferably, the inflammatory disease or condition is an inflammatorybowel disease. In some more particular embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is ulcerative colitis.

In some embodiments, the one or more disease sites is in the ascendingcolon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, or any combinationthereof.

In some embodiments, the detection of the transition from the cecum tothe colon is based on data comprising light reflectance occurringexternal to the device and within the GI tract of the subject, elapsedtime after entry of the device into the GI tract of the subject, or acombination thereof. In some embodiments, the device comprising theself-localization mechanism (the self-localizing device) comprises afirst light source and a second light source. In some embodiments, thefirst light source is configured to emit light at a first wavelength,and the second light source is configured to emit light at a secondwavelength different from the first wavelength. In some embodiments, theself-localizing device further comprises a first detector and a seconddetector, wherein the first detector is configured to detect light atthe first wavelength, and the second detector is configured to detectlight at the second wavelength. In some further embodiments, the firstwavelength and second wavelength are each independently selected fromthe group consisting of red light, green light and blue light.

In a more particular embodiment, the detection of the transition fromthe cecum to the colon comprises detecting red, green and blue lightreflectance, wherein a change in the ratio of the red to greenreflectance detected, and/or a change in the coefficient of variation(CV) of the detected blue reflectance, indicates that the device hastransitioned from the cecum to the colon.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises a mechanismto monitor elapsed time. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into theGI tract of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is aperiod of time that begins after entry of the ingestible device into themouth of the subject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a periodof time that begins after the ingestible device is swallowed by thesubject. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device exits the GI tract. In some embodiments, theelapsed time is a period of time that ends when the device exits the GItract. In some embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time thatends after the device has localized to a portion of the GI tract. Insome embodiments, the elapsed time is a period of time that ends afterthe mechanism to monitor elapsed time is inactivated. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time oftransition, or the elapsed time during passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In someembodiments, the elapsed time includes or consists of time followingtransition, or the elapsed time after passage of the device from oneportion of the GI tract into a second portion of the GI tract. In somefurther embodiments, the elapsed time after entry of the device into theGI tract of the subject comprises time of transition, time followingtransition, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanismconfigured to monitor elapsed time is a clock circuitry.

In some more particular embodiments, the time of transition is elapsedtime during passage of the device from mouth to stomach. In someembodiments, the time of transition is elapsed time during passage ofthe device from esophagus to stomach. In some embodiments, the timefollowing transition is elapsed time after passage of the device fromstomach to duodenum.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, is released by a mechanismcapable of releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor from the device. In some more particularembodiments, the release mechanism is a gas-generating cell capable ofgenerating a gas in an amount sufficient to release the JAK inhibitor,or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor, from thedevice.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is equipped with a triggeringmechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor from the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the triggering mechanism comprises a processor orcontroller communicably coupled to one or more sensors. In someembodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance (e.g., lightreflected from the environment in the GI tract and external to thedevice). In some embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some embodiments, the sensor is nota pH sensor. In some embodiments, the sensor is not a pressure sensor.In some embodiments, the sensor is not a temperature sensor. In somefurther embodiments, the processor or controller activates thetriggering mechanism. In some embodiments, the device is programmed torelease the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation comprisingthe JAK inhibitor to a location in the GI tract of the subject. In someembodiments, the location in the GI tract of the subject is thepre-selected location.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method further comprisesreleasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the JAK inhibitor, from the device, said device comprisingthe triggering mechanism. In some more particular embodiments, therelease is triggered autonomously. In some more particular embodiments,the release is autonomously triggered based on reflectance (lightreflectance) detected by the sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the release is autonomously triggered based on one or morepre-established parameters. In some more particular embodiments, the oneor more pre-established parameters are selected from reflectance (lightreflectance) in the GI tract, time following entry of the device intothe GI tract of the subject, and a combination thereof. Additionalpre-established parameters optionally include detected musclecontractions in the GI tract, pH in the GI tract, temperature in the GItract, blood detected in the GI tract, and the level of analyte orbiomarker determined in a sample obtained in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters donot comprise the pH in the GI tract. In some more particularembodiments, the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprisethe temperature in the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments,the one or more pre-established parameters do not comprise the pressurein the GI tract. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered for release from the device within a period of time of equalto or less than about 5 minutes after the device is self-localized atthe pre-selected location in the GI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is an inductiondose. In some other embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor is a maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than about2000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than about 1000 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma of less than about 500 ng/mL. In some furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 100ng/mL. In yet some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of less than or equal to about 50 ng/mL. In some even furtherembodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor inthe subject's blood, serum, or plasma of less than or equal to about 10ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, or plasma of about 1 ng/mL toabout 100 ng/mL. In some further embodiments, the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma of about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, or about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a ratio of GI tissueconcentration of the JAK inhibitor to blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.

In some embodiments, the method provides a plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor that is reduced relative to the plasma concentration aftersystemic administration of the same amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, anantibody, a peptide, a peptide fragment or a nucleic acid. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule or peptide,and the formulation is a formulation as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the formulationis at least about 5 mg/mL, such as at least about 10 mg/mL, such as atleast about 15 mg/mL.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a therapeutic protein or anantibody, such as a monoclonal antibody, and the formulation is aformulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the concentrationof the JAK inhibitor in the formulation is at least about 110 mg/mL, orat least about 125 mg/mL.

Further Embodiments Directed to a Method of Treating a Disease orCondition of the GI Tract of the Subject, the Method Comprising TopicalAdministration of Drug to the GI Tract of the Subject

In some further embodiments, the method of treating a disease orcondition of the GI tract of a subject further comprises one or more ofthe following features.

Further Non-Limiting Embodiments Related to the Ingestible Device asDisclosed Herein for the Topical Administration of a Drug to the GITract of a Subject

In some embodiments, the device used in the method of treatment isfurther configured with at least one environmental sensor. In someembodiments, the environmental sensor is a pH sensor, a temperaturesensor, a pressure sensor, or a combination thereof, wherein said pH,temperature and/or pressure sensor monitors the pH, temperature orpressure in the GI tract of the subject, respectively.

In some embodiments, the device used in the method of treatment does notinclude an environmental pH sensor. In some embodiments, the device usedin the method of treatment does not include a temperature sensor. Insome embodiments, the device used in the method of treatment does notinclude a pressure sensor. In some embodiments, the deviceself-localization mechanism does not require monitoring the pH of thesubject's GI tract. In some embodiments, the device self-localizationmechanism does not require monitoring the temperature of the subject'sGI tract. In some embodiments, the device self-localization mechanismdoes not require monitoring the pressure of the subject's GI tract.

In some embodiments, the device is self-localized to a pre-selectedlocation in the GI tract of the subject based on data including opticaldata, elapsed time, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, thedevice is self-localized to a pre-selected location in the GI tract ofthe subject based on data optical data, elapsed time, or a combinationthereof. In some further embodiments, the optical data are based onreflected light detected by the device, wherein the reflected light islight reflected within the GI tract of the subject and external to thedevice.

Further Non-Limiting Embodiments Related to the Release of the JAKInhibitor, or the Pharmaceutical Formulation that Comprises the JAKInhibitor, From the Device

In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor or thepharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor is releasedfrom the device within a period of time of equal to or less than about 5minutes after the device detects or confirms transition to a portion ofthe GI tract that has been preselected for release of the JAK inhibitor.In some more particular embodiments, the release of the JAK inhibitor orthe pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered within a period of time after the device is self-localized tothe pre-selected location. In some embodiments, the period of time isequal to or less than about 60 seconds, such as equal to or less thanabout 30 seconds, equal to or less than about 20 seconds, equal to orless than about 10 seconds, equal to or less than about 5 seconds, orequal to or less than about 1 second. In some more particularembodiments, the release of the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor is triggered atsubstantially the same time as the device is self-localized to thepre-selected location. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released as a bolus. In some more particular embodiments,the release of the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the JAK inhibitor is triggered within a period of time afterthe device detects or confirms transition to a portion of the GI tractcontaining one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the period oftime is equal to or less than about 60 seconds, such as equal to or lessthan about 30 seconds, equal to or less than about 20 seconds, equal toor less than about 10 seconds, equal to or less than about 5 seconds, orequal to or less than about 1 second. In some more particularembodiments, the release of the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor is triggered atsubstantially the same time as the device is self-localized to thepre-selected location. In a more particular embodiment, the JAKinhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released as a bolus.

In some more particular embodiments, the release of the JAK inhibitor orthe pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor istriggered within a period of time after the device is self-localized tothe pre-selected location. In some embodiments, the period of time isequal to or less than about 60 seconds, such as equal to or less thanabout 30 seconds, equal to or less than about 20 seconds, equal to orless than about 10 seconds, equal to or less than about 5 seconds, orequal to or less than about 1 second. In some more particularembodiments, the release of the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor is triggered atsubstantially the same time as the device is self-localized to thepre-selected location. In a more particular embodiment, the JAKinhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device over a pre-determined period oftime, wherein the pre-determined period of time commences within at mostabout 5 minutes after the device is self-localized at the pre-selectedlocation. In some particular embodiments, the pre-determined period oftime over which the formulation is released from the device is about 8hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about 30 minutes, about 15minutes, about 10 minutes, or about 5 minutes. In more particularembodiments, the pre-determined period of time commences within at mostabout 1 minute, at most about 30 seconds, or at most about 1 secondafter the device detects or confirms a transition to the pre-selectedlocation. In some more particular embodiments, the release of the JAKinhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is triggered within a period of time after the device detectsor confirms transition to a portion of the GI tract pre-determined tocontain one or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the period oftime is equal to or less than about 60 seconds, such as equal to or lessthan about 30 seconds, equal to or less than about 20 seconds, equal toor less than about 10 seconds, equal to or less than about 5 seconds, orequal to or less than about 1 second. In some more particularembodiments, the release of the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor is triggered atsubstantially the same time as the device is self-localized at apre-selected location. In a more particular embodiment, the JAKinhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is released from the device over a pre-determined period oftime, wherein the pre-determined period of time commences within at mostabout 5 minutes after the device detects or confirms a transition to apre-selected location. In some particular embodiments, thepre-determined period of time over which the formulation is releasedfrom the device is about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about30 minutes, about 15 minutes, about 10 minutes, or about 5 minutes. Inmore particular embodiments, the pre-determined period of time commenceswithin at most about 1 minute, at most about 30 seconds, or at mostabout 1 second after the device detects or confirms a transition to thepre-selected location.

In some embodiments, at least about 50% or more by weight of the JAKinhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released from the ingestible device at the pre-selectedlocation. In some embodiments, at least about 80% or more by weight ofthe JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor, is released from the ingestible device at thepre-selected location.

Further Non-Limiting Embodiments Related to Dosing

In some embodiments, the method of treating the disease or condition ofthe GI tract of the subject comprises administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thetherapeutically effective amount is an induction dose of the JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount isa maintenance dose of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the methodcomprises administering an induction dose and subsequently administeringa maintenance dose of the JAK inhibitor. In some more particularembodiments, the total induction dose for a given period of time is atleast about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 3 times,at least about 4 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 6 times,at least about 8 times or at least about 10 times greater than asystemic induction dose for the same period of time. In some moreparticular embodiments, the total induction dose for a 2 week period isat least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 3times, at least about 4 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 6times, at least about 8 times or at least about 10 times greater than asystemic induction dose for the same period of time. In some moreparticular embodiments, the total induction dose for a 4 week period isat least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 3times, at least about 4 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 6times, at least about 8 times or at least about 10 times greater than asystemic induction dose for the same period of time. In some moreparticular embodiments, the total induction dose for a 6 week period isat least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 3times, at least about 4 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 6times, at least about 8 times or at least about 10 times greater than asystemic induction dose for the same period of time. In some moreparticular embodiments, the total induction dose for a 8 week period isat least about 1.5 times, at least about 2 times, at least about 3times, at least about 4 times, at least about 5 times, at least about 6times, at least about 8 times or at least about 10 times greater than asystemic induction dose for the same period of time.

In some more particular embodiments, an ingestible device comprising theJAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor is administered once per day or more than once per day, forexample, 1, 2, 3, 4 or more times per day. In some more particularembodiments, two or more ingestible devices are administered at the sametime. In some more particular embodiments, two or more ingestibledevices are administered about 1 minute apart, about 2 minutes apart,about 3 minutes apart, about 4 minutes apart, about 5 minutes apart,about 10 minutes apart, about 15 minutes apart, about 30 minutes apart,or about 60 minutes apart. In some more particular embodiments, two ormore ingestible devices are administered about 1 hour apart, about 2hours apart, about 3 hours apart, about 4 hours apart, about 5 hoursapart, about 6 hours apart, about 7 hours apart, about 8 hours apart,about 9 hours apart, about 10 hours apart, about 11 hours apart, orabout 12 hours apart.

Further Non-Limiting Embodiments Related to a Device Comprising aReservoir

In some embodiments, the device comprises a reservoir, and the reservoircontains the JAK inhibitor, or a formulation comprising the JAKinhibitor. In some more particular embodiments, the formulation issuitable for introduction and optionally for storage in a reservoircomprised in the device. In some more particular embodiments thereservoir is configured to fit into the device. In some more particularembodiments, the reservoir comprises one or more anchor systems foranchoring the reservoir at a particular location in the GI tract, suchas a section or subsection of the GI tract containing one or moredisease sites, or proximal to a section or subsection of the GI tractcontaining one or more disease sites.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method of treating a disease orcondition of the GI tract further comprises releasing the JAK inhibitoror the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor froma reservoir comprised in the device.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the JAK inhibitor is released from a reservoir configuredto fit into the device.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the JAK inhibitor is released from a reservoir comprisingone or more anchor systems for anchoring the reservoir at thepre-selected location of the GI tract.

Further Non-Limiting Embodiments Related to Determining a Site ofDisease

In some further embodiments, the method further comprises identifyingthe section or subsection of the GI tract containing at least one of theone or more disease sites. In some embodiments, the one or more diseasesites is identified prior to the administration (i.e., the one or moredisease sites is pre-determined). In some embodiments, theidentification of the one or more disease sites prior to theadministration comprises imaging the GI tract, endoscopy, biopsy,computer-aided (CT) enterography, magnetic resonance enterography,sampling the GI tract for one or more disease markers or biomarkers, ora combination of any two or more of the foregoing.

In some embodiments, determining a site of disease is preceded byidentifying symptoms or signs indicative of Crohn's disease in asubject, for example, according to American Gastroenterology Association(AGA) clinical guidelines. In some particular embodiments, such one ormore symptoms or signs are selected from fever, abdominal pain, GIbleeding, localized tenderness, weight loss, joint pain, and cutaneoussigns.

In more particular embodiments, the subject is further evaluated bydetermining the level of one or more inflammatory markers, for example,according to AGA guidelines. In some particular embodiments, such one ormore markers are selected from CBC, CRP, CMP, fecal calprotectin, andESR.

In some particular embodiments, the subject, having undergone evaluationfor symptoms and signs of disease and evaluation for one or more diseasemarkers, is identified as a candidate for further evaluation, e.g., suchthat imaging is indicated. In some such embodiments, the subject furtherundergoes CT-enterography or magnetic resonance enterography todetermine the location(s) of one or more disease sites.

In more particular embodiments, determining a site of disease ispreceded by identifying one or more AGA clinical guideline symptoms orsigns indicative of Crohn's disease, and the subject is furtherevaluated by determining the level of one or more AGA clinical guidelineinflammatory markers. Thus, in some particular embodiments,pre-determining a site of disease is preceded by identifying one or moresymptoms or signs selected from fever, abdominal pain, GI bleeding,localized tenderness, weight loss, joint pain, and cutaneous signs, andthe subject is further evaluated by determining the level of one or moreinflammatory markers selected from CBC, CRP, CMP, fecal calprotectin,and ESR.

In more particular embodiments, determining a site of disease ispreceded by identifying one or more AGA clinical guideline symptoms orsigns indicative of Crohn's disease, the subject is identified as acandidate for further evaluation, and the subject undergoesCT-enterography or magnetic resonance enterography to determine thelocation(s) of one or more disease sites. Thus, in some particularembodiments, pre-determining a site of disease is preceded byidentifying one or more symptoms or signs selected from fever, abdominalpain, GI bleeding, localized tenderness, weight loss, joint pain, andcutaneous signs; the subject is identified as a candidate for furtherevaluation; and the subject undergoes CT-enterography or magneticresonance enterography to determine the location(s) of one or moredisease sites.

In more particular embodiments, determining a site of disease ispreceded by identifying symptoms or signs indicative of ulcerativecolitis in a subject, for example, according to AmericanGastroenterology Association (AGA) clinical guidelines. In someparticular embodiments, such one or more symptoms or signs are selectedfrom bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, urgency, fever, abdominal pain,localized abdominal tenderness, weight loss, joint swelling and/orredness, signs of anemia, and cutaneous signs.

In more particular embodiments, the subject is further evaluated bydetermining the level of one or more inflammatory markers, for example,according to AGA guidelines. In some particular embodiments, such one ormore markers are selected from CBC, CRP, CMP, difficile, ESR, and stoolculture.

In some particular embodiments, the subject, having undergone evaluationfor symptoms and signs of disease and evaluation for one or more diseasemarkers, is identified as a candidate for further evaluation, e.g., suchthat imaging is indicated. In some such embodiments, the subject furtherundergoes colonoscopy and/or sigmoidoscopy to determine the location(s)of one or more disease sites.

In more particular embodiments, determining a site of disease ispreceded by identifying one or more AGA clinical guideline symptoms orsigns indicative of ulcerative colitis, and the subject is furtherevaluated by determining the level of one or more AGA clinical guidelineinflammatory markers. Thus, in some particular embodiments,pre-determining a site of disease is preceded by identifying one or moresymptoms or signs selected from bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, urgency,fever, abdominal pain, localized abdominal tenderness, weight loss,joint swelling and/or redness, signs of anemia, and cutaneous signs, andthe subject is further evaluated by determining the level of one or moreinflammatory markers selected from CBC, CRP, CMP, difficile, ESR, andstool culture.

In more particular embodiments, determining a site of disease ispreceded by identifying one or more AGA clinical guideline symptoms orsigns indicative of ulcerative colitis, the subject is identified as acandidate for further evaluation, and the subject undergoes colonoscopyand/or sigmoidoscopy to determine the location(s) of one or more diseasesites. Thus, in some particular embodiments, pre-determining a site ofdisease is preceded by identifying one or more symptoms or signsselected from bloody diarrhea, tenesmus, urgency, fever, abdominal pain,localized abdominal tenderness, weight loss, joint swelling and/orredness, signs of anemia, and cutaneous signs; the subject is identifiedas a candidate for further evaluation; and the subject undergoescolonoscopy and/or sigmoidoscopy to determine the location(s) of one ormore disease sites.

In some embodiments, determining a site of disease comprises imaging theGI tract of the subject. In some more particular embodiments, theimaging comprises still imaging, video imaging, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, pre-determining a site of diseasecomprises endoscopy. In some more particular embodiments,pre-determining a site of disease comprises endoscopy with imaging. Inone particular aspect, pre-determining the site of disease comprisesendoscopy with video imaging, still imaging, or both. In some other moreparticular embodiments, pre-determining a site of disease comprisesendoscopy with biopsy. In more particular embodiments, pre-determining asite of disease comprises endoscopy with imaging and biopsy.

In some more particular aspects of the foregoing embodiments for thedetermination of the site of disease, the ingestible device isconfigured with at least one sensor. In some more particularembodiments, the at least one sensor is a light sensor. In some moreparticular embodiments, the sensor is an imaging sensor. In some moreparticular embodiments, the sensor is an imaging sensor capable ofdetecting inflamed tissue or lesions in the GI tract. In some moreparticular embodiments, the sensor is capable of detecting musclecontractions and/or peristalsis. In some more particular embodiments,the sensor is capable of detecting reflectance.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method of treating one or moreinflammatory disease sites comprises using an ingestible deviceconfigured with an imaging sensor. In some embodiments, the imagingsensor is capable of detecting inflamed tissue or lesions in the GItract. In some embodiments, the ingestible device configured with theimaging sensor comprises the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the JAK inhibitor. In other embodiments, theingestible device configured with the imaging sensor is a secondingestible device that does not comprise the JAK inhibitor, or thepharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAK inhibitor.

Thus, in some further embodiments, the method of treating one or moreinflammatory disease sites comprises determining or pre-determining oneor more inflammatory disease sites;

wherein the ingestible device is configured with an imaging sensorcapable of detecting inflamed tissue or lesions in the GI tract, and thedetermining or pre-determining of the one or more inflammatory diseasesites comprises imaging the GI tract via the ingestible device imagingsensor.

In some other embodiments, the method further comprises determining orpre-determining one or more inflammatory disease sites based on thelevel of an analyte or biomarker in a sample obtained from the GI tract.In some embodiments, the sample is obtained from the GI tract prior tothe administration of the ingestible device. In some more particularembodiments, the sample is obtained from the same portion of the GItract in which the JAK inhibitor is subsequently released. In someembodiments, the sample is obtained from the GI tract after theadministration of the ingestible device. In some more particularembodiments, the sample is obtained from the same portion of the GItract in which the JAK inhibitor was released. In some embodiments, afirst sample is obtained from the GI tract prior to the administrationof the ingestible device, and a second sample is obtained from the GItract after the administration of the ingestible device. In some moreparticular embodiments, the first sample and the second sample areobtained from the same portion of the GI tract in which the JAKinhibitor is released. The concentration of the analyte or biomarker inthe sample is determined as disclosed herein.

In some even more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor or thepharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor is releasedfrom the ingestible device to the same portion of the GI tract fromwhich the sample is obtained. In some even more particular embodiments,the JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released from the ingestible device to a portion of theGI tract proximal to that from which the sample is obtained.

In some even more particular embodiments, the analyte or biomarker is ananalyte or biomarker that indicates that a JAK inhibitor is a suitabletherapeutic for the treatment of the one or more disease sites. Examplesof such analytes or biomarkers include, but are not limited to,pro-inflammatory cytokines that rely on the JAK family for signaltransduction.

In some even more particular embodiments, the analyte or biomarker iscalprotectin, TNF-alpha, MAdCAM, other cytokines, and/or lactoferrin.Another example of an analyte is blood.

In some even more particular embodiments, the analyte or biomarker is ananalyte or biomarker that indicates that a JAK inhibitor may provide asuitable therapeutic for the treatment of the one or more disease sites.Examples of such analytes or biomarkers include pro-inflammatorycytokines that rely on the JAK family for signal transduction.

In some even more particular embodiments, the analyte or biomarker isIL-6, IL-13, IL-15, IL-23 and/or IFNγ. In some even more particularembodiments, the analyte or biomarker is IL-13, IL15, IL-22, IL-24and/or IL-27. In some even more particular embodiments, the analyte orbiomarker is IL-6, IL-13, IL-15, IL-23 and/or IFNγ, and the disease isulcerative colitis. In some even more particular embodiments, theanalyte or biomarker is IL-13, IL15, IL-22, IL-24 and/or IL-27, and thedisease is Crohn's disease.

Combination Therapy

The JAK inhibitors disclosed herein may be optionally be used withadditional agents in the treatment of the diseases disclosed herein.Nonlimiting examples of such agents for treating or preventinginflammatory bowel disease in such adjunct therapy (e.g., Crohn'sdisease, ulcerative colitis) include substances that suppress cytokineproduction, down-regulate or suppress self-antigen expression, or maskthe MHC antigens. Examples of such agents include2-amino-6-aryl-5-substituted pyrimidines (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,077);non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); ganciclovir; tacrolimus;lucocorticoids such as Cortisol or aldosterone; anti-inflammatory agentssuch as a cyclooxygenase inhibitor; a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor; or aleukotriene receptor antagonist; purine antagonists such as azathioprineor mycophenolate mofetil (MMF); alkylating agents such ascyclophosphamide; bromocryptine; danazol; dapsone; glutaraldehyde (whichmasks the MHC antigens, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,649);anti-idiotypic antibodies for MHC antigens and MHC fragments;cyclosporin A; 6-mercaptopurine; steroids such as corticosteroids orglucocorticosteroids or glucocorticoid analogs, e.g., prednisone,methylprednisolone, including SOLU-MEDROL®, methylprednisolone sodiumsuccinate, and dexamethasone; dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such asmethotrexate (oral or subcutaneous); anti-malarial agents such aschloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; sulfasalazine; leflunomide; cytokineor cytokine receptor antibodies or antagonists includinganti-interferon-alpha, -beta, or -gamma antibodies, anti-tumor necrosisfactor(TNF)-alpha antibodies (infliximab (REMICADE®) or adalimumab),anti-TNF-alpha immunoadhesin (etanercept), anti-TNF-beta antibodies,anti-interleukin-2 (IL-2) antibodies and anti-IL-2 receptor antibodies,and anti-interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor antibodies and antagonists;anti-LFA-1 antibodies, including anti-CD 1 1a and anti-CD 18 antibodies;anti-L3T4 antibodies; heterologous anti-lymphocyte globulin; pan-Tantibodies, anti-CD3 or anti-CD4/CD4a antibodies; soluble peptidecontaining a LFA-3 binding domain (WO 90/08187 published Jul. 26, 1990);streptokinase; transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta);streptodomase; RNA or DNA from the host; FK506; RS-61443; chlorambucil;deoxyspergualin; rapamycin; T-cell receptor (Cohen et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,114,721); T-cell receptor fragments (Offner et al., Science,251:430-432 (1991); WO 90/11294; Ianeway, Nature, 341:482 (1989); and WO91/01133); BAFF antagonists such as BAFF or BR3 antibodies orimmunoadhesins and zTNF4 antagonists (for review, see Mackay and Mackay,Trends Immunol., 23:113-5 (2002) and see also definition below);biologic agents that interfere with T cell helper signals, such asanti-CD40 receptor or anti-CD40 ligand (CD 154), including blockingantibodies to CD40-CD40 ligand (e.g., Durie et al., Science, 261:1328-30(1993); Mohan et al., J. Immunol., 154:1470-80 (1995)) and CTLA4-Ig(Finck et al., Science, 265:1225-7 (1994)); and T-cell receptorantibodies (EP 340,109) such as T10B9. Non-limiting examples of adjunctagents also include the following: budenoside; epidermal growth factor;aminosalicylates; metronidazole; mesalamine; olsalazine; balsalazide;antioxidants; thromboxane inhibitors; IL-1 receptor antagonists;anti-IL-1 monoclonal antibodies; growth factors; elastase inhibitors;pyridinyl-imidazole compounds; TNF antagonists; IL-4, IL-10, IL-13and/or TGFβcytokines or agonists thereof (e.g., agonist antibodies);IL-11; glucuronide- or dextran-conjugated prodrugs of prednisolone,dexamethasone or budesonide; ICAM-I antisense phosphorothioateoligodeoxynucleotides (ISIS 2302; Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); solublecomplement receptor 1 (TPlO; T Cell Sciences, Inc.); slow-releasemesalazine; antagonists of platelet activating factor (PAF);ciprofloxacin; and lignocaine. Examples of agents for UC aresulfasalazine and related salicylate-containing drugs for mild cases andcorticosteroid drugs in severe cases. Topical administration of eithersalicylates or corticosteroids is sometimes effective, particularly whenthe disease is limited to the distal bowel, and is associated withdecreased side effects compared with systemic use. Supportive measuressuch as administration of iron and antidiarrheal agents are sometimesindicated. Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate are sometimesalso prescribed for use in refractory corticosteroid-dependent cases.

In other embodiments, a JAK inhibitor as described herein can beadministered with a DNA enzyme (DNAzyme). In some embodiments, theDNAzyme is a GATA-3-specific DNAzyme, for example, SB012, as describedin Krug et al., The New England Journal of Medicine (2015)372(21):1987-1995, which is incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety.

In other embodiments, a JAK inhibitor as described herein can beadministered with one or more of: a CHST15 inhibitor, a IL-6 receptorinhibitor, an anti-TNF agent, an integrin inhibitor, an IL-12/IL-23inhibitor, a SMAD7 inhibitor, a IL-13 inhibitor, an IL-1 receptorinhibitor, a TLR agonist (e.g., cobitolimod), an immunosuppressant, alive biotherapeutic such as a stem cell, IL-10 or an IL-10 agonist,copaxone, a CD40 inhibitor, an SiP-inhibitor, a GM-CSF, or achemokine/chemokine receptor inhibitor. In other embodiments, a JAKinhibitor as described herein can be administered with a vitamin Cinfusion, one or more corticosteroids, and optionally thiamine.

In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is an antibody or monoclonalantibody. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant antibody isdaclizumab (e.g., marketed as Zenapax® or Zinbryta®); or a biosimilarthereof. Daclizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that bindsspecifically to the alpha subunit (p55 alpha, CD25, or Tac subunit) ofthe human high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor that is expressedon the surface of activated lymphocytes (e.g., see Cohan S. L. et al.,Biomedicines, 7(1), 18 2019). In some embodiments, the daclizumab isprovided in a formulation as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a granulocyte-macrophagecolony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF; also known as colony-stimulatingfactor 2 (CSF 2)); or a biosimilar thereof. (See Barahona-Garrido J. andYamamoto-Furusho J. K., Biologics 2008, 2(3):501-504). GM-CSF is animmunostimulant, and more particularly, a monomeric glycoprotein thatfunctions as a cytokine (white blood cell growth factor) and canstimulate stem cells to produce granulocytes and monocytes. GM-CSF alsofacilitates immune system development and promotes defense againstinfections. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®)or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments,the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the GM-CSF is administered during maintenance therapy.

Examples of particular combinations include the following. Unlessotherwise specified, the first component (component (1)) is administeredin an ingestible device, while the second component (component (2)) isadministered either topically, for example, via an ingestible device,which may be the same or different ingestible device as the firstcomponent, or by another form of administration. Each listed smallmolecule, peptide or nucleic acid agent optionally includes apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, whether or not such a form isexpressly indicated. Each listed antibody agent optionally includes abiosimilar thereof, whether or not such a biosimilar is expresslyindicated. Examples of the first component and the second componentrecited in combinations disclosed below are optionally provided in aformulation as disclosed herein.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) a PDE4 inhibitor, an IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor, anS1P modulator, an integrin inhibitor, or an anti-TNF agent. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) PDE4 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor isapremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) PDE4 inhibitor administered topically, forexample, via an ingestible device.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast,roflumilast or tetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) PDE4 inhibitor administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the PDE4inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast ortetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the systemic administration is intravenous administration.In some embodiments, the systemic administration is subcutaneousadministration.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) PDE4 inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the PDE4inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast ortetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) PDE4 inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the PDE4inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast ortetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) PDE4 inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor isapremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) PDE4 inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered topically, forexample, via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor isapremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast or tetomilast; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) PDE4 inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the PDE4inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast ortetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the systemic administration is intravenous administration.In some embodiments, the systemic administration is subcutaneousadministration.

(1) PDE4 inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the PDE4inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast ortetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) PDE4 inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the PDE4inhibitor is apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast ortetomilast; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab,risankizumab, brazikumab and mirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof,preferably, the IL-12/IL-23inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor administered topically, forexample, via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab,risankizumab, brazikumab and mirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof,preferably, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor administered systemically.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab, brazikumab andmirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof; preferably, the IL-12/IL-23inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate, and theIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In someembodiments, the systemic administration is intravenous administration.In some embodiments, the systemic administration is subcutaneousadministration.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor administered orally. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab, brazikumab andmirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof, preferably, the IL-12/IL-23inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate, and theIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor administered rectally. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab, brazikumab andmirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof; preferably, the IL-12/IL-23inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate, and theIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof.

(1) IL-12/IL-23; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab,risankizumab, brazikumab and mirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof;preferably, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered topically, forexample, via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab,risankizumab, brazikumab and mirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof,preferably, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab, brazikumab andmirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof; preferably, the IL-12/IL-23inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the systemic administration is intravenous administration. In someembodiments, the systemic administration is subcutaneous administration.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab, brazikumab andmirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof, preferably, the IL-12/IL-23inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate, and theIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof.

(1) IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab, brazikumab andmirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof; preferably, the IL-12/IL-23inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate, and theIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SiP modulator. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiP modulator is selectedfrom the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod,cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SiP modulator administered topically, forexample, via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiP modulator is selectedfrom the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod,cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SiP modulator administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiPmodulator is selected from the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203,siponimod, ponesimod, cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, andetrasimod; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In someembodiments, the systemic administration is intravenous administration.In some embodiments, the systemic administration is subcutaneousadministration.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SiP modulator administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiPmodulator is selected from the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203,siponimod, ponesimod, cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, andetrasimod; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SiP modulator administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiPmodulator is selected from the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203,siponimod, ponesimod, cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, andetrasimod; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(1) SiP modulator; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiP modulator is selectedfrom the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod,cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(1) SiP modulator; (2) JAK inhibitor administered topically, forexample, via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiP modulator is selectedfrom the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod,cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(1) SiP modulator; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiPmodulator is selected from the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203,siponimod, ponesimod, cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, andetrasimod; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In someembodiments, the systemic administration is intravenous administration.In some embodiments, the systemic administration is subcutaneousadministration.

(1) SiP modulator; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiPmodulator is selected from the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203,siponimod, ponesimod, cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, andetrasimod; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(1) SiP modulator; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the SiPmodulator is selected from the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203,siponimod, ponesimod, cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, andetrasimod; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) integrin inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is (a)an antibody selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab,natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; and biosimilarsthereof; preferably, vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof, or (b) a smallmolecule selected from the group consisting of AJM-300, HCA2969(carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758,GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e, PTG-100 (peptide), PN-10943(peptide; also known as PN-943) and a compound disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), thedisclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference in theirentireties; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) integrin inhibitor administered topically, forexample, via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is (a)an antibody selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab,natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; and biosmilarsthereof, or (b) a small molecule selected from the group consisting ofAJM-300, HCA2969 (carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast, R00270608,CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e, PTG-100(peptide), PN-10943 (peptide; also known as PN-943) and a compounddisclosed in US 2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914;WO 2005/077915; WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al.,Immunotechnol., 4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem.,45:3451-3457 (2002); Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006);Gong et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al.,American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014)56th (December 08) Abs 4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.,23:1026-1031 (2013); or Xu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.,23:4370-4373 (2013), the disclosures of each of which are incorporatedby reference in their entireties; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) integrin inhibitor administered systemically. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the integrin inhibitor is (a) an antibody selected from thegroup consisting of vedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumaband PF-00547659; and biosimilars thereof; preferably, vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof, or (b) a small molecule selected from the groupconsisting of AJM-300, HCA2969 (carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast,R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e,PTG-100 (peptide), PN-10943 (peptide; also known as PN-943) and acompound disclosed in US 2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO2005/077914; WO 2005/077915; WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol., 4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al.,J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002); Gong et al., J. Med. Chem.,49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335(2008); Muz et al., American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting andExposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs 4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); or Xu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem.Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), the disclosures of each of which areincorporated by reference in their entireties; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the systemicadministration is intravenous administration. In some embodiments, thesystemic administration is subcutaneous administration.

In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) integrin inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the integrininhibitor is (a) an antibody selected from the group consisting ofvedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; andbiosimilars thereof; preferably, vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof, or(b) a small molecule selected from the group consisting of AJM-300,HCA2969 (carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323,CT7758, GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e, PTG-100 (peptide),PN-10943 (peptide; also known as PN-943) and a compound disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), thedisclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference in theirentireties; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) integrin inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the integrininhibitor is (a) an antibody selected from the group consisting ofvedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; andbiosimilars thereof; preferably, vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof, or(b) a small molecule selected from the group consisting of AJM-300,HCA2969 (carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323,CT7758, GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e, PTG-100 (peptide),PN-10943 (peptide; also known as PN-943) and a compound disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), thedisclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference in theirentireties; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) Integrin inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is (a)an antibody selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab,natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; and biosimilarsthereof; preferably, vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof, or (b) a smallmolecule selected from the group consisting of AJM-300, HCA2969(carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758,GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e, PTG-100 (peptide), PN-10943(peptide; also known as PN-943) and a compound disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), thedisclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference in theirentireties; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) Integrin inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered topically, forexample, via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is (a)an antibody selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab,natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; and biosmilarsthereof, or (b) a small molecule selected from the group consisting ofAJM-300, HCA2969 (carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast, R00270608,CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e, PTG-100(peptide), PN-10943 (peptide; also known as PN-943) and a compounddisclosed in US 2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914;WO 2005/077915; WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al.,Immunotechnol., 4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem.,45:3451-3457 (2002); Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006);Gong et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al.,American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014)56th (December 08) Abs 4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.,23:1026-1031 (2013); or Xu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.,23:4370-4373 (2013), the disclosures of each of which are incorporatedby reference in their entireties; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) Integrin inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the integrin inhibitor is (a) an antibody selected from thegroup consisting of vedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumaband PF-00547659; and biosimilars thereof; preferably, vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof, or (b) a small molecule selected from the groupconsisting of AJM-300, HCA2969 (carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast,R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e,PTG-100 (peptide), PN-10943 (peptide; also known as PN-943) and acompound disclosed in US 2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO2005/077914; WO 2005/077915; WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol., 4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al.,J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002); Gong et al., J. Med. Chem.,49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335(2008); Muz et al., American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting andExposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs 4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); or Xu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem.Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), the disclosures of each of which areincorporated by reference in their entireties; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the systemicadministration is intravenous administration. In some embodiments, thesystemic administration is subcutaneous administration.

In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) Integrin inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the integrininhibitor is (a) an antibody selected from the group consisting ofvedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; andbiosimilars thereof; preferably, vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof, or(b) a small molecule selected from the group consisting of AJM-300,HCA2969 (carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323,CT7758, GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e, PTG-100 (peptide),PN-10943 (peptide; also known as PN-943) and a compound disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), thedisclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference in theirentireties; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate and theintegrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate and theintegrin inhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast) or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib citrate and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 ora pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) Integrin inhibitor; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the integrininhibitor is (a) an antibody selected from the group consisting ofvedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; andbiosimilars thereof; preferably, vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof, or(b) a small molecule selected from the group consisting of AJM-300,HCA2969 (carotegrast), firategrast, valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323,CT7758, GW-559090, ELND-004 TBC-4746, DW-908e, PTG-100 (peptide),PN-10943 (peptide; also known as PN-943) and a compound disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), thedisclosures of each of which are incorporated by reference in theirentireties; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or abiosimilar thereof. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In anotherpreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the integrin inhibitor is AJM300 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) anti-TNF agent. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab,certolizumab pegol and etanercept; and biosimilars thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the anti-TNF agent is adalimumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) anti-TNF agent administered topically, forexample, via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of adalimumab, infliximab, golimumab,certolizumab pegol and etanercept; and biosimilars thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the anti-TNF agent is adalimumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) anti-TNF agent administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the anti-TNFagent is selected from the group consisting of adalimumab, infliximab,golimumab, certolizumab pegol and etanercept; and biosimilars thereof.In some embodiments, the systemic administration is intravenousadministration. In some embodiments, the systemic administration issubcutaneous administration. In a preferred embodiment, the JAKinhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,or more particularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the anti-TNF agent isadalimumab or a biosimilar thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) anti-TNF agent administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the anti-TNFagent is selected from the group consisting of adalimumab, infliximab,golimumab, certolizumab pegol and etanercept; and biosimilars thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the anti-TNF agent is adalimumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) anti-TNF agent administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the anti-TNFagent is selected from the group consisting of adalimumab, infliximab,golimumab, certolizumab pegol and etanercept; and biosimilars thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the anti-TNF agent is adalimumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) Anti-TNF agent; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the anti-TNF agent is adalimumabor a biosimilar thereof.

(1) Anti-TNF agent; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. Ina preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or more particularly,tofacitinib citrate, and the anti-TNF agent is adalimumab or abiosimilar thereof.

(1) Anti-TNF agent; (2) JAK inhibitor systemically. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the anti-TNF agent is adalimumabor a biosimilar thereof.

(1) Anti-TNF agent; (2) JAK inhibitor orally. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In another preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate, and the anti-TNF agent is adalimumabor a biosimilar thereof.

(1) Anti-TNF agent; (2) JAK inhibitor rectally. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) aneoregulin-4. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) neoregulin-4 topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) neoregulin-4 systemically. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isadministered intravenously. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isadministered subcutaneously.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) neoregulin-4 administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) neoregulin-4 administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Neoregulin-4; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Neoregulin-4; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Neoregulin-4; (2) JAK inhibitor systemically. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isadministered intravenously. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isadministered subcutaneously.

(1) Neoregulin-4; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Neoregulin-4; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) methotrexate. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) methotrexate topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) methotrexate administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) methotrexate administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) methotrexate administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Methotrexate; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Methotrexate; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Methotrexate; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is administered intravenously. In other embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is administered subcutaneously.

(1) Methotrexate; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Methotrexate; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) Traficet-EN. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) Traficet-EN topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) Traficet-EN administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) Traficet-EN administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) Traficet-EN administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Traficet-EN; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Traficet-EN; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Traficet-EN; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Traficet-EN; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Traficet-EN; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) alicaforsen (ISIS 2302). In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) alicaforsen (ISIS 2302) topically, for example,via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) alicaforsen (ISIS 2302) administeredsystemically. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected fromthe group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) alicaforsen (ISIS 2302) administered orally. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) alicaforsen (ISIS 2302) administered rectally. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Alicaforsen (ISIS 2302); (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Alicaforsen (ISIS 2302); (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example,via an ingestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Alicaforsen (ISIS 2302); (2) JAK inhibitor administeredsystemically. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected fromthe group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Alicaforsen (ISIS 2302); (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Alicaforsen (ISIS 2302); (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SB012. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SB012 topically, for example, via an ingestibledevice. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SB012 administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SB012 administered orally. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) SB012 administered rectally. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) SB012; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) SB012; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via an ingestibledevice. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) SB012; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) SB012; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) SB012; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) a corticosteroid. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the corticosteroid is selectedfrom the group consisting of prednisone, methylprednisolone,hydrocortisone and budesonide.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) a corticosteroid topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. Insome embodiments, the corticosteroid is selected from the groupconsisting of prednisone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone andbudesonide.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) a corticosteroid administered systemically. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the corticosteroid is selected from the group consisting ofprednisone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone and budesonide.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) a corticosteroid administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, thecorticosteroid is selected from the group consisting of prednisone,methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone and budesonide.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) a corticosteroid administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, thecorticosteroid is selected from the group consisting of prednisone,methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone and budesonide.

(1) A corticosteroid; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the corticosteroid is selectedfrom the group consisting of prednisone, methylprednisolone,hydrocortisone and budesonide.

(1) A corticosteroid; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. Insome embodiments, the corticosteroid is selected from the groupconsisting of prednisone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone andbudesonide.

(1) A corticosteroid; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the corticosteroid is selected from the group consisting ofprednisone, methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone and budesonide.

(1) A corticosteroid; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, thecorticosteroid is selected from the group consisting of prednisone,methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone and budesonide.

(1) A corticosteroid; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, thecorticosteroid is selected from the group consisting of prednisone,methylprednisolone, hydrocortisone and budesonide.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) an aminosalicylate. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the aminosalicylate ismesalazine.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) an aminosalicylate topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. Insome embodiments, the aminosalicylate is mesalazine.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) an aminosalicylate administered systemically. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the aminosalicylate is mesalazine.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) an aminosalicylate administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, theaminosalicylate is mesalazine.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) an aminosalicylate administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, theaminosalicylate is mesalazine.

(1) An aminosalicylate; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the aminosalicylate ismesalazine.

(1) An aminosalicylate; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. Insome embodiments, the aminosalicylate is mesalazine.

(1) An aminosalicylate; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the aminosalicylate is mesalazine.

(1) An aminosalicylate; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, theaminosalicylate is mesalazine.

(1) An aminosalicylate; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, theaminosalicylate is mesalazine.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) tacrolimus. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) tacrolimus topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) tacrolimus administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) tacrolimus administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) tacrolimus administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Tacrolimus; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Tacrolimus; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Tacrolimus; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Tacrolimus; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Tacrolimus; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) cyclosporin A. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) cyclosporin A topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) cyclosporin A administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) cyclosporin A administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) cyclosporin A administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Cyclosporin A; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Cyclosporin A; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via aningestible device. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Cyclosporin A; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Cyclosporin A; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) Cyclosporin A; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) GM-CSF. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. Insome embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim;or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF isadministered during maintenance therapy.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) GM-CSF topically, for example, via an ingestibledevice. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or abiosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF isadministered during maintenance therapy.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) GM-CSF administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. Insome preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is administered duringmaintenance therapy.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) GM-CSF administered orally. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim(Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferredembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is administered during maintenance therapy.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) GM-CSF administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. Insome preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is administered duringmaintenance therapy.

(1) GM-CSF; (2) JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165,decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib,PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib,solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some more particularembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofbaricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. Insome embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim;or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF isadministered during maintenance therapy.

(1) GM-CSF; (2) JAK inhibitor topically, for example, via an ingestibledevice. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of baricitinib,filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment,the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, even more particularly, tofacitinib citrate. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or abiosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF isadministered during maintenance therapy.

(1) GM-CSF; (2) JAK inhibitor administered systemically. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. Insome preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is administered duringmaintenance therapy.

(1) GM-CSF; (2) JAK inhibitor administered orally. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim(Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferredembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is administered during maintenance therapy.

(1) GM-CSF; (2) JAK inhibitor administered rectally. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the group consistingabrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib,itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333(R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504,tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib,upadacitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitoris tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. Insome preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is administered duringmaintenance therapy.

(1) JAK inhibitor; (2) cyclosporin A. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In somemore particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of baricitinib, filgotinib, upadacitinib, TD-1473,TD-3504 and tofacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.In a preferred embodiment, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, even more particularly,tofacitinib citrate. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim(Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferredembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is administered during maintenance therapy.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering(i) the JAK inhibitor as disclosed herein, and (ii) a second agentorally, intravenously or subcutaneously, wherein the second agent in(ii) is the same JAK inhibitor in (i); a different JAK inhibitor; or anagent having a different biological target from the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering(i) the JAK inhibitor in the manner disclosed herein, and (ii) a secondagent orally, intravenously or subcutaneously, wherein the second agentin (ii) is an agent suitable for treating an inflammatory bowel disease.

In some embodiments of the methods that include administering a secondor additional agent or component, the additional agent is administeredtogether with the JAK inhibitor in the same ingestible device as the JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments of the methods that include administeringa second or additional agent or component, the additional agent isadministered separately from the JAK inhibitor in a separate ingestibledevice from the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered prior to thesecond agent. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administeredafter the second agent. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor and thesecond agent are administered substantially at the same time. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered prior to the second agent.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered after the secondagent. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor and the second agent aredelivered substantially at the same time.

In some embodiments, the second agent is an agent suitable for thetreatment of a disease of the gastrointestinal tract. In someembodiments, the second agent is an agent suitable for the treatment ofan inflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments, the second agent isadministered intravenously. In some embodiments, the second agent isadministered subcutaneously. In some embodiments, the second agent ismethotrexate.

In some embodiments, delivery of the JAK inhibitor to the location, suchas delivery to the location by mucosal contact, results in systemicimmunogenicity levels at or below systemic immunogenicity levelsresulting from administration of the JAK inhibitor systemically. In someembodiments comprising administering the JAK inhibitor in the mannerdisclosed herein and a second agent systemically, delivery of the JAKinhibitor to the location, such as delivery to the location by mucosalcontact, results in systemic immunogenicity levels at or below systemicimmunogenicity levels resulting from administration of the JAK inhibitorsystemically and the second agent systemically. In some embodiments, themethod comprises administering the JAK inhibitor in the manner disclosedherein and a second agent, wherein the amount of the second agent isless than the amount of the second agent when the JAK inhibitor and thesecond agent are both administered systemically. In some aspects ofthese embodiments, the second agent is a JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering the JAKinhibitor in the manner disclosed herein and does not compriseadministering a second agent.

Combination Therapy Methods JAK Inhibitor via Topical Administration

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract ofa subject comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor; and

administering an additional agent useful for treating the disease orcondition of the gastrointestinal tract of the subject;

wherein the topical administration comprises releasing the JAKinhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, to, or proximal to, a section or subsection of the GI tractcontaining one or more inflammatory disease sites.

In some further embodiments, the topical administration comprises orallyadministering to the subject an ingestible device as disclosed herein,said device containing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor; and releasing the JAKinhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor from the ingestible device to, or proximal to, the section orsubsection of the GI tract containing the one or more disease sites.

In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or condition is aninflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released to the stomach or the duodenum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released to the duodenum or the jejunum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released to the jejunum or the ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released to the ileum or the cecum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released to the cecum or the colon. In some moreparticular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor, is released to theascending colon.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor istofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is administered topically(e.g, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein). In someembodiments, the additional agent is administered by another form ofadministration. In some further embodiments, the additional agent isadministered systemically (such as intervenously, subcutaneously, ororally) or rectally.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered prior toadministration of the additional agent. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered prior to administration of the JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor and the additionalagent are administered simultaneously.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an aminosalicylate, animmunosuppressant (e.g., a corticosteroid), a PDE4 inhibitor, an SIPmodulator, an integrin inhibitor, an anti-TNF agent, an IL-12/IL-23inhibitor, a GM-CSF or a second JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and animmunosuppressant is administered. In some embodiments, theimmunosuppressant is a corticosteroid, optionally selected from thegroup consisting of budesonide, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone,methylprednisolone, prednisolone and prednisone; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant isa cytostatic agent, optionally selected from the group consisting ofazathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant isan mTOR inhibitor, optionally selected from the group consisting ofrapamycin, everolimus, dactolisib and temsirolimus; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant isa calcineurin inhibitor, optionally selected from the group consistingof a cyclosporin (such as cyclosporin A), pimecrolimus, sanglifehrin A,tacrolimus and voclosporin; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and a PDE4inhibitor is administered. In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of apremilast, crisaborole,ibudilast, roflumilast and tetomilast; and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and an SiPmodulator is administered. In some embodiments, the SiP modulator isselected from the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod,ponesimod, cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, theSiP modulator is ozanimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.In other embodiments, the SIP modulator is etrasimod or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In yet other embodiments, the SIP modulator isamiselimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and anintegrin inhibitor is administered. In some embodiments, the integrininhibitor is an antibody. In a further embodiment, the integrininhibitor is selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab,natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; and biosimilarsthereof. In a preferred embodiment, the integrin inhibitor isvedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof. In other embodiments, the integrininhibitor is a small molecule integrin inhibitor. In some embodiments,the small molecule integrin inhibitor is firategrast, valategrast,R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090, or ELND-004; or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In further embodiments, the small moleculeintegrin inhibitor is a compound as disclosed in US 2005/0209232; U.S.Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915; WO 09/706822; WO2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol., 4:253-266(1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002); Gong et al.,J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem.Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society of HematologyAnnual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs 4758;Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); or Xu etal., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), each of which areincorporated by reference in their entireties; or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the small moleculeintegrin inhibitor is AJM-300, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In another preferred embodiment, the small molecule integrininhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast), or a prodrug thereof; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided that the prodrug ofcarotegrast is not AJM300. In another preferred embodiment, the smallmolecule integrin inhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast); or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, theintegrin inhibitor is a peptide integrin inhibitor. In some embodiments,the peptide integrin inhibitor is PTG-100 or PN-10943 (also known asPN-943).

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and ananti-TNF agent is administered. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF agentis infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab, certolizumab pegol oretanercept; or a biosimilar thereof. In a preferred embodiment, theanti-TNF agent is adalimumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor, is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and GM-CSFis administered. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim(Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferredembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is administered during maintenance therapy.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and anIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is administered. In some embodiments, theIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab, brazikumab and mirikizumab; andbiosimilars thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the IL-12/IL-23inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is a peptide inhibitor of the IL-23 receptor,such as a peptide disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,624,268, e.g., Compound A(SEQ ID NO: 276), Compound B (SEQ ID NO: 279), or Compound C (SEQ ID NO:280); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is apilomod mesylate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and a GM-CSFis administered. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim(Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferredembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is administered during maintenance therapy.

In some embodiments, a first JAK inhibitor is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and a secondJAK inhibitor is administered, wherein the second JAK inhibitor isdifferent from the first JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the secondJAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the second JAK inhibitor is selected from group consistingof abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509),filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAKinhibitor is a formulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is provided in a formulation as disclosed herein.

JAK Inhibitor Topically Administered Via an Ingestible Device

In some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method oftreating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal(GI) tract of a subject, comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) a JAKinhibitor, or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprises a JAKinhibitor; and

administering an additional agent useful for treating the disease orcondition of the GI tract of the subject;

wherein the topical administration comprises orally administering to thesubject an ingestible device as disclosed herein, said device containingthe JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor; and releasing the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor, from the ingestible deviceto, or proximal to, a section or subsection of the GI tract containingthe one or more inflammatory disease sites.

In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or condition is aninflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe JAK inhibitor or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theJAK inhibitor is released to the stomach or the duodenum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theJAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released to the duodenum or the jejunum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theJAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released to the jejunum or the ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theJAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released to the ileum or the cecum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theJAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the JAKinhibitor, is released to the cecum or the colon. In some moreparticular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor, or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the JAK inhibitor, is released to theascending colon.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor istofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is administered topically(e.g., via an ingestible device as disclosed herein). In someembodiments, the additional agent is administered by another form ofadministration. In some further embodiments, the additional agent isadministered systemically (such as intervenously, subcutaneously, ororally) or rectally.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered prior toadministration of the additional agent. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered prior to administration of the JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor and the additionalagent are administered simultaneously.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an aminosalicylate, animmunosuppressant (e.g., a corticosteroid), a PDE4 inhibitor, an SIPmodulator, an integrin inhibitor, an anti-TNF agent, an IL-12/IL-23inhibitor, or a second JAK integrin inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and an immunosuppressant isadministered. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is acorticosteroid, optionally selected from the group consisting ofbudesonide, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone,prednisolone and prednisone; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is a cytostaticagent, optionally selected from the group consisting of azathioprine,6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is an mTORinhibitor, optionally selected from the group consisting of rapamycin,everolimus, dactolisib and temsirolimus; and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is acalcineurin inhibitor, optionally selected from the group consisting ofa cyclosporin (such as cyclosporin A), pimecrolimus, sanglifehrin A,tacrolimus and voclosporin; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and a PDE4 inhibitor isadministered. In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is selected fromthe group consisting of apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilastand tetomilast; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and a SiP modulator isadministered. In some embodiments, the SiP modulator is selected fromthe group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod,cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the SiPmodulator is ozanimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Inother embodiments, the SIP modulator is etrasimod or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In yet other embodiments, the SIP modulator isamiselimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and an integrin inhibitor isadministered. In some embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is anantibody. In a further embodiment, the integrin inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting of vedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab,vatelizumab and PF-00547659; and biosimilars thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or a biosimilarthereof. In other embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is a smallmolecule integrin inhibitor. In some embodiments, the small moleculeintegrin inhibitor is firategrast, valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323,CT7758, GW-559090, or ELND-004; or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In further embodiments, the small molecule integrin inhibitoris a compound as disclosed in US 2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091;WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915; WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol., 4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al.,J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002); Gong et al., J. Med. Chem.,49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335(2008); Muz et al., American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting andExposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs 4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); or Xu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem.Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), each of which are incorporated by referencein their entireties; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the small molecule integrin inhibitor is AJM-300,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another preferredembodiment, the small molecule integrin inhibitor is HCA2969(carotegrast), or a prodrug thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof; provided that the prodrug of carotegrast is not AJM300. Inanother preferred embodiment, the small molecule integrin inhibitor isHCA2969 (carotegrast); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Inother embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is a peptide integrininhibitor. In some embodiments, the peptide integrin inhibitor isPTG-100 or PN-10943 (also known as PN-943).

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and an anti-TNF agent isadministered. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF agent is infliximab,golimumab, certolizumab, certolizumab pegol or etanercept; or abiosimilar thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the anti-TNF agent isadalimumab or a biosimilar thereof.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and an IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor isadministered. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab,brazikumab and mirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is a peptideinhibitor of the IL-23 receptor, such as a peptide disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 9,624,268, e.g., Compound A (SEQ ID NO: 276), Compound B (SEQID NO: 279), or Compound C (SEQ ID NO: 280); or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is apilomod mesylate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and a GM-CSF is administered. Insome embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim;or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF isadministered during maintenance therapy.

In some embodiments, a first JAK inhibitor is administered topically viaan ingestible device as disclosed herein, and a second JAK inhibitor isadministered, wherein the second JAK inhibitor is different from thefirst JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the second JAK inhibitor is aJAK inhibitor as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the second JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAKinhibitor is a formulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is provided in a formulation as disclosed herein.

JAK Inhibitor Plus Additional Agent Via Ingestible Device

In some other embodiments, a method of treating an inflammatory diseaseor condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a subject comprises:

administering to the subject a JAK inhibitor;

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i)an additional agent or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesan additional agent, wherein the additional agent is useful for treatinga disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject; and

releasing the additional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the additional agent, from the ingestible device to, orproximal to, a section or subsection of the GI tract containing one ormore inflammatory disease sites.

In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or condition is aninflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe additional agent or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe additional agent is released to the stomach or the duodenum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theadditional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theadditional agent, is released to the duodenum or the jejunum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theadditional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theadditional agent, is released to the jejunum or the ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theadditional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theadditional agent, is released to the ileum or the cecum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theadditional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theadditional agent, is released to the cecum or the colon. In some moreparticular embodiments, the additional agent, or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the additional agent, is released to theascending colon.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor as disclosedherein.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of abrocitinib, baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib(VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600,PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib,TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor istofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tofacitinib citrate.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered in an ingestibledevice. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered byanother form of administration. In some further embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is administered systemically (such as intervenously,subcutaneously, or orally) or rectally.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is administered prior toadministration of the additional agent. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered prior to administration of the JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor and the additionalagent are administered simultaneously.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an aminosalicylate, animmunosuppressant (e.g., a corticosteroid), a PDE4 inhibitor, an SIPmodulator, an integrin inhibitor, an anti-TNF agent, an IL-12/IL-23inhibitor, a GM-CSF or a second JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an immunosuppressant. Insome embodiments, the immunosuppressant is a corticosteroid, optionallyselected from the group consisting of budesonide, dexamethasone,hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone and prednisone; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, theimmunosuppressant is a cytostatic agent, optionally selected from thegroup consisting of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, theimmunosuppressant is an mTOR inhibitor, optionally selected from thegroup consisting of rapamycin, everolimus, dactolisib and temsirolimus;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, theimmunosuppressant is a calcineurin inhibitor, optionally selected fromthe group consisting of a cyclosporin (such as cyclosporin A),pimecrolimus, sanglifehrin A, tacrolimus and voclosporin; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a PDE4 inhibitor selectedfrom the group consisting of apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast,roflumilast and tetomilast; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an SiP modulator selectedfrom the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod,cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the SiPmodulator is ozanimod or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Inother embodiments, the SIP modulator is etrasimod or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In yet other embodiments, the SIP modulator isamiselimod or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an integrin inhibitor. Insome embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is an antibody. In a furtherembodiment, the integrin inhibitor is selected from the group consistingof vedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659;and biosimilars thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the integrininhibitor is vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof. In other embodiments,the integrin inhibitor is a small molecule integrin inhibitor. In someembodiments, the small molecule integrin inhibitor is firategrast,valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090, or ELND-004; orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In further embodiments, thesmall molecule integrin inhibitor is a compound as disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), each of whichare incorporated by reference in their entireties; or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the small moleculeintegrin inhibitor is AJM-300, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In another preferred embodiment, the small molecule integrininhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast), or a prodrug thereof; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided that the prodrug ofcarotegrast is not AJM300. In another preferred embodiment, the smallmolecule integrin inhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast); or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, theintegrin inhibitor is a peptide integrin inhibitor. In some embodiments,the peptide integrin inhibitor is PTG-100 or PN-10943 (also known asPN-943).

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an anti-TNF agent selectedfrom the group consisting of infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab,certolizumab pegol and etanercept; and biosimilars thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the anti-TNF agent is adalimumab or a biosimilarthereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an IL-12/IL-23 inhibitorselected from the group consisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab,risankizumab, brazikumab and mirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or abiosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is apeptide inhibitor of the IL-23 receptor, such as a peptide disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 9,624,268, e.g., Compound A (SEQ ID NO: 276), Compound B(SEQ ID NO: 279), or Compound C (SEQ ID NO: 280); or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitoris apilomod mesylate.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a GM-CSF. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or abiosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF isadministered during maintenance therapy.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a second JAK inhibitor,wherein the second JAK inhibitor is different from the first JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the second JAK inhibitor is a JAKinhibitor as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the second JAKinhibitor is selected from group consisting of abrocitinib, baricitinib,BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib,peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348),ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib and upadacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAKinhibitor is a formulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is provided in a formulation as disclosed herein.

Tofacitinib Topically Administered Plus Additional Agent

In some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method oftreating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal(GI) tract of a subject comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject (i) tofacitinibor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinibcitrate), or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprisestofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate); and

administering an additional agent useful for treating the disease orcondition of the GI tract of the subject;

wherein the topical administration comprises releasing the tofacitinibor pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate),or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate),to, or proximal to, a section or subsection of the GI tract containingone or more inflammatory disease sites.

In some further embodiments, the topical administration furthercomprises orally administering to the subject an ingestible device asdisclosed herein, said device containing the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), orthe pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate);and releasing the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), from the ingestible device to, orproximal to, the section or subsection of the GI tract containing theone or more disease sites.

In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or condition is aninflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the stomach or the duodenum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and thetofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the duodenum or the jejunum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, andtofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the jejunum or the ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and thetofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the ileum or the cecum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and thetofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the cecum or the colon. In somemore particular embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or thepharmaceutical formulation that comprises the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), isreleased to the ascending colon.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is administered topically(e.g., via an ingestible device as disclosed herein). In someembodiments, the additional agent is administered by another form ofadministration. In some further embodiments, the additional agent isadministered systemically (such as intervenously, subcutaneously, ororally) or rectally.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered prior toadministration of the additional agent. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered prior to administration of thetofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate). In some embodiments, the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), orthe pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate),and the additional agent are administered simultaneously.

In some embodiments, the additional agent an aminosalicylate, animmunosuppressant (e.g., a corticosteroid), a PDE4 inhibitor, an SIPmodulator, an integrin inhibitor, an anti-TNF agent, an IL-12/IL-23inhibitor, a GM-CSF or a second JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate) is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and animmunosuppressant is administered. In some embodiments, theimmunosuppressant is a corticosteroid, optionally selected from thegroup consisting of budesonide, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone,methylprednisolone, prednisolone and prednisone; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant isa cytostatic agent, optionally selected from the group consisting ofazathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant isan mTOR inhibitor, optionally selected from the group consisting ofrapamycin, everolimus, dactolisib and temsirolimus; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant isa calcineurin inhibitor, optionally selected from the group consistingof a cyclosporin (such as cyclosporin A), pimecrolimus, sanglifehrin A,tacrolimus and voclosporin; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and a PDE4inhibitor is administered.

In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is selected from the groupconsisting of apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilast andtetomilast; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and a SiPmodulator is administered.

In some embodiments, the SiP modulator is selected from the groupconsisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod, cenerimod,ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod; and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the SiP modulator isozanimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In otherembodiments, the SIP modulator is etrasimod or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In yet other embodiments, the SIP modulator isamiselimod or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and anintegrin inhibitor is administered. In some embodiments, the integrininhibitor is an antibody. In a further embodiment, the integrininhibitor is selected from the group consisting of vedolizumab,natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659; and biosimilarsthereof. In a preferred embodiment, the integrin inhibitor isvedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some particularly preferredembodiments, the tofacitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, such as tofacitinib citrate, is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), andvedolizumab or biosimilar thereof is administered systemically. In someembodiments, the vedolizumab or biosimilar thereof is administeredintravenously. In some embodiments, the vedolizumab or biosimilarthereof is administered subcutaneously. In other embodiments, theintegrin inhibitor is a small molecule integrin inhibitor. In someembodiments, the small molecule integrin inhibitor is firategrast,valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090, or ELND-004; orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In further embodiments, thesmall molecule integrin inhibitor is a compound as disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), each of whichare incorporated by reference in their entireties; or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the small moleculeintegrin inhibitor is AJM-300, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In another preferred embodiment, the small molecule integrininhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast), or a prodrug thereof, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, provided that the prodrug ofcarotegrast is not AJM300. In another preferred embodiment, the smallmolecule integrin inhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast); or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, theintegrin inhibitor is a peptide integrin inhibitor. In some embodiments,the peptide integrin inhibitor is PTG-100 or PN-10943 (also known asPN-943).

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and ananti-TNF agent is administered. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF agentis infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab, certolizumab pegol oretanercept; or a biosimilar thereof. In a preferred embodiment, theanti-TNF agent is adalimumab or a biosimilar thereof. In a particularlypreferred embodiment, the tofacitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, such as tofacitinib citrate, is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), andadalimumab or biosimilar thereof is administered systemically. In someembodiments, the adalimumab or biosimilar thereof is administeredintravenously. In some embodiments, the adalimumab or biosimilar thereofis administered subcutaneously. In another particularly preferredembodiment, the tofacitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, such as tofacitinib citrate, is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), andadalimumab or biosimilar thereof is administered topically (optionally,via an ingestible device as disclosed herein).

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and anIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is administered. In some embodiments, theIL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting ofustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab, brazikumab and mirikizumab; andbiosimilars thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the IL-12/IL-23inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments,the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is a peptide inhibitor of the IL-23 receptor,such as a peptide disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,624,268, e.g., Compound A(SEQ ID NO: 276), Compound B (SEQ ID NO: 279), or Compound C (SEQ ID NO:280); or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In someembodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is apilomod mesylate.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and a GM-CSFis administered. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim(Leukine®) or molgramostim; or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferredembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is administered during maintenance therapy.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically(optionally, via an ingestible device as disclosed herein), and a secondJAK inhibitor is administered, wherein the second JAK inhibitor is nottofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate). In some embodiments, the second JAK inhibitor is aJAK inhibitor as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the second JAKinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, and upadacitinib;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAKinhibitor is a formulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is provided in a formulation as disclosed herein.

Tofacitinib Topically Administered Via an Ingestible Device PlusAdditional Agent

In some more particular embodiments, provided herein is a method oftreating an inflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal(GI) tract of a subject, comprising:

topically administering to the GI tract of the subject tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), ora pharmaceutical formulation that comprises tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate);and

administering an additional agent useful for treating the disease orcondition of the GI tract of the subject;

wherein the topical administration comprises orally administering to thesubject an ingestible device as disclosed herein, said device containingthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate); and releasing the tofacitinib or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or thepharmaceutical formulation that comprises the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate),from the ingestible device to, or proximal to, a section or subsectionof the GI tract containing the one or more inflammatory disease sites.

In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or condition is aninflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the stomach or the duodenum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and thetofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the duodenum or the jejunum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and thetofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the jejunum or the ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and thetofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the ileum or the cecum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and thetofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), is released to the cecum or the colon. In somemore particular embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or thepharmaceutical formulation that comprises the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), isreleased to the ascending colon.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is administered topically(e.g., via an ingestible device as disclosed herein). In someembodiments, the additional agent is administered by another form ofadministration. In some further embodiments, the additional agent isadministered systemically (such as intervenously, subcutaneously, ororally) or rectally.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered prior toadministration of the additional agent. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered prior to administration of thetofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate). In some embodiments, the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), orthe pharmaceutical formulation that comprises the tofacitinib orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate),and the additional agent are administered simultaneously.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an aminosalicylate, animmunosuppressant (e.g., a corticosteroid), a PDE4 inhibitor, an SIPmodulator, an integrin inhibitor, an anti-TNF agent, an IL-12/IL-23inhibitor a GM-CSF or a second JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and an immunosuppressant isadministered. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is acorticosteroid, optionally selected from the group consisting ofbudesonide, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone,prednisolone and prednisone; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is a cytostaticagent, optionally selected from the group consisting of azathioprine,6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is an mTORinhibitor, optionally selected from the group consisting of rapamycin,everolimus, dactolisib and temsirolimus; and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof. In some embodiments, the immunosuppressant is acalcineurin inhibitor, optionally selected from the group consisting ofa cyclosporin (such as cyclosporin A), pimecrolimus, sanglifehrin A,tacrolimus and voclosporin; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and a PDE4 inhibitor isadministered. In some embodiments, the PDE4 inhibitor is selected fromthe group consisting of apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast, roflumilastand tetomilast; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and a SiP modulator isadministered. In some embodiments, the SiP modulator is selected fromthe group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod,cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod. In someembodiments, the SiP modulator is ozanimod. In other embodiments, theSIP modulator is etrasimod. In yet other embodiments, the SIP modulatoris amiselimod.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and an integrin inhibitor isadministered. In some embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is anantibody. In a further embodiment, the integrin inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting of vedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab,vatelizumab and PF-00547659; and biosimilars thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the integrin inhibitor is vedolizumab or a biosimilarthereof. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the tofacitinib or thepharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such as tofacitinib citrate,is administered topically via an ingestible device as disclosed herein,and vedolizumab or biosimilar thereof is administered systemically. Insome embodiments, the vedolizumab or biosimilar thereof is administeredintravenously. In some embodiments, the vedolizumab or biosimilarthereof is administered subcutaneously. In other embodiments, theintegrin inhibitor is a small molecule integrin inhibitor. In someembodiments, the small molecule integrin inhibitor is firategrast,valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090, or ELND-004; orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In further embodiments, thesmall molecule integrin inhibitor is a compound as disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), each of whichare incorporated by reference in their entireties; or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the small moleculeintegrin inhibitor is AJM-300, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In another preferred embodiment, the small molecule integrininhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast), or a prodrug thereof; or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, provided that the prodrug ofcarotegrast is not AJM300. In another preferred embodiment, the smallmolecule integrin inhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast); or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, theintegrin inhibitor is a peptide integrin inhibitor. In some embodiments,the peptide integrin inhibitor is PTG-100 or PN-10943 (also known asPN-943).

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and an anti-TNF agent isadministered. In some embodiments, the anti-TNF agent is infliximab,golimumab, certolizumab, certolizumab pegol or etanercept; or abiosimilar thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the anti-TNF agent isadalimumab or a biosimilar thereof. In a particularly preferredembodiment, the tofacitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, such as tofacitinib citrate, is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and adalimumab or biosimilarthereof is administered systemically. In some embodiments, theadalimumab or biosimilar thereof is administered intravenously. In someembodiments, the adalimumab or biosimilar thereof is administeredsubcutaneously. In another particularly preferred embodiment, thetofacitinib or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such astofacitinib citrate, is administered topically via an ingestible deviceas disclosed herein, and adalimumab or biosimilar thereof isadministered topically (optionally, via an ingestible device asdisclosed herein).

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and an IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor isadministered. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is selectedfrom the group consisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab, risankizumab,brazikumab and mirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof. In a preferredembodiment, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or a biosimilarthereof. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is a peptideinhibitor of the IL-23 receptor, such as a peptide disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 9,624,268, e.g., Compound A (SEQ ID NO: 276), Compound B (SEQID NO: 279), or Compound C (SEQ ID NO: 280); or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitoris apilomod mesylate.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and a GM-CSF is administered. Insome embodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim;or a biosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF isadministered during maintenance therapy.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationthat comprises the tofacitinib or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically via aningestible device as disclosed herein, and a second JAK inhibitor isadministered, wherein the second JAK inhibitor is not tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate). Insome embodiments, the second JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor asdisclosed herein. In some embodiments, the second JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of abrocitinib, baricitinib,BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib,peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348),ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAKinhibitor is a formulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is provided in a formulation as disclosed herein.

Tofacitinib Plus Additional Agent Via Ingestible Device

In some other embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating aninflammatory disease or condition of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract ofa subject that comprises:

administering to the subject tofacitinib or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate);

orally administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising (i)an additional agent or (ii) a pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe additional agent, wherein the additional agent is useful fortreating a disease or condition of the GI tract of a subject; and

releasing the additional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation thatcomprises the additional agent, from the ingestible device to, orproximal to, a section or subsection of the GI tract containing one ormore inflammatory disease sites.

In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease or condition is aninflammatory bowel disease. In some embodiments, the inflammatory boweldisease is ulcerative colitis. In some embodiments, the inflammatorybowel disease is Crohn's disease.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the duodenum, andthe additional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesthe additional agent, is released to the stomach or the duodenum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the jejunum, and theadditional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theadditional agent, is released to the duodenum or the jejunum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the ileum, and theadditional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theadditional agent, is released to the jejunum or the ileum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the cecum, and theadditional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theadditional agent, is released to the ileum or the cecum.

In some embodiments, the section or subsection of the GI tract of thesubject containing the one or more disease sites is the colon, and theadditional agent, or the pharmaceutical formulation that comprises theadditional agent, is released to the cecum or the colon. In some moreparticular embodiments, the additional agent, or the pharmaceuticalformulation that comprises the additional agent, is released to theascending colon.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered topically(e.g., via an ingestible device as disclosed herein). In someembodiments, the tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulationcomprising the tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof(e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered by another form ofadministration. In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), orthe pharmaceutical formulation comprising the tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), isadministered systemically (such as intervenously, subcutaneously, ororally) or rectally.

In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceuticalformulation comprising the tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), is administered prior toadministration of the additional agent. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is administered prior to administration of thetofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate), or the pharmaceutical formulation comprising thetofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g.,tofacitinib citrate). In some embodiments, the tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate), orthe pharmaceutical formulation comprising the tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate),and the additional agent are administered simultaneously.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an aminosalicylate, animmunosuppressant (e.g., a corticosteroid), a PDE4 inhibitor, an SIPmodulator, an integrin inhibitor, an anti-TNF agent, an IL-12/IL-23inhibitor, a GM-CSF or a second JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an immunosuppressant. Insome embodiments, the immunosuppressant is a corticosteroid, optionallyselected from the group consisting of budesonide, dexamethasone,hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone and prednisone; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, theimmunosuppressant is a cytostatic agent, optionally selected from thegroup consisting of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, theimmunosuppressant is an mTOR inhibitor, optionally selected from thegroup consisting of rapamycin, everolimus, dactolisib and temsirolimus;and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, theimmunosuppressant is a calcineurin inhibitor, optionally selected fromthe group consisting of a cyclosporin (such as cyclosporin A),pimecrolimus, sanglifehrin A, tacrolimus and voclosporin; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a PDE4 inhibitor selectedfrom the group consisting of apremilast, crisaborole, ibudilast,roflumilast and tetomilast; and pharmaceutically acceptable saltsthereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an SiP modulator selectedfrom the group consisting of fingolimod, KRP203, siponimod, ponesimod,cenerimod, ozanimod, ceralifimod, amiselimod, and etrasimod; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In some embodiments, the SiPmodulator is ozanimod or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Inother embodiments, the SIP modulator is etrasimod or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In yet other embodiments, the SIP modulator isamiselimod or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an integrin inhibitor. Insome embodiments, the integrin inhibitor is an antibody. In a furtherembodiment, the integrin inhibitor is selected from the group consistingof vedolizumab, natalizumab, etrolizumab, vatelizumab and PF-00547659;and biosimilars thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the integrininhibitor is vedolizumab or a biosimilar thereof. In other embodiments,the integrin inhibitor is a small molecule integrin inhibitor. In someembodiments, the small molecule integrin inhibitor is firategrast,valategrast, R00270608, CDP-323, CT7758, GW-559090, or ELND-004; orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In further embodiments, thesmall molecule integrin inhibitor is a compound as disclosed in US2005/0209232; U.S. Pat. No. 9,518,091; WO 2005/077914; WO 2005/077915;WO 09/706822; WO 2017/135471; WO 2017/135472; Co et al., Immunotechnol.,4:253-266 (1999); Dubree et al., J. Med. Chem., 45:3451-3457 (2002);Gong et al., J. Med. Chem., 49:3402-3411 (2006); Gong et al., Bioorg.Med. Chem. Lett., 18:1331-1335 (2008); Muz et al., American Society ofHematology Annual Meeting and Exposition, (2014) 56th (December 08) Abs4758; Sidduri et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:1026-1031 (2013); orXu et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 23:4370-4373 (2013), each of whichare incorporated by reference in their entireties; or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the small moleculeintegrin inhibitor is AJM-300, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In another preferred embodiment, the small molecule integrininhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast), or a prodrug thereof, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided that the prodrug ofcarotegrast is not AJM300. In another preferred embodiment, the smallmolecule integrin inhibitor is HCA2969 (carotegrast); or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In other embodiments, theintegrin inhibitor is a peptide integrin inhibitor. In some embodiments,the peptide integrin inhibitor is PTG-100 or PN-10943 (also known asPN-943).

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an anti-TNF agent selectedfrom the group consisting of infliximab, golimumab, certolizumab,certolizumab pegol and etanercept; and biosimilars thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the anti-TNF agent is adalimumab or a biosimilarthereof. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the tofacitinib or thepharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, such as tofacitinib citrate,is administered topically (optionally, via an ingestible device asdisclosed herein), and adalimumab or biosimilar thereof is administeredtopically via an ingestible device as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is an IL-12/IL-23 inhibitorselected from the group consisting of ustekinumab, guselkumab,risankizumab, brazikumab and mirikizumab; and biosimilars thereof. In apreferred embodiment, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is ustekinumab or abiosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitor is apeptide inhibitor of the IL-23 receptor, such as a peptide disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 9,624,268, e.g., Compound A (SEQ ID NO: 276), Compound B(SEQ ID NO: 279), or Compound C (SEQ ID NO: 280); or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the IL-12/IL-23 inhibitoris apilomod mesylate.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a GM-CSF. In someembodiments, the GM-CSF is sargramostim (Leukine®) or molgramostim; or abiosimilar thereof. In some preferred embodiments, the GM-CSF issargramostim or a biosimilar thereof. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF isadministered during maintenance therapy.

In some embodiments, the additional agent is a second JAK inhibitor,wherein the second JAK inhibitor is not tofacitinib or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., tofacitinib citrate). Insome embodiments, the second JAK inhibitor is a JAK inhibitor asdisclosed herein. In some embodiments, the second JAK inhibitor isselected from the group consisting of abrocitinib, baricitinib,BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib, oclacitinib,perficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348 (R932348),ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, and upadacitinib; andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical formulation comprising the JAKinhibitor is a formulation as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, theadditional agent is provided in a formulation as disclosed herein.

Endoscopes, Ingestible Devices, and Reservoirs

As discussed herein, in some embodiments, a method of treating a diseaseof the gastrointestinal tract comprises administering to the subject apharmaceutical formulation. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalformulation is delivered proximate to one or more sites of disease byone of various methods. For example, the pharmaceutical formulation maybe delivered via a medical device such as an endoscope, ingestibledevice, or reservoir; the pharmaceutical formulation may be a soliddosage form, a liquid dosage form, a suppository or an enema for rectaladministration with different types of release such as sustained ordelayed release.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical formulation is delivered proximateto one or more sites of disease by an endoscope, ingestible device, orreservoir containing the pharmaceutical formulation.

The GI tract can be imaged using endoscopes, or more recently, byingestible devices that are swallowed. Direct visualization of the GImucosa is useful to detect subtle mucosal alterations, as ininflammatory bowel diseases, as well as any flat or sessile lesions.

The technology behind standard colonoscopy consists of a long,semi-rigid insertion tube with a steerable tip (stiff if compared to thecolon), which is pushed by the physician from the outside. However,invasiveness, patient discomfort, fear of pain, and, more often thannot, the need for conscious sedation limit the take-up of screeningcolonoscopy. Diagnosis and treatment in the GI tract are dominated bythe use of flexible endoscopes. A few large companies, namely OlympusMedical Systems Co. (Tokyo, Japan), Pentax Medical Co. (Montvale, N.J.,USA), Fujinon, Inc. (Wayne, N.J., USA) and Karl Storz GmbH & Co. KG(Tuttlingen, Germany), cover the majority of the market in flexible GIendoscopy.

Endoscopes may comprise a catheter. As an example, the catheter may be aspray catheter. As an example, a spray catheter may be used to deliverdyes for diagnostic purposes. As an example, a spray catheter may beused to deliver a therapeutic agent at the site of disease in the GItract. For example, the Olypmus PW-205V is a ready-to-use spray catheterthat enables efficient spraying for maximal differentiation of tissuestructures during endoscopy, but may also be used to deliver drugsdiseased tissue.

In a review of robotic endoscopic capsules, Journal of Micro-BioRobotics 11.1-4 (2016):1-18, Ciuti et al. state that progress inmicro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies have led to thedevelopment of new endoscopic capsules with enhanced diagnosticcapabilities, in addition to traditional visualization of mucosa(embedding, e.g. pressure, pH, blood detection and temperature sensors).

Methods and Mechanisms for Localization

In addition to, or as an alternative, to directly visualizing the GItract, one or more different mechanisms can be used to determine thelocation of an ingestible device within the GI tract. Variousimplementations may be used for localization of ingestible deviceswithin the GI tract.

For example, certain implementations can include one or moreelectromagnetic sensor coils, magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves,electric potential values, ultrasound positioning systems, gammascintigraphy techniques or other radio-tracker technology have beendescribed by others. Alternatively, imaging can be used to localize, forexample, using anatomical landmarks or more complex algorithms for 3Dreconstruction based on multiple images. Other technologies rely onradio frequency, which relies on sensors placed externally on the bodyto receive the strength of signals emitted by the capsule. Ingestibledevices may also be localized based on reflected light in the mediumsurrounding the device; pH; temperature; time following ingestion;and/or acoustic signals.

The disclosure provides an ingestible device, as well as related systemsand methods that provide for determining the position of the ingestibledevice within the GI tract of a subject with very high accuracy. In someembodiments, the ingestible device can autonomously determine itsposition within the GI tract of the subject.

Typically, the ingestible device includes one or more processingdevices, and one more machine readable hardware storage devices. In someembodiments, the one or more machine readable hardware storage devicesstore instructions that are executable by the one or more processingdevices to determine the location of the ingestible device in a portionof a GI tract of the subject. In certain embodiments, the one or moremachine readable hardware storage devices store instructions that areexecutable by the one or more processing devices to transmit data to anexternal device (e.g., a base station external to the subject, such as abase station carried on an article worn by the subject) capable ofimplementing the data to determine the location of the device within theGI tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within the GItract of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least 85%,e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least99%, 100%. In some embodiments, the location of the ingestible devicewithin the GI tract of the subject can be determined to an accuracy ofat least 85%, e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least98%, at least 99%, 100%. In such embodiments, the portion of the GItract of the subject can include, for example, the esophagus, thestomach, duodenum, the jejunum, and/or the terminal ileum, cecum andcolon. An exemplary and non-limiting embodiment is provided below inExample 13.

In certain embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within theesophagus of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least85%, e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, atleast 99%, 100%. An exemplary and non-limiting embodiment is providedbelow in Example 13.

In some embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within thestomach of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least 85%,e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least99%, 100%. An exemplary and non-limiting embodiment is provided below inExample 13.

In certain embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within theduodenum of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least85%, e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, atleast 99%, 100%. An exemplary and non-limiting embodiment is providedbelow in Example 13.

In some embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within thejejunum of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least 85%,e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least99%, 100%. An exemplary and non-limiting embodiment is provided below inExample 13.

In certain embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within theterminal ileum, cecum and colon of the subject can be determined to anaccuracy of at least 85%, e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, 100%.

In some embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within thececum of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least 85%,e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least99%, 100%. An exemplary and non-limiting embodiment is provided below inExample 13. In such embodiments, the portion of the portion of the GItract of the subject can include, for example, the esophagus, thestomach, duodenum, the jejunum, and/or the terminal ileum, cecum andcolon.

In certain embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within theesophagus of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least85%, e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, atleast 99%, 100%.

In some embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within thestomach of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least 85%,e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least99%, 100%.

In certain embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within theduodenum of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least85%, e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, atleast 99%, 100%.

In some embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within thejejunum of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least 85%,e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least99%, 100%.

In certain embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within theterminal ileum, cecum and colon of the subject can be determined to anaccuracy of at least 85%, e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, 100%.

In some embodiments, the location of the ingestible device within thececum of the subject can be determined to an accuracy of at least 85%,e.g., at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least99%, 100%.

As used herein, the term “reflectance” refers to a value derived fromlight emitted by the device, reflected back to the device, and receivedby a detector in or on the device. For example, in some embodiments thisrefers to light emitted by the device, wherein a portion of the light isreflected by a surface external to the device, and the light is receivedby a detector located in or on the device.

As used herein, the term “illumination” refers to any electromagneticemission. In some embodiments, an illumination may be within the rangeof Infrared Light (IR), the visible spectrum and ultraviolet light (UV),and an illumination may have a majority of its power centered at aparticular wavelength in the range of 100 nm to 1000 nm. In someembodiments, it may be advantageous to use an illumination with amajority of its power limited to one of the infrared (750 nm-1000 nm),red (600 nm-750 nm), green (495 nm-600 nm), blue (400 nm-495 nm), orultraviolet (100 nm-400 nm) spectrums. In some embodiments a pluralityof illuminations with different wavelengths may be used. Forillustrative purposes, the embodiments described herein may refer to theuse of green or blue spectrums of light. However, it is understood thatthese embodiments may use any suitable light having a wavelength that issubstantially or approximately within the green or blue spectra definedabove, and the localization systems and methods described herein may useany suitable spectra of light.

Referring now to FIG. 1, shown therein is a view of an exampleembodiment of an ingestible device 100, which may be used to identify alocation within a gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In some embodiments,ingestible device 100 may be configured to autonomously determinewhether it is located in the stomach, a particular portion of the smallintestine such as a duodenum, jejunum, or ileum, or the large intestineby utilizing sensors operating with different wavelengths of light.Additionally, ingestible device 100 may be configured to autonomouslydetermine whether it is located within certain portions of the smallintestine or large intestine, such as the duodenum, the jejunum, thececum, or the colon.

Ingestible device 100 may have a housing 102 shaped similar to a pill orcapsule. The housing 102 of ingestible device 100 may have a first endportion 104, and a second end portion 106. The first end portion 104 mayinclude a first wall portion 108, and second end portion 106 may includea second wall portion 110. In some embodiments, first end portion 104and second end portion 106 of ingestible device 100 may be manufacturedseparately, and may be affixed together by a connecting portion 112.

In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 may include an opticallytransparent window 114. Optically transparent window 114 may betransparent to various types of illumination in the visible spectrum,infrared spectrum, or ultraviolet light spectrum, and ingestible device100 may have various sensors and illuminators located within the housing102, and behind the transparent window 114. This may allow ingestibledevice 100 to be configured to transmit illumination at differentwavelengths through transparent window 114 to an environment external tohousing 102 of ingestible device 100, and to detect a reflectance from aportion of the illumination that is reflected back through transparentwindow 114 from the environment external to housing 102. Ingestibledevice 100 may then use the detected level of reflectance in order todetermine a location of ingestible device 100 within a GI tract. In someembodiments, optically transparent window 114 may be of any shape andsize, and may wrap around the circumference of ingestible device 100. Inthis case, ingestible device 100 may have multiple sets of sensors andilluminators positioned at different locations azimuthally behind window114.

In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 may optionally include anopening 116 in the second wall portion 110. In some embodiments, thesecond wall portion 110 may be configured to rotate around thelongitudinal axis of ingestible device 100 (e.g., by means of a suitablemotor or other actuator housed within ingestible device 100). This mayallow ingestible device 100 to obtain a fluid sample from the GI tract,or release a substance into the GI tract, through opening 116.

FIG. 2 shows an exploded view of ingestible device 100. In someembodiments, ingestible device 100 may optionally include a rotationassembly 118. Optional rotation assembly 118 may include a motor 118-1driven by a microcontroller (e.g., a microcontroller coupled to printedcircuit board 120), a rotation position sensing ring 118-2, and astorage sub-unit 118-3 configured to fit snugly within the second endportion 104. In some embodiments, rotation assembly 118 may cause secondend portion 104, and opening 116, to rotate relative to the storagesub-unit 118-3. In some embodiments, there may be cavities on the sideof storage sub-unit 118-3 that function as storage chambers. When theopening 116 is aligned with a cavity on the side of the storage sub-unit118-3, the cavity on the side of the storage sub-unit 118-3 may beexposed to the environment external to the housing 102 of ingestibledevice 100. In some embodiments, the storage sub-unit 118-3 may beloaded with a medicament or other substance prior to the ingestibledevice 100 being administered to a subject. In this case, the medicamentor other substance may be released from the ingestible device 100 byaligning opening 116 with the cavity within storage sub-unit 118-3. Insome embodiments, the storage sub-unit 118-3 may be configured to hold afluid sample obtained from the GI tract. For example, ingestible device100 may be configured to align opening 116 with the cavity withinstorage sub-unit 118-3, thus allowing a fluid sample from the GI tractto enter the cavity within storage sub-unit 118-3. Afterwards,ingestible device 100 may be configured to seal the fluid sample withinstorage sub-unit 118-3 by further rotating the second end portion 106relative to storage sub-unit 118-3. In some embodiments, storagesub-unit 118-3 may also contain a hydrophilic sponge, which may enableingestible device 100 to better draw certain types of fluid samples intoingestible device 100. In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 may beconfigured to either obtain a sample from within the GI tract, or torelease a substance into the GI tract, in response to determining thatingestible device 100 has reached a predetermined location within the GItract. For example, ingestible device 100 may be configured to obtain afluid sample from the GI tract in response to determining that theingestible device has entered the jejunum portion of the small intestine(e.g., as determined by process 900 discussed in relation to FIG. 9).Other ingestible devices capable of obtaining samples or releasingsubstances are discussed in commonly-assigned PCT Application No.PCT/CA2013/000133 filed Feb. 15, 2013, commonly-assigned U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/385,553, and commonly-assigned U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/376,688, which each are herebyincorporated by reference herein in their entirety. It is understoodthat any suitable method of obtaining samples or releasing substancesmay be incorporated into some of the embodiments of the ingestibledevices disclosed herein, and that the systems and methods fordetermining a location of an ingestible device may be incorporated intoany suitable type of ingestible device.

Ingestible device 100 may include a printed circuit board (PCB) 120, anda battery 128 configured to power PCB 120. PCB 120 may include aprogrammable microcontroller, and control and memory circuitry forholding and executing firmware or software for coordinating theoperation of ingestible device 100, and the various components ofingestible device 100. For example, PCB 120 may include memory circuitryfor storing data, such as data sets of measurements collected by sensingsub-unit 126, or instructions to be executed by control circuitry toimplement a localization process, such as, for example, one or more ofthe processes, discussed herein, including those discussed below inconnection with one or more of the associated flow charts. PCB 120 mayinclude a detector 122 and an illuminator 124, which together formsensing sub-unit 126. In some embodiments, control circuitry within PCB120 may include processing units, communication circuitry, or any othersuitable type of circuitry for operating ingestible device 100. Forillustrative purposes, only a single detector 122 and a singleilluminator 124 forming a single sensing sub-unit 126 are shown.However, it is understood that in some embodiments there may be multiplesensing sub-units, each with a separate illuminator and detector, withiningestible device 100. For example, there may be several sensingsub-units spaced azimuthally around the circumference of the PCB 120,which may enable ingestible device 100 to transmit illumination anddetect reflectances or ambient light in all directions around thecircumference of the device. In some embodiments, sensing sub-unit 126may be configured to generate an illumination using illuminator 124,which is directed through the window 114 in a radial direction away fromingestible device 100. This illumination may reflect off of theenvironment external to ingestible device 100, and the reflected lightcoming back into ingestible device 100 through window 114 may bedetected as a reflectance by detector 122.

In some embodiments, window 114 may be of any suitable shape and size.For example, window 114 may extend around a full circumference ofingestible device 100. In some embodiments there may be a plurality ofsensing sub-units (e.g., similar to sensing sub-unit 126) located atdifferent positions behind the window. For example, three sensingsub-units may be positioned behind the window at the same longitudinallocation, but spaced 120 degrees apart azimuthally. This may enableingestible device 100 to transmit illuminations in all directionsradially around ingestible device 100, and to measure each of thecorresponding reflectances.

In some embodiments, illuminator 124 may be capable of producingillumination at a variety of different wavelengths in the ultraviolet,infrared, or visible spectrum. For example, illuminator 124 may beimplemented by using Red-Green-Blue Light-Emitting diode packages(RGB-LED). These types of RGB-LED packages are able to transmit red,blue, or green illumination, or combinations of red, blue, or greenillumination. Similarly, detector 122 may be configured to sensereflected light of the same wavelengths as the illumination produced byilluminator 124. For example, if illuminator 124 is configured toproduce red, blue, or green illumination, detector 122 may be configuredto detect different reflectances produced by red, blue, or greenillumination (e.g., through the use of an appropriately configuredphotodiode). These detected reflectances may be stored by ingestibledevice 100 (e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120), and may then beused by ingestible device 100 in determining a location of ingestibledevice 100 within the GI tract (e.g., through the use of process 500(FIG. 5), process 600 (FIG. 6), or process 900 (FIG. 9)).

It is understood that ingestible device 100 is intended to beillustrative, and not limiting.

It will be understood that modifications to the general shape andstructure of the various devices and mechanisms described in relation toFIG. 1 and FIG. 2 may be made without significantly changing thefunctions and operations of the devices and mechanisms. For example,ingestible device 100 may have a housing formed from a single piece ofmolded plastic, rather than being divided into a first end portion 104and a second end portion 106. As an alternate example, the location ofwindow 114 within ingestible device 100 may be moved to some otherlocation, such as the center of ingestible device 100, or to one of theends of ingestible device 100. Moreover, the systems and methodsdiscussed in relation to FIGS. 1-10 may be implemented on any suitabletype of ingestible device, provided that the ingestible device iscapable of detecting reflectances or levels of illumination in somecapacity. For example, in some embodiments ingestible device 100 may bemodified to replace detector 122 with an image sensor, and theingestible device may be configured to measure relative levels of red,blue, or green light by decomposing a recorded image into its individualspectral components. Other examples of ingestible devices withlocalization capabilities, which may be utilized in order to implementthe systems and methods discussed in relation to FIG. 1-11, arediscussed in co-owned PCT Application No. PCT/US2015/052500 filed onSep. 25, 2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety. Furthermore, it should be noted that the features andlimitations described in any one embodiment may be applied to any otherembodiment herein, and the descriptions and examples relating to oneembodiment may be combined with any other embodiment in a suitablemanner.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an ingestible device during an example transitthrough a gastrointestinal (GI) tract, in accordance with someembodiments of the disclosure. Ingestible device 300 may include anyportion of any other ingestible device discussed in this disclosure(e.g., ingestible device 100 (FIG. 1)), and may be any suitable type ofingestible device with localization capabilities. For example,ingestible device 300 may be one embodiment of ingestible device 100without the optional opening 116 (FIG. 1) or optional rotation assembly118 (FIG. 2)). In some embodiments, ingestible device 300 may beingested by a subject, and as ingestible device 300 traverses the GItract, ingestible device 300 may be configured to determine its locationwithin the GI tract. For example, the movement of ingestible device 300and the amount of light detected by ingestible device 300 (e.g., viadetector 122 (FIG. 2)) may vary substantially depending on the locationof ingestible device 300 within the GI tract, and ingestible device 300may be configured to use this information to determine a location ofingestible device 300 within the GI tract. For instance, ingestibledevice 300 may detect ambient light from the surrounding environment, orreflectances based on illumination generated by ingestible device 300(e.g., generated by illuminator 124 (FIG. 1)), and use this informationto determine a location of ingestible device 300 through processes, suchas described herein. The current location of ingestible device 300, andthe time that ingestible device 300 detected each transition between thevarious portions of the GI tract, may then be stored by ingestibledevice 300 (e.g., in memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)), and may beused for any suitable purpose.

Shortly after ingestible device 300 is ingested, ingestible device willtraverse the esophagus 302, which may connect the subject's mouth to astomach 306. In some embodiments, ingestible device 300 may beconfigured to determine that it has entered the esophagus portion GItract by measuring the amount and type of light (e.g., via detector 122(FIG. 2)) in the environment surrounding the ingestible device 300. Forinstance, ingestible device 300 may detect higher levels of light in thevisible spectrum (e.g., via detector 122 (FIG. 2)) while outside thesubject's body, as compared to the levels of light detected while withinthe GI tract. In some embodiments, ingestible device 300 may havepreviously stored data (e.g., on memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2))indicating a typical level of light detected when outside of the body,and the ingestible device 300 may be configured to determine that entryto the body has occurred when a detected level of light (e.g., detectedvia detector 122 (FIG. 2)) has been reduced beyond a threshold level(e.g., at least a 20-30% reduction) for a sufficient period of time(e.g., 5.0 seconds).

In some embodiments, ingestible device 300 may be configured to detect atransition from esophagus 302 to stomach 306 by passing throughsphincter 304. In some embodiments, ingestible device 300 may beconfigured to determine whether it has entered stomach 306 based atleast in part on a plurality of parameters, such as but not limited tothe use of light or temperature measurements (e.g., via detector 122(FIG. 2) or via a thermometer within ingestible device 300), pHmeasurements (e.g., via a pH meter within ingestible device 300), timemeasurements (e.g., as detected through the use of clock circuitryincluded within PCB 120 (FIG. 2)), or any other suitable information.For instance, ingestible device 300 may be configured to determine thatingestible device 300 has entered stomach 306 after detecting that ameasured temperature of ingestible device 300 exceeds 31 degreesCelsius. Additionally, or alternately, ingestible device 300 may beconfigured to automatically determine it has entered stomach 306 afterone minute (or another pre-set time duration parameter, 80 seconds, 90seconds, etc.) has elapsed from the time that ingestible device 300 wasingested, or one minute (or another pre-set time duration parameter, 80seconds, 90 seconds, etc.) from the time that ingestible device 300detected that it has entered the GI tract.

Stomach 306 is a relatively large, open, and cavernous organ, andtherefore ingestible device 300 may have a relatively large range ofmotion. By comparison, the motion of ingestible device 300 is relativelyrestricted within the tube-like structure of the duodenum 310, thejejunum 314, and the ileum (not shown), all of which collectively formthe small intestine. Additionally, the interior of stomach 306 hasdistinct optical properties from duodenum 310 and jejunum 314, which mayenable ingestible device 300 to detect a transition from stomach 306 toduodenum 310 through the appropriate use of measured reflectances (e.g.,through the use of reflectances measured by detector 122 (FIG. 2)), asused in conjunction with process 600 (FIG. 6)).

In some embodiments, ingestible device 300 may be configured to detect apyloric transition from stomach 306 to duodenum 310 through the pylorus308. For instance, in some embodiments, ingestible device 300 may beconfigured to periodically generate illumination in the green and bluewavelengths (e.g., via illuminator 124 (FIG. 2)), and measure theresulting reflectances (e.g., via detector 122 (FIG. 2)). Ingestibledevice 300 may be configured to then use a ratio of the detected greenreflectance to the detected blue reflectance to determine whetheringestible device 300 is located within the stomach 306, or duodenum 310(e.g., via process 600 (FIG. 6)). In turn, this may enable ingestibledevice 300 to detect a pyloric transition from stomach 306 to duodenum310, an example of which is discussed in relation to FIG. 6.

Similarly, in some embodiments, ingestible device 300 may be configuredto detect a reverse pyloric transition from duodenum 310 to stomach 306.Ingestible device 300 will typically transition naturally from stomach306 to duodenum 310, and onward to jejunum 314 and the remainder of theGI tract. However, similar to other ingested substances, ingestibledevice 300 may occasionally transition from duodenum 310 back to stomach306 as a result of motion of the subject, or due to the natural behaviorof the organs with the GI tract. To accommodate this possibility,ingestible device 300 may be configured to continue to periodicallygenerate illumination in the green and blue wavelengths (e.g., viailluminator 124 (FIG. 2)), and measure the resulting reflectances (e.g.,via detector 122 (FIG. 2)) to detect whether or not ingestible device300 has returned to stomach 306. An exemplary detection process isdescribed in additional detail in relation to FIG. 6.

After entering duodenum 310, ingestible device 300 may be configured todetect a transition to the jejunum 314 through the duodenojejunalflexure 312. For example, ingestible device 300 may be configured to usereflectances to detect peristaltic waves within the jejunum 314, causedby the contraction of the smooth muscle tissue lining the walls of thejejunum 314.

In particular, ingestible device 300 may be configured to beginperiodically transmitting illumination (and measuring the resultingreflectances (e.g., via detector 122 and illuminator 124 of sensingsub-unit 126 (FIG. 2)) at a sufficiently high frequency in order todetect muscle contractions within the jejunum 314. Ingestible device 300may then determine that it has entered the jejunum 314 in response tohaving detected either a first muscle contraction, or a predeterminednumber of muscle contractions (e.g., after having detected three musclecontractions in sequence). The interaction of ingestible device 300 withthe walls of jejunum 314 is also discussed in relation to FIG. 4, and anexample of this detection process is described in additional detail inrelation to FIG. 9.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of an ingestible device during an example transitthrough a jejunum, in accordance with some embodiments of thedisclosure. Diagrams 410, 420, 430, and 440 depict ingestible device 400as it traverses through a jejunum (e.g., jejunum 314), and howingestible device 400 interacts with peristaltic waves formed by walls406A and 406B (collectively, walls 406) of the jejunum. In someimplementations, ingestible device 400 may include any portion of anyother ingestible device discussed in this disclosure (e.g., ingestibledevice 100 (FIG. 1) or ingestible device 300 (FIG. 3)), and may be anysuitable type of ingestible device with localization capabilities. Forexample, ingestible device 400 may be substantially similar to theingestible device 300 (FIG. 3) or ingestible device 100 (FIG. 1), withwindow 404 being the same as window 114 (FIG. 1), and sensing sub-unit402 being the same as sensing sub-unit 126 (FIG. 2).

Diagram 410 depicts ingestible device 400 within the jejunum, when thewalls 406 of the jejunum are relaxed. In some embodiments, the confinedtube-like structure of the jejunum naturally causes ingestible device400 to be oriented longitudinally along the length of the jejunum, withwindow 404 facing walls 406. In this orientation, ingestible device 400may use sensing sub-unit 402 to generate illumination (e.g., viailluminator 124 (FIG. 2)) oriented towards walls 406, and to detect theresulting reflectances (e.g., via detector 122 (FIG. 2)) from theportion of the illumination reflected off of walls 406 and back throughwindow 404. In some embodiments, ingestible device 400 may be configuredto use sensing sub-unit 402 to generate illumination and measure theresulting reflectance with sufficient frequency to detect peristalticwaves within the jejunum. For instance, in a healthy human subject,peristaltic waves may occur at a rate of approximately 0.1 Hz to 0.2 Hz.Therefore, the ingestible device 400 may be configured to generateillumination and measure the resulting reflectance at least once every2.5 seconds (i.e., the minimum rate necessary to detect a 0.2 Hzsignal), and preferably at a higher rate, such as once every 0.5seconds, which may improve the overall reliability of the detectionprocess due to more data points being available. It is understood thatthe ingestible device 400 need not gather measurements at preciseintervals, and in some embodiments the ingestible device 400 may beadapted to analyze data gathered at more irregular intervals, providedthat there are still a sufficient number of appropriately spaced datapoints to detect 0.1 Hz to 0.2 Hz signals.

Diagram 420 depicts ingestible device 400 within the jejunum, when thewalls 406 of the jejunum begin to contract and form a peristaltic wave.Diagram 420 depicts contracting portion 408A of wall 406A andcontracting portion 408B of wall 406B (collectively, contracting portion408 of wall 406) that form a peristaltic wave within the jejunum. Theperistaltic wave proceeds along the length of the jejunum as differentportions of wall 406 contract and relax, causing it to appear as ifcontracting portions 408 of wall 406 proceed along the length of thejejunum (i.e., as depicted by contracting portions 408 proceeding fromleft to right in diagrams 410-430). While in this position, ingestibledevice 400 may detect a similar level of reflectance (e.g., through theuse of illuminator 124 and detector 122 of sensing sub-unit 126 (FIG.2)) as detected when there is no peristaltic wave occurring (e.g., asdetected when ingestible device 400 is in the position indicated indiagram 410).

Diagram 430 depicts ingestible device 400 within the jejunum, when thewalls 406 of the jejunum continue to contract, squeezing aroundingestible device 400. As the peristaltic wave proceeds along the lengthof the jejunum, contracting portions 408 of wall 406 may squeeze tightlyaround ingestible device 400, bringing the inner surface of wall 406into contact with window 404. While in this position, ingestible device400 may detect a change in a reflectance detected as a result ofillumination produced by sensing sub-unit 402. The absolute value of thechange in the measured reflectance may depend on several factors, suchas the optical properties of the window 404, the spectral components ofthe illumination, and the optical properties of the walls 406. However,ingestible device 400 may be configured to store a data set with thereflectance values over time, and search for periodic changes in thedata set consistent with the frequency of the peristaltic waves (e.g.,by analyzing the data set in the frequency domain, and searching forpeaks between 0.1 Hz to 0.2 Hz). This may enable ingestible device 400to detect muscle contractions due to peristaltic waves withoutforeknowledge of the exact changes in reflectance signal amplitude thatmay occur as a result of detecting the muscle contractions of theperistaltic wave. An example procedure for detecting muscle contractionsis discussed further in relation to FIG. 9, and an example of areflectance data set gathered while ingestible device 400 is locatedwithin the jejunum is discussed in relation to FIG. 10.

Diagram 440 depicts ingestible device 400 within the jejunum, when theperistaltic wave has moved past ingestible device 400. Diagram 440depicts contracting portions 408 that form the peristaltic wave withinthe jejunum having moved past the end of ingestible device 400. Theperistaltic wave proceeds along the length of the jejunum as differentportions of wall 406 contract and relax, causing it to appear as ifcontracting portions 408 of wall 406 proceed along the length of thejejunum (i.e., as depicted by contracting portions 408 proceeding fromleft to right in diagrams 410-430). While in this position, ingestibledevice 400 may detect a similar level of reflectance (e.g., through theuse of illuminator 124 and detector 122 of sensing sub-unit 126 (FIG.2)) as detected when there is no peristaltic wave occurring (e.g., asdetected when ingestible device 400 is in the position indicated indiagram 410, or diagram 420).

Depending on the species of the subject, peristaltic waves may occurwith relatively predictable regularity. After the peristaltic wave haspassed over ingestible device 400 (e.g., as depicted in diagram 440),the walls 406 of the jejunum may relax again (e.g., as depicted indiagram 410), until the next peristaltic wave begins to form. In someembodiments, ingestible device 400 may be configured to continue togather reflectance value data while it is within the GI tract, and maystore a data set with the reflectance values over time. This may allowingestible device 400 to detect each of the muscle contractions as theperistaltic wave passes over ingestible device 400 (e.g., as depicted indiagram 430), and may enable ingestible device 400 to both count thenumber of muscle contractions that occur, and to determine that acurrent location of the ingestible device 400 is within the jejunum. Forexample, ingestible device 400 may be configured to monitor for possiblemuscle contractions while is inside either the stomach or the duodenum,and may determine that ingestible device 400 has moved to the jejunum inresponse to detecting a muscle contraction consistent with a peristalticwave.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating some aspects of a localizationprocess used by the ingestible device. Although FIG. 5 may be describedin connection with the ingestible device 100 for illustrative purposes,this is not intended to be limiting, and either portions or the entiretyof the localization procedure 500 described in FIG. 5 may be applied toany device discussed in this application (e.g., the ingestible devices100, 300, and 400), and any of the ingestible devices may be used toperform one or more parts of the process described in FIG. 5.Furthermore, the features of FIG. 5 may be combined with any othersystems, methods or processes described in this application. Forexample, portions of the process in FIG. 5 may be integrated into orcombined with the pyloric transition detection procedure described byFIG. 6, or the jejunum detection process described by FIG. 9.

At 502, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)gathers measurements (e.g., through detector 122 (FIG. 2)) of ambientlight. For example, ingestible device 100 may be configured toperiodically measure (e.g., through detector 122 (FIG. 2)) the level ofambient light in the environment surrounding ingestible device 100. Insome embodiments, the type of ambient light being measured may depend onthe configuration of detector 122 within ingestible device 100. Forexample, if detector 122 is configured to measure red, green, and bluewavelengths of light, ingestible device 100 may be configured to measurethe ambient amount of red, green, and blue light from the surroundingenvironment.

In some embodiments, the amount of ambient light measured by ingestibledevice 100 will be larger in the area external to the body (e.g., awell-lit room where ingestible device 100 is being administered to asubject) and in the oral cavity of the subject, as compared to theambient level of light measured by ingestible device 100 when inside ofan esophagus, stomach, or other portion of the GI tract (e.g., esophagus302, stomach 306, duodenum 310, or jejunum 314 (FIG. 3)).

At 504, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines (e.g., via control circuitry within PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) whetherthe ingestible device has detected entry into the GI tract. For example,ingestible device 100 may be configured to determine when the mostrecent measurement of ambient light (e.g., the measurement gathered at502) indicates that the ingestible device has entered the GI tract. Forinstance, the first time that ingestible device 100 gatherers ameasurement of ambient light at 502, ingestible device 100 may storethat measurement (e.g., via storage circuitry within PCB 120 (FIG. 2))as a typical level of ambient light external to the body. Ingestibledevice 100 may be configured to then compare the most recent measurementof ambient light to the typical level of ambient light external to thebody (e.g., via control circuitry within PCB 120 (FIG. 2)), anddetermine that ingestible device 100 has entered the GI tract when themost recent measurement of ambient light is substantially smaller thanthe typical level of ambient light external to the body. For example,ingestible device 100 may be configured to detect that it has enteredthe GI tract in response to determining that the most recent measurementof ambient light is less than or equal to 20% of the typical level ofambient light external to the body. If ingestible device 100 determinesthat it has detected entry into the GI tract (e.g., that ingestibledevice 100 has entered at least the esophagus 302 (FIG. 3)), process 500proceeds to 506. Alternately, if ingestible device 100 determines thatit has not detected entry into the GI tract (e.g., as a result of themost recent measurement being similar to the typical level of ambientlight external to the body), process 500 proceeds back to 502 where theingestible device 100 gathers further measurements. For instance,ingestible device 100 may be configured to wait a predetermined amountof time (e.g., five seconds, ten seconds, etc.), and then gather anothermeasurement of the level of ambient light from the environmentsurrounding ingestible device 100.

At 506, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)waits for a transition from the esophagus to the stomach (e.g., fromesophagus 302 to stomach 306 (FIG. 3)). For example, ingestible device100 may be configured to determine that it has entered the stomach(e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) after waiting a predetermined period oftime after having entered the GI tract. For instance, a typicalesophageal transit time in a human patient may be on the order of 15-30seconds. In this case, after having detected that ingestible device 100has entered the GI tract at 504 (i.e., after detecting that ingestibledevice 100 has reached at least esophagus 302 (FIG. 3)), ingestibledevice 100 may be configured to wait one minute, or a similar amount oftime longer than the typical esophageal transmit time (e.g.,ninety-seconds), before automatically determining that ingestible device100 has entered at least the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)).

In some embodiments, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100,300, or 400) may also determine it has entered the stomach based onmeasurements of pH or temperature. For example, ingestible device 100may be configured to determine that it has entered the stomach if atemperature of ingestible device has increased to at least 31 degreesCelsius (i.e., consistent with the temperature inside the stomach), orif a measured pH of the environment surrounding ingestible device 100 issufficiently acidic (i.e., consistent with the acidic nature of gastricjuices that may be found inside the stomach).

At 508, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)stores data indicating the ingestible device has entered the stomach(e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)). For example, after having waited asufficient amount of time at 506, ingestible device 100 may store data(e.g., within storage circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) indicative ofingestible device 100 having entered at least the stomach. Onceingestible device 100 reaches at least the stomach, process 500 proceedsto 510 where ingestible device 100 may be configured to gather data todetect entry into the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)).

In some embodiments, process 500 may also simultaneously proceed from508 to 520, where ingestible device 100 may be configured to gather datain order to detect muscle contractions and detect entry into the jejunum(e.g., jejunum 314 (FIG. 3)). In some embodiments, ingestible device 100may be configured to simultaneously monitor for entry into the duodenumat 516-518, as well as detect for entry into the jejunum at 520-524.This may allow ingestible device 100 to determine when it has enteredthe jejunum (e.g., as a result of detecting muscle contractions), evenwhen it fails to first detect entry into the duodenum (e.g., as a resultof very quick transit times of the ingestible device through theduodenum).

At 510, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)gathers measurements of green and blue reflectance levels (e.g., throughthe use of illuminator 124 and detector 122 of sensing sub-unit 126(FIG. 2)) while in the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)). Forexample, ingestible device 100 may be configured to periodically gathermeasurements of green and blue reflectance levels while in the stomach.For instance, ingestible device 100 may be configured to transmit agreen illumination and a blue illumination (e.g., via illuminator 124(FIG. 2)) every five to fifteen seconds, and measure the resultingreflectance (e.g., via detector 122 (FIG. 2)). Every time thatingestible device 100 gathers a new set of measurements, themeasurements may be added to a stored data set (e.g., stored withinmemory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)). The ingestible device 100 maythen use this data set to determine whether or not ingestible device 100is still within a stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)), or a duodenum(e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)).

In some embodiments, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100,300, or 400) may be configured to detect a first reflectance based ongenerating an illumination of a first wavelength in approximately thegreen spectrum of light (between 495-600 nm), and detecting a secondreflectance based on generating an illumination of the second wavelengthin approximately the blue spectrum of light (between 400-495 nm). Insome embodiments, the ingestible device may ensure that the illuminationin the green spectrum and the illumination in the blue spectrum havewavelengths separated by at least 50 nm. This may enable ingestibledevice 100 to sufficiently distinguish between the two wavelengths whendetecting the reflectances (e.g., via detector 122 (FIG. 2)). It isunderstood that the separation of 50 nm is intended to be illustrative,and not limiting, and depending on the accuracy of the detectors withiningestible device 100, smaller separations may be possible to be used.

At 512, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines (e.g., using control circuitry within PCB 120 (FIG. 2))whether the ingestible device has detected a transition from the stomach(e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) to a duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3))based on a ratio of green and blue (G/B) reflectance levels. Forexample, ingestible device 100 may obtain (e.g., from memory circuitryof PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) a data set containing historical data for therespective ratio of the green reflectance to the blue reflectance asmeasured at a respective time. Generally speaking, a duodenum (e.g.,duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)) of a human subject reflects a higher ratio ofgreen light to blue light, as compared to the ratio of green light toblue light that is reflected by a stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)).Based on this, ingestible device 100 may be configured to take a firstset of ratios from the data set, representing the result of recentmeasurements, and compare them to a second set of ratios from the dataset, representing the results of past measurements. When the ingestibledevice 100 determines that the mean value of the first set of ratios issubstantially larger than the mean value of the second set of ratios(i.e., that the ratio of reflected green light to reflected blue lighthas increased), the ingestible device 100 may determine that it hasentered the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)) from the stomach(e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)). If the ingestible device 100 detects atransition from the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) to a duodenum(e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)), process 500 proceeds to 514, whereingestible device 100 stores data indicating that the ingestible device100 has entered the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)).Alternatively, if the ingestible device determines that the ingestibledevice has not transitioned from the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG.3)) to the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)), process 500 proceedsback to 510 to gather more measurements of green and blue reflectancelevels while still in the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)). Anexample procedure for using measurements of green and blue reflectancesto monitor for transitions between the stomach and the duodenum isdiscussed in greater detail in relation to FIG. 6.

In some embodiments, the first time that ingestible device 100 detects atransition from the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) to the duodenum(e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)), ingestible device 100 may be configuredto take a mean of the second set of data, (e.g., the set of datapreviously recorded while in stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) and store this as atypical ratio of green light to blue light detected within the stomach(e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) (e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120(FIG. 2)). This stored information may later be used by ingestibledevice 100 to determine when ingestible device 100 re-enters the stomach(e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) from the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG.3)) as a result of a reverse pyloric transition.

At 514, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)stores data indicating that the ingestible device has entered theduodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)). For example, ingestible device100 may store a flag within local memory (e.g., memory circuitry of PCB120) indicating that the ingestible device 100 is currently in theduodenum. In some embodiments, the ingestible device 100 may also storea timestamp indicating the time when ingestible device 100 entered theduodenum. Once ingestible device 100 reaches the duodenum, process 500proceeds to 520 where ingestible device 100 may be configured to gatherdata in order to detect muscle contractions and detect entry into thejejunum (e.g., jejunum 314 (FIG. 3)). Process 500 also proceeds from 514to 516, where ingestible device 100 may be configured to gather dataadditional data in order to detect re-entry into the stomach (e.g.,stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) from the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)).

At 516, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)gathers measurements (e.g., via sensing sub-unit 126 (FIG. 2)) of greenand blue reflectance levels while in the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310(FIG. 3)). For example, ingestible device 100 may be configured toperiodically gather measurements (e.g., via sensing sub-unit 126 (FIG.2)) of green and blue reflectance levels while in the duodenum, similarto the measurements made at 510 while in the stomach. For instance,ingestible device 100 may be configured to transmit a green illuminationand a blue illumination (e.g., via illuminator 124 (FIG. 2)) every fiveto fifteen seconds, and measure the resulting reflectance (e.g., viadetector 122 (FIG. 2)). Every time that ingestible device 100 gathers anew set of measurements, the measurements may be added to a stored dataset (e.g., stored within memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)). Theingestible device 100 may then use this data set to determine whether ornot ingestible device 100 is still within the duodenum (e.g., duodenum310 (FIG. 3)), or if the ingestible device 100 has transitioned backinto the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)).

At 518, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines a transition from the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3))to the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) based on a ratio of themeasured green reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectancelevels. In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 may compare the ratioof the measured green reflectance levels to the measured bluereflectance levels recently gathered by ingestible device 100 (e.g.,measurements gathered at 516), and determine whether or not the ratio ofthe measured green reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectancelevels is similar to the average ratio of the measured green reflectancelevels to the measured blue reflectance levels seen in the stomach(e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)). For instance, ingestible device 100 mayretrieve data (e.g., from memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2))indicative of the average ratio of the measured green reflectance levelsto the measured blue reflectance levels seen in the stomach, anddetermine that ingestible device 100 has transitioned back to thestomach if the recently measured ratio of the measured green reflectancelevels to the measured blue reflectance levels is sufficiently similarto the average level in the stomach (e.g., within 20% of the averageratio of the measured green reflectance levels to the measured bluereflectance levels seen in the stomach, or within any other suitablethreshold level). If the ingestible device detects a transition from theduodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)) to the stomach (e.g., stomach 306(FIG. 3)), process 500 proceeds to 508 to store data indicating theingestible device has entered the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)),and continues to monitor for further transitions. Alternatively, if theingestible device does not detect a transition from the duodenum (e.g.,duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)) to the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)),process 500 proceeds to 516 to gather additional measurements of greenand blue reflectance levels while in the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310(FIG. 3)), which may be used to continuously monitor for possibletransitions back into the stomach. An example procedure for usingmeasurements of green and blue reflectances to monitor for transitionsbetween the stomach and the duodenum is discussed in greater detail inrelation to FIG. 6.

At 520, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)gathers periodic measurements of the reflectance levels (e.g., viasensing sub-unit 126 (FIG. 2)) while in the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310(FIG. 3)). In some embodiments, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestibledevice 100, 300, or 400) may gather similar periodic measurements whilein the stomach as well. In some embodiments, these periodic measurementsmay enable ingestible device 100 to detect muscle contractions (e.g.,muscle contractions due to a peristaltic wave as discussed in relationto FIG. 4), which may be indicative of entry into a jejunum (e.g.,jejunum 314 (FIG. 3)). Ingestible device 100 may be configured to gatherperiodic measurements using any suitable wavelength of illumination(e.g., by generating illumination using illuminator 124, and detectingthe resulting reflectance using detector 122 (FIG. 2)), or combinationsof wavelengths of illumination. For example, in some embodiments,ingestible device 100 may be configured to generate red, green, and blueillumination, store separate data sets indicative of red, green, andblue illumination, and analyze each of the data sets separately tosearch for frequency components in the recorded data indicative ofdetected muscle contractions. In some embodiments, the measurementsgathered by ingestible device 100 at 520 may be sufficiently fast as todetect peristaltic waves in a subject. For instance, in a healthy humansubject, peristaltic waves may occur at a rate of approximately 0.1 Hzto 0.2 Hz. Therefore, the ingestible device 400 may be configured togenerate illumination and measure the resulting reflectance at leastonce every 2.5 seconds (i.e., the minimum rate necessary to detect a 0.2Hz signal), and preferably at a higher rate, such as once every 0.5seconds or faster, and store values indicative of the resultingreflectances in a data set (e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120(FIG. 2)). After gathering additional data (e.g., after gathering onenew data point, or a predetermined number of new data points), process500 proceeds to 522, where ingestible device 100 determines whether ornot a muscle contraction has been detected.

At 522, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines (e.g., via control circuitry within PCB 120 (FIG. 0.2))whether the ingestible device detects a muscle contraction based on themeasurements of reflectance levels (e.g., as gathered by sensingsub-unit 126 (FIG. 2)). For example, ingestible device 100 may obtain afixed amount of data stored as a result of measurements made at 520(e.g., retrieve the past minute of data from memory circuitry within PCB120 (FIG. 2)). Ingestible device 100 may then convert the obtained datainto the frequency domain, and search for peaks in a frequency rangethat would be consistent with peristaltic waves. For example, in ahealthy human subject, peristaltic waves may occur at a rate ofapproximately 0.1 Hz to 0.2 Hz, and an ingestible device 100 may beconfigured to search for peaks in the frequency domain representation ofthe data between 0.1 Hz and 0.2 Hz above a threshold value. If theingestible device 100 detects a contraction based on the reflectancelevels (e.g., based on detecting peaks in the frequency domainrepresentation of the data between 0.1 Hz and 0.2 Hz), process 500proceeds to 524 to store data indicating that the device has entered thejejunum. Alternatively, if the ingestible device 100 does not detect amuscle contraction, process 500 proceeds to 520 to gather periodicmeasurements of the reflectance levels while in the duodenum (e.g.,duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)). In some embodiments, the ingestible device(e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400) may store data (e.g., withinmemory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) indicating that a musclecontraction was detected, and process 500 will not proceed from 522 to524 until a sufficient number of muscle contractions have been detected.

At 524, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)stores data (e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2))indicating that the device has entered the jejunum (e.g., jejunum 314(FIG. 3)). For example, in response to detecting that muscle contractionhas occurred at 522, ingestible device 100 may determine that it hasentered the jejunum 314, and is no longer inside of the duodenum (e.g.,duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)) or the stomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)). Insome embodiments, the ingestible device 100 may continue to measuremuscle contractions while in the jejunum, and may store data indicativeof the frequency, number, or strength of the muscle contractionsovertime (e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)). In someembodiments, the ingestible device 100 may also be configured to monitorfor one or more transitions. Such transitions can include a transitionfrom the jejunum to the ileum, an ileoceacal transition from the ileumto the cecum, a transition from the cecum to the colon, or detect exitfrom the body (e.g., by measuring reflectances, temperature, or levelsof ambient light).

In some embodiments, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100,300, or 400) may also determine that it has entered the jejunum (e.g.,jejunum 314 (FIG. 3)) after a pre-determined amount of time has passedafter having detected entry into the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG.3)). For example, barring a reverse pyloric transition from the duodenum(e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)) back to the stomach (e.g., stomach 306(FIG. 3)), the typical transit time for an ingestible device to reachthe jejunum from the duodenum in a healthy human subject is less thanthree minutes. In some embodiments, the ingestible device (e.g.,ingestible device 100, 300, or 400) may therefore be configured toautomatically determine that it has entered the jejunum after spendingat least three minutes within the duodenum. This determination may bemade separately from the determination made based on measured musclecontractions (e.g., the determination made at 522), and in someembodiments, ingestible device 100 may determine that it has entered thejejunum in response to either detecting muscle contractions, or afterthree minutes has elapsed from having entered the duodenum (e.g., asdetermined by storing data at 514 indicative of the time that ingestibledevice entered the duodenum).

For illustrative purposes, 512-518 of process 500 describe theingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400) measuringgreen reflectances and blue reflectances, calculating a ratio of the tworeflectances, and using this information to determine when theingestible device has transitioned between the duodenum and stomach.However, in some embodiments, other wavelengths of light may be usedother than green and blue, provided that the wavelengths of light chosenhave different reflective properties within the stomach and the duodenum(e.g., as a result of different reflection coefficients of the stomachtissue and the tissue of the duodenum).

It will be understood that the steps and descriptions of the flowchartsof this disclosure, including FIG. 5, are merely illustrative. Any ofthe steps and descriptions of the flowcharts, including FIG. 5, may bemodified, omitted, rearranged, and performed in alternate orders or inparallel, two or more of the steps may be combined, or any additionalsteps may be added, without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. For example, the ingestible device 100 may calculate themean and the standard deviation of multiple data sets in parallel inorder to speed up the overall computation time. As another example,ingestible device 100 may gather data periodic measurements and detectpossible muscle contractions (e.g., at 520-522) while simultaneouslygathering green and blue reflectance levels to determine transitions toand from the stomach and duodenum (e.g., at 510-518). Furthermore, itshould be noted that the steps and descriptions of FIG. 5 may becombined with any other system, device, or method described in thisapplication, including processes 600 (FIG. 6) and 900 (FIG. 9), and anyof the ingestible devices or systems discussed in this application(e.g., ingestible devices 100, 300, or 400) could be used to perform oneor more of the steps in FIG. 5.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating some aspects of a process fordetecting transitions from a stomach to a duodenum and from a duodenumback to a stomach, which may be used when determining a location of aningestible device as it transits through a gastrointestinal (GI) tract,in accordance with some embodiments of the disclosure. In someembodiments, process 600 may begin when an ingestible device firstdetects that it has entered the stomach, and will continue as long asthe ingestible device determines that it is within the stomach or theduodenum. In some embodiments, process 600 may only be terminated whenan ingestible device determines that it has entered the jejunum, orotherwise progressed past the duodenum and the stomach. Although FIG. 6may be described in connection with the ingestible device 100 forillustrative purposes, this is not intended to be limiting, and eitherportions or the entirety of the duodenum detection process 600 describedin FIG. 6 may be applied to any device discussed in this application(e.g., the ingestible devices 100, 300, or 400), and any of theingestible devices may be used to perform one or more parts of theprocess described in FIG. 6. Furthermore, the features of FIG. 6 may becombined with any other systems, methods or processes described in thisapplication. For example, portions of the process described by theprocess in FIG. 6 may be integrated into process 500 discussed inrelation to FIG. 5.

At 602, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)retrieves a data set (e.g., from memory circuitry within PCB 120 (FIG.2)) with ratios of the measured green reflectance levels to the measuredblue reflectance levels over time. For example, ingestible device 100may retrieve a data set from PCB 120 containing recently recorded ratiosof the measured green reflectance levels to the measured bluereflectance levels (e.g., as recorded at 510 or 516 of process 500 (FIG.5)). In some embodiments, the retrieved data set may include the ratiosof the measured green reflectance levels to the measured bluereflectance levels over time. Example plots of data sets of ratios ofthe measured green reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectancelevels are discussed further in relation to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8.

At 604, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)includes a new measurement (e.g., as made with sensing sub-unit 126(FIG. 2)) of a ratio of the measured green reflectance level to themeasured blue reflectance level in the data set. For example, ingestibledevice 100 may be configured to occasionally record new data bytransmitting green and blue illumination (e.g., via illuminator 124(FIG. 2)), detecting the amount of reflectance received due to the greenand blue illumination (e.g., via detector 122 (FIG. 2)), and storingdata indicative of the amount of the received reflectance (e.g., inmemory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)). The ingestible device 100 may beconfigured to record new data every five to fifteen seconds, or at anyother convenient interval of time. For illustrative purposes, ingestibledevice 100 is described as storing and retrieving the ratio of themeasured green reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectancelevels (e.g., if the amount of detected green reflectance was identicalto the amount of detected blue reflectance at a given time, the ratio ofthe green and blue reflectances would be “1.0” at that given time);however, it is understood that the green reflectance data and the bluereflectance data may be stored separately within the memory ofingestible device 100 (e.g., stored as two separate data sets withinmemory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)).

At 606, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)retrieves a first subset of recent data by applying a first slidingwindow filter to the data set. For example, ingestible device 100 mayuse a sliding window filter to obtain a predetermined amount of the mostrecent data within the data set, which may include any new values of theratio of the measured green reflectance level to the measured bluereflectance level obtained at 604. For instance, the ingestible devicemay be configured to select between ten and forty data points from thedata set, or ingestible device 100 may be configured to select apredetermined range of data values between fifteen seconds of data andfive minutes of data. In some embodiments, other ranges of data may beselected, depending on how frequently measurements are recorded, and theparticular application at hand. For instance, any suitable amount ofdata may be selected in the sliding window, provided that it issufficient to detect statistically significant differences between thedata selected in a second sliding window (e.g., the second subset ofdata selected at 614).

In some embodiments, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100,300, or 400) may also be configured to remove outliers from the dataset, or to smooth out unwanted noise in the data set. For example,ingestible device 100 may select the first subset of data, or any othersubset of data, by first obtaining a raw set of values by applying awindow filter to the data set (e.g., selecting a particular range ofdata to be included). Ingestible device 100 may then be configured toidentify outliers in the raw set of values; for instance, by identifyingdata points that are over three standard deviations away from the meanvalue of the raw set of values, or any other suitable threshold.Ingestible device 100 may then determine the subset of data by removingoutliers from the raw set of values. This may enable ingestible device100 to avoid spurious information when determining whether or not it islocated within the stomach or the duodenum.

At 608, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines whether the most recently detected location was the duodenum(e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)). In some embodiments, ingestible device100 may store a data flag (e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120(FIG. 2)) indicating the most recent portion of the GI tract that theingestible device 100 detected itself to be within. For instance, everytime ingestible device 100 detects entry to the stomach (e.g., detectsentry into stomach 306 (FIG. 3) as a result of the decision made at610), a flag is stored in memory indicating the ingestible device 100 isin the stomach (e.g., as part of storing data at 612). If ingestibledevice 100 subsequently detects entry into the duodenum (e.g., detectsentry into duodenum 310 (FIG. 3) as a result of a decision made at 624),another different flag is stored in memory indicating that theingestible device 100 is in the duodenum (e.g., as part of storing dataat 624). In this case, ingestible device 100 may retrieve the mostrecently stored flag at 608, and determine whether or not the flagindicates that the ingestible device 100 was most recently within theduodenum. If ingestible device 100 detects that it was most recently inthe duodenum, process 600 proceeds to 610 where the ingestible devicecompares the recent measurements of the ratios of the measured greenreflectance levels to the measured blue reflectance levels (e.g.,measurements that include the recent measurement made at 606) to thetypical ratios measured within the stomach, and uses this information todetermine whether a reverse pyloric transition from the duodenum back tothe stomach has occurred. Alternately, if ingestible device 100 detectsthat it was not most recently in the duodenum (e.g., because it was inthe stomach instead), process 600 proceeds to 614 where the ingestibledevice compares the recent measurements of the ratios of the measuredgreen reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectance levels (e.g.,measurements that include the recent measurement made at 606) to pastmeasurements, and uses this information to determine whether a pylorictransition from the stomach to the duodenum has occurred.

Process 600 proceeds from 608 to 610 when the ingestible devicedetermined that it was most recently in the duodenum. At 610, theingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400) determines(e.g., via control circuitry within PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) whether thecurrent G/B signal is similar to a recorded average G/B signal in thestomach. For example, ingestible device 100 may be configured to havepreviously stored data (e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG.2)) indicative of the average ratio of the measured green reflectancelevels to the measured blue reflectance levels measured in the stomach.Ingestible device 100 may then retrieve this stored data indicative ofthe average ratio of the measured green reflectance levels to themeasured blue reflectance levels in the stomach, and compare thisagainst the recent measurements in order to determine whether or notingestible device 100 has returned back to the stomach from theduodenum. For instance, ingestible device 100 may determine if the meanvalue of the first subset of recent data (i.e., the average value of therecently measured ratios of the measured green reflectance levels to themeasured blue reflectance levels) is less than the average ratio of themeasured green reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectancelevels within the stomach, or less that the average ratio measuredwithin the stomach plus a predetermined number times the standarddeviation of the ratios measured within the stomach. For instance, ifthe average ratio of the measured green reflectance levels to themeasured blue reflectance levels in the stomach was “1,” with a standarddeviation of “0.2,” ingestible device 100 may determine whether or notthe mean value of the first subset of data is less than “1.0+k*0.2,”where “k” is a number between zero and five. It is understood that, insome embodiments, the ingestible device 100 may be configured to use adifferent threshold level to determine whether or not the mean value ofthe first subset of recent data is sufficiently similar to the averageratio of the measured green reflectance levels to the measured bluereflectance levels within the stomach. In response to determining thatthe recent ratio of the measured green reflectance levels to themeasured blue reflectance levels is similar to the average ratio ofmeasured green and blue reflectance levels seen in the stomach, process600 proceeds to 612 where ingestible device 100 stores data indicatingthat it has re-entered the stomach from the duodenum. Alternately, inresponse to determining that the recent ratio of measured green and bluereflectance levels is sufficiently different from the average ratio ofmeasured green and blue reflectance levels seen in the stomach,ingestible device 100 proceeds directly to 604, and continues to obtainnew data on an ongoing basis.

At 612, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)stores data indicating a reverse pyloric transition from the duodenum tothe stomach was detected. For example ingestible device 100 may store adata flag (e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) indicatingthat the ingestible device 100 most recently detected itself to bewithin the stomach portion of the GI tract (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)).In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 may also store data (e.g.,within memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) indicating a time thatingestible device 100 detected the reverse pyloric transition from theduodenum to the stomach. This information may be used by ingestibledevice 100 at 608, and as a result process 600 may proceed from 608 to614, rather than proceeding from 618 to 610. After ingestible device 100stores the data indicating a reverse pyloric transition from theduodenum to the stomach was detected, process 600 proceeds to 604 whereingestible device 100 continues to gather additional measurements, andcontinues to monitor for further transitions between the stomach and theduodenum.

Process 600 proceeds from 608 to 614 when the ingestible devicedetermined that it was not most recently in the duodenum (e.g., as aresult of having most recently been in the stomach instead). At 614, theingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400) retrieves asecond subset of previous data by applying a second sliding windowfilter to the data set. For example, ingestible device 100 may use asliding window filter to obtain a predetermined amount of older datafrom a past time range, which may be separated from recent time rangeused to select the first subset of data gathered at 606 by apredetermined period of time. In some embodiments, any suitable amountof data may be selected by the first and second window filters, and thefirst and second window filters may be separated by any appropriatepredetermined amount of time. For example, in some embodiments, thefirst window filter and the second window filter may each be configuredto select a predetermined range of data values from the data set, thepredetermined range being between fifteen seconds of data and fiveminutes of data. In some embodiments, the recent measurements and thepast measurements may then be separated by a predetermined period oftime that is between one to five times the predetermined range of datavalues. For instance, ingestible device 100 may select the first subsetof data and the second subset of data to each be one minute of dataselected from the dataset (i.e., selected to have a predetermined rangeof one minute), and the first subset of data and the second subset ofdata are selected from recorded measurements that are at least twominutes apart (i.e., the predetermined period of time is two minutes,which is twice the range used to select the subsets of data using thewindow filters). As another example, ingestible device 100 may selectthe first subset of data and the second subset of data to each be fiveminutes of data selected from the dataset (i.e., selected to have apredetermined range of five minutes), and the first subset of data andthe second subset of data are selected from recorded measurements thatare at least 10 minutes apart (i.e., the predetermined period of time istwo minutes, which is twice the range used to select the subsets of datausing the window filters).

In some embodiments, if ingestible device 100 recently transitioned tothe stomach from the duodenum (e.g., as determined by checking forrecent data stored within ingestible device 100 at 612), ingestibledevice 100 may select the second subset of data at 614 from a time framewhen ingestible device 100 is known to be within the stomach. In someembodiments, ingestible device 100 may alternately select a previouslyrecorded average and standard deviation for ratios of green reflectancesand blue reflectances within the stomach (e.g., an average and standarddeviation typical of data recorded within the stomach, as previouslyrecorded within memory circuitry of PCB 120 at 620) in place of thesecond subset of data. In this case, ingestible device 100 may simplyuse the previously recorded average and previously recorded standarddeviation when making a determination at 616, rather than expendingresources to calculate the mean and standard deviation of the secondsubset.

At 616, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines whether the difference between the mean of the second subsetand the mean of the first subset is greater than a predeterminedmultiple of the standard deviation of the first subset. For example,ingestible device 100 may compute a difference between a mean of thefirst subset of recent data and a mean of a second subset of past data,and determine whether this difference is greater than three times thestandard deviation of the second subset of past data. In someembodiments, it is understood that any convenient threshold level may beused other than three times the standard deviation, such as any valuebetween one and five times the standard deviation. Also, in someembodiments, the ingestible device may instead set the threshold levelbased on the standard deviation of the second subset instead of thefirst subset. In response to determining that the difference between themean of the first subset and the mean of the second subset is greaterthan a predetermined multiple of the standard deviation of the secondsubset, process 600 proceeds to 618. Otherwise, process 600 proceedsback to 604, where the ingestible device 604 continues to gather newdata to be used in monitoring for transitions between the stomach (e.g.,stomach 306 (FIG. 3)) and the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)).

At 618, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines (e.g., via control circuitry within PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) whetherthe determination made at 616 is the first time that the differencebetween the mean of the first subset of recent data and the mean of thesecond subset of past data is calculated to be greater than the standarddeviation of the second subset. If the ingestible device determines thatthis is the first time that the difference between the mean of the firstsubset and the mean of the second subset is calculated to be greaterthan the standard deviation of the second subset, process 600 proceedsto 620 to store the mean of the second subset of past data as an averageG/B signal in the stomach. Alternatively, if the ingestible devicedetermines that the immediately preceding determination made at 616 isnot the first time that the difference between the mean of the firstsubset of recent data and the mean of the second subset of past data iscalculated to be greater than the standard deviation of the secondsubset, process 600 proceeds directly to 622.

At 620, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)stores the mean of the second subset as an average G/B signal in thestomach. For example, ingestible device 100 may be configured to storethe mean of the second subset of past data (e.g., store within memorycircuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) as the average ratio of the measuredgreen reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectance levelsmeasured in the stomach. In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 mayalso store the standard deviation of the second subset of past data as atypical standard deviation of the ratios of the measured greenreflectance levels to the measured blue reflectance levels detectedwithin the stomach. This stored information may be used by theingestible device later on (e.g., at 610) to compare against futuredata, which may enable the ingestible device to detect reverse pylorictransitions from the duodenum (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)) back to thestomach (e.g., stomach 306 (FIG. 3)), and may generally be used in placeof other experimental data gathered from the stomach (e.g., in place ofthe second subset of data at 616). After storing the mean of the secondsubset as an average G/B signal in the stomach, process 600 proceeds to622.

At 622, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines whether a difference of the mean of the first subset ofrecent data to the mean of the second subset of past data is greaterthan a predetermined threshold, “M”. In some embodiments, thepredetermined threshold, “M,” will be sufficiently large to ensure thatthe mean of the first subset is substantially larger than the mean ofthe second subset, and may enable ingestible device 100 to ensure thatit detected an actual transition to the duodenum. This may beparticularly advantageous when the determination made at 616 ispotentially unreliable due to the standard deviation of the secondsubset of past data being abnormally small. For example, a typical valueof the predetermined threshold “M,” may be on the order of 0.1 to 0.5.If ingestible device 100 determines that the difference of the mean ofthe first subset of recent data to the second subset of past data isgreater than a predetermined threshold, process 600 proceeds to 624 tostore data indicating that a pyloric transition from the stomach to theduodenum (e.g., from stomach 306 to duodenum 310 (FIG. 3)) was detected.Alternatively, if the ingestible device determines that the ratio of themean of the first subset to the second subset is less than or equal tothe predetermined threshold, “M” (i.e., determines that a transition tothe duodenum has not occurred), process 600 proceeds directly to 604where ingestible device 100 continues to make new measurements andmonitor for possible transitions between the stomach and the duodenum.

In some embodiments, instead of using a difference of the mean of thefirst subset of recent data to the mean of the second subset of pastdata, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines whether the ratio of the mean of the first subset of recentdata to the mean of the second subset of past data is greater than apredetermined threshold, “M”. In some embodiments, the predeterminedthreshold, “M,” will be sufficiently large to ensure that the mean ofthe first subset is substantially larger than the mean of the secondsubset, and may enable ingestible device 100 to ensure that it detectedan actual transition to the duodenum. This may be particularlyadvantageous when the determination made at 616 is potentiallyunreliable due to the standard deviation of the second subset of pastdata being abnormally small. For example, a typical value of thepredetermined threshold “M,” may be on the order of 1.2 to 2.0. It isunderstood any convenient type of threshold or calculation may be usedto determine whether or not the first subset of data and the secondsubset of data are both statistically distinct from one another, andalso substantially different from one another in terms of overallaverage value.

At 624, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)stores data indicating a pyloric transition from the stomach to theduodenum was detected. For example ingestible device 100 may store adata flag (e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) indicatingthat the ingestible device 100 most recently detected itself to bewithin the duodenum portion of the GI tract (e.g., duodenum 310 (FIG.3)). In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 may also store data(e.g., within memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) indicating a timethat ingestible device 100 detected the pyloric transition from thestomach to the duodenum. This information may be used by ingestibledevice 100 at 608, and as a result process 600 may proceed from 608 to610, rather than proceeding from 618 to 614. After ingestible device 100stores the data indicating a pyloric transition from the stomach to theduodenum was detected, process 600 proceeds to 604 where ingestibledevice 100 continues to gather additional measurements, and continues tomonitor for further transitions between the stomach and the duodenum.

It will be understood that the steps and descriptions of the flowchartsof this disclosure, including FIG. 6, are merely illustrative. Any ofthe steps and descriptions of the flowcharts, including FIG. 6, may bemodified, omitted, rearranged, and performed in alternate orders or inparallel, two or more of the steps may be combined, or any additionalsteps may be added, without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. For example, the ingestible device 100 may calculate themean and the standard deviation of multiple data sets in parallel inorder to speed up the overall computation time. Furthermore, it shouldbe noted that the steps and descriptions of FIG. 6 may be combined withany other system, device, or method described in this application, andany of the ingestible devices or systems discussed in this applicationcould be used to perform one or more of the steps in FIG. 6. Forexample, portions of process 600 may be incorporated into 508-516 ofprocess 500 (FIG. 5), and may be part of a more general process fordetermining a location of the ingestible device. As another example, theratio of detected blue and green light (e.g., as measured and added tothe data set at 604) may continue even outside of the stomach orduodenum, and similar information may be recorded by the ingestibledevice throughout its transit in the GI tract. Example plots of datasets of ratios of measured green and blue reflectance levels, which maybe gathered throughout the GI tract, are discussed further in relationto FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 below.

FIG. 7 is a plot illustrating data collected during an example operationof an ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400),which may be used when determining a location of an ingestible device asit transits through a gastrointestinal (GI) tract, in accordance withsome embodiments of the disclosure.

Although FIG. 7 may be described in connection with ingestible device100 for illustrative purposes, this is not intended to be limiting, andplot 700 and data set 702 may be typical of data gathered by any devicediscussed in this application. Plot 700 depicts the ratios of themeasured green reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectancelevels over time. For example, ingestible device 100 may have computedthe value for each point in the data set 702 by transmitting green andblue illumination at a given time (e.g., via illuminator 124 (FIG. 2)),measuring the resulting green and blue reflectances (e.g., via detector122 (FIG. 2)), calculating the ratio of the resulting reflectances, andstoring the ratio in the data set along with a timestamp indicating thetime that the reflectances were gathered.

At 704, shortly after ingestible device 100 begins operation, ingestibledevice 100 determines that it has reached at least the stomach (e.g., asa result of making a determination similar to the determinationdiscussed in relation to 506 in process 500 (FIG. 5)). Ingestible device100 continues to gather additional measurements of green and bluereflectance levels, and at 706 ingestible device 100 determines that apyloric transition has occurred from the stomach to the duodenum (e.g.,as a result of making a determination similar to the determinationsdiscussed in relation to 616-624 of process 600 (FIG. 6)). Notably, thevalues in data set 702 around 706 jump up precipitously, which isindicative of the higher ratios of measured green reflectance levels tomeasured blue reflectance levels typical of the duodenum.

The remainder of the data set 702 depicts the ratios of the measuredgreen reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectance levelsthroughout the remainder of the GI tract. At 708, ingestible device 100has reached the jejunum (e.g., as determined through measurements ofmuscle contractions, as discussed in relation to FIG. 9), and by 710,ingestible device 100 has reached the cecum. It is understood that, insome embodiments, the overall character and appearance of data set 702changes within the small intestine (i.e., the duodenum, jejunum, andileum) versus the cecum. Within the jejunum and ileum, there maytypically be a wide variation in the ratios of the measured greenreflectance levels to the measured blue reflectance levels, resulting inrelatively noisy data with a high standard deviation. By comparison,within the cecum ingestible device 100 may measure a relatively stableratio of the measured green reflectance levels to the measured bluereflectance levels. In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 may beconfigured to determine transitions from the small intestine to thececum based on these differences. For example, ingestible device 100 maycompare recent windows of data to past windows of data, and detect atransition to the cecum in response to determining that the standarddeviation of the ratios in the recent window of data is substantiallyless than the standard deviation of the ratios in the past window ofdata.

FIG. 8 is another plot illustrating data collected during an exampleoperation of an ingestible device, which may be used when determining alocation of an ingestible device as it transits through agastrointestinal (GI) tract, in accordance with some embodiments of thedisclosure. Similar to FIG. 7, FIG. 8 may be described in connectionwith the ingestible device 100 for illustrative purposes. However, thisis not intended to be limiting, and plot 800 and data set 802 may betypical of data gathered by any device discussed in this application.

At 804, shortly after ingestible device 100 begins operation, ingestibledevice 100 determines that it has reached at least the stomach (e.g., asa result of making a determination similar to the determinationdiscussed in relation to 506 in process 500 (FIG. 5)). Ingestible device100 continues to gather additional measurements of green and bluereflectance levels (e.g., via sensing sub-unit 126 (FIG. 2)), and at 806ingestible device 100 determines that a pyloric transition has occurredfrom the stomach to the duodenum (e.g., as a result of making adetermination similar to the determinations discussed in relation to616-624 of process 600 (FIG. 6)). Notably, the values in data set 802around 806 jump up precipitously, which is indicative of the higherratios of measured green reflectance levels to measured blue reflectancelevels typical of the duodenum, before falling shortly thereafter. As aresult of the reduced values in data set 802, ingestible device 100determines that a reverse pyloric transition has occurred from theduodenum back to the stomach at 808 (e.g., as a result of making adetermination similar to the determinations discussed in relation to610-612 of process 600 (FIG. 6)). At 810, as a result of the values indata set 802 increasing again, ingestible device 100 determines thatanother pyloric transition has occurred from the stomach to theduodenum, and shortly thereafter ingestible device 100 proceeds onwardsto the jejunum, ileum, and cecum.

The remainder of the data set 802 depicts the ratios of the measuredgreen reflectance levels to the measured blue reflectance levelsthroughout the remainder of the GI tract. Notably, at 812, ingestibledevice reaches the transition point between the ileum and the cecum. Asdiscussed above in relation to FIG. 7, the transition to the cecum ismarked by a reduced standard deviation in the ratios of measured greenreflectances and measured blue reflectances over time, and ingestibledevice 100 may be configured to detect a transition to the cecum basedon determining that the standard deviation of a recent set ofmeasurements is substantially smaller than the standard deviation ofpast measurements taken from the jejunum or ileum.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart of illustrative steps for detecting a transitionfrom a duodenum to a jejunum, which may be used when determining alocation of an ingestible device as it transits through agastrointestinal (GI) tract, in accordance with some embodiments of thedisclosure. Although FIG. 9 may be described in connection with theingestible device 100 for illustrative purposes, this is not intended tobe limiting, and either portions or the entirety of process 900described in FIG. 9 may be applied to any device discussed in thisapplication (e.g., the ingestible devices 100, 300, and 400), and any ofthese ingestible devices may be used to perform one or more parts of theprocess described in FIG. 9. Furthermore, the features of FIG. 9 may becombined with any other systems, methods or processes described in thisapplication. For example, portions of the process described by theprocess in FIG. 9 may be integrated into the localization processdescribed by FIG. 5 (e.g., as part of 520-524 of process 500 (FIG. 5)).In some embodiments, an ingestible device 100 may perform process 900while in the duodenum, or in response to detecting entry to theduodenum. In other embodiments, an ingestible device 100 may performprocess 900 while in the stomach, or in response to detecting entry intothe GI tract. It is also understood that process 900 may be performed inparallel with any other process described in this disclosure (e.g.,process 600 (FIG. 6)), which may enable ingestible device 100 to detectentry into various portions of the GI tract, without necessarilydetecting entry into a preceding portion of the GI tract.

For illustrative purposes, FIG. 9 may be discussed in terms ofingestible device 100 generating and making determinations based on asingle set of reflectance levels generated at a single wavelength by asingle sensing sub-unit (e.g., sensing sub-unit 126 (FIG. 2)). However,it is understood that ingestible device 100 may generate multiplewavelengths of illumination from multiple different sensing sub-unitspositioned around the circumference of ingestible device (e.g., multiplesensing sub-units positioned at different locations behind window 114 ofingestible device 100 (FIG. 1), and each of the resulting reflectancesmay be stored as a separate data set. Moreover, each of these sets ofreflectance levels may be used to detect muscle contractions by runningmultiple versions of process 900, each one of which processes data for adifferent set of reflectances corresponding to data sets obtained frommeasurements of different wavelengths or measurements made by differentsensing sub-units.

At 902, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)retrieves a set of reflectance levels. For example, ingestible device100 may retrieve a data set of previously recorded reflectance levelsfrom memory (e.g., from memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)). Each ofthe reflectance levels may correspond to reflectances previouslydetected by ingestible device 100 (e.g., via detector 122 (FIG. 2)) fromillumination generated by ingestible device 100 (e.g., via illuminator124 (FIG. 2)), and may represent a value indicative of an amount oflight detected in a given reflectance. However, it is understood thatany suitable frequency of light may be used, such as light in theinfrared, visible, or ultraviolet spectrums. In some embodiments, thereflectance levels may correspond to reflectances previously detected byingestible device 100 at periodic intervals.

At 904, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)includes new measurements of reflectance levels in the data set. Forexample, ingestible device 100 may be configured to detect a newreflectance (e.g., transmit illumination and detect the resultingreflectance using sensing sub-unit 126 (FIG. 2)) at regular intervals,or with sufficient speed as to detect peristaltic waves. For example,ingestible device 100 may be configured to generate illumination andmeasure the resulting reflectance once every three seconds (i.e., theminimum rate necessary to detect a 0.17 Hz signal), and preferably at ahigher rate, as fast at 0.1 second or even faster. It is understood thatthe periodic interval between measurements may be adapted as neededbased on the species of the subject, and the expected frequency of theperistaltic waves to be measured. Every time ingestible device 100 makesa new reflectance level measurement at 904, the new data is included tothe data set (e.g., a data set stored within memory circuitry of PCB 120(FIG. 2)).

At 906, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)obtains a first subset of recent data by applying a sliding windowfilter to the data set. For example, ingestible device 100 may retrievea one-minute worth of data from the data set. If the data set includesvalues for reflectances measured every second, this would beapproximately 60 data points worth of data. Any suitable type of windowsize may be used, provided that the size of the window is sufficientlylarge to detect peristaltic waves (e.g., fluctuations on the order of0.1 Hz to 0.2 Hz for healthy human subjects). In some embodiments,ingestible device 100 may also clean the data, for example, by removingoutliers from the first subset of data obtained through the use of thesliding window filter.

At 908, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)obtains a second subset of recent data by interpolating the first subsetof recent data. For example, ingestible device 100 may interpolate thefirst subset of data in order to generate a second subset of data with asufficient number of data points (e.g., data points spaced every 0.5seconds or greater). In some embodiments, this may enable ingestibledevice 100 to also replace any outlier data points that may have beenremoved as part of applying the window filter at 906.

At 910, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)calculates a normalized frequency spectrum from the second subset ofdata. For example, ingestible device 100 may be configured to perform afast Fourier transform to convert the second subset of data from a timedomain representation into a frequency domain representation. It isunderstood that depending on the application being used, and the natureof the subset of data, any number of suitable procedures (e.g., Fouriertransform procedures) may be used to determine a frequency spectrum forthe second subset of data. For example, the sampling frequency and sizeof the second subset of data may be known in advance, and ingestibledevice 100 may be configured to have pre-stored values of a normalizeddiscreet Fourier transform (DFT) matrix, or the rows of the DFT matrixcorresponding to the 0.1 Hz to 0.2 Hz frequency components of interest,within memory (e.g., memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)). In thiscase, the ingestible device may use matrix multiplication between theDFT matrix and the data set to generate an appropriate frequencyspectrum. An example data set and corresponding frequency spectrum thatmay be obtained by the ingestible device is discussed in greater detailin relation to FIG. 10.

At 912, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines whether at least a portion of the normalized frequencyspectrum is between 0.1 Hz and 0.2 Hz above a threshold value of 0.5 Hz.Peristaltic waves in a healthy human subject occur at a rate between 0.1Hz and 0.2 Hz, and an ingestible device experiencing peristaltic waves(e.g., ingestible device 400 detecting contractions in walls 406 of thejejunum (FIG. 4)) may detect sinusoidal variations in the amplitude ofdetected reflectances levels that follow a similar 0.1 Hz to 0.2 Hzfrequency. If the ingestible device determines that a portion of thenormalized frequency spectrum between 0.1 Hz and 0.2 Hz is above athreshold value of 0.5, this measurement may be consistent withperistaltic waves in a healthy human subject, and process 900 proceedsto 914 where ingestible device 100 stores data indicating a musclecontraction was detected. Alternatively, if the ingestible devicedetermines that no portion of the normalized frequency spectrum between0.1 Hz and 0.2 Hz above a threshold value of 0.5, process 900 proceedsdirectly to 904 to make new measurements and to continue to monitor fornew muscle contractions. It is understood that a threshold value otherthan 0.5 may be used, and that the exact threshold may depend on thesampling frequency and type of frequency spectrum used by ingestibledevice 100.

At 914, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)stores data indicating a muscle contraction was detected. For example,ingestible device 100 may store data in memory (e.g., memory circuitryof PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) indicating that a muscle contraction was detected,and indicating the time that the muscle contraction was detected. Insome embodiments, ingestible device 100 may also monitor the totalnumber of muscle contractions detected, or the number of musclecontractions detected in a given time frame. In some embodiments,detecting a particular number of muscle contractions may be consistentwith ingestible device 100 being within the jejunum (e.g., jejunum 314(FIG. 3)) of a healthy human subject. After detecting a musclecontraction, process 900 proceeds to 916.

At 916, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)determines whether a total number of muscle contractions exceeds apredetermined threshold number. For example, ingestible device 100 mayretrieve the total number of muscle contractions detected from memory(e.g., from memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)), and compare the totalnumber to a threshold value. In some embodiments, the threshold valuemay be one, or any number larger than one. The larger the thresholdvalue, the more muscle contractions need to be detected beforeingestible device 100 stores data indicating that it has entered thejejunum. In practice, setting the threshold value as three or higher mayprevent the ingestible device from detecting false positives (e.g., dueto natural movement of the GI tract organs, or due to movement of thesubject). If the total number of contractions exceeds the predeterminedthreshold number, process 900 proceeds to 918 to store data indicatingdetection of a transition from the duodenum to the jejunum.Alternatively, if the total number of contractions does not exceed apredetermined threshold number, process 900 proceeds to 904 to includenew measurements of reflectance levels in the data set. An example plotof the muscle contractions detected over time is discussed in greaterdetail in relation to FIG. 11.

At 918, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100, 300, or 400)stores data indicating detection of a transition from the duodenum tothe jejunum. For example, ingestible device 100 may store data in memory(e.g., from memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) indicating that thejejunum has been reached. In some embodiments, if ingestible device 100is configured to perform all or part of process 900 while in thestomach, ingestible device 100 may store data at 918 indicatingdetection of a transition from the stomach directly to the jejunum(e.g., as a result of transitioning too quickly through the duodenum forthe pyloric transition to be detected using process 600 (FIG. 6)).

In some embodiments, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100,300, or 400) may be configured to obtain a fluid sample from theenvironment external to a housing of the ingestible device in responseto identifying a change in the location of the ingestible device.

For example, ingestible device 100 may be configured to obtain a fluidsample from the environment external to the housing of ingestible device100 (e.g., through the use of optional opening 116 and optional rotatingassembly 118 (FIG. 2)) in response to determining that the ingestibledevice is located within the jejunum (e.g., jejunum 314 (FIG. 3)). Insome embodiments, ingestible device 100 may also be equipped withappropriate diagnostics to detect certain medical conditions based onthe retrieved fluid sample, such as small intestinal bacterialovergrowth (SIBO).

In some embodiments, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100,300, or 400) may be configured to deliver a dispensable substance thatis pre-stored within the ingestible device from the ingestible deviceinto the gastrointestinal tract in response to identifying the change inthe location of the ingestible device. For example, ingestible device100 may have a dispensable substance pre-stored within the ingestibledevice 100 (e.g., within a storage chamber or cavity on optional storagesub-unit 118-3 (FIG. 2)), and ingestible device 100 may be configured todispense the substance into the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., throughthe use of optional opening 116 and optional rotating assembly 118 (FIG.2)) when the ingestible device 100 detects that the ingestible device100 is located within the jejunum (e.g., jejunum 314 (FIG. 3)). In someembodiments, this may enable ingestible device 100 to deliver substances(e.g., therapeutics and medicaments) at targeted locations within the GItract.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device (e.g., ingestible device 100,300, or 400) may be configured to perform an action based on the totalnumber of detected muscle contractions. For example, ingestible device100 may be configured to retrieve data indicative of the total number ofmuscle contractions (e.g., from memory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)),and compare that to an expected number muscle contractions in a healthyindividual. In response, the ingestible device may either dispense asubstance into the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., through the use ofoptional opening 116 and optional rotating assembly 118 (FIG. 2)), ormay obtain a fluid sample from the environment external to the housingof ingestible device 100 (e.g., through the use of optional opening 116and optional rotating assembly 118 (FIG. 2)). For instance, ingestibledevice 100 may be configured to obtain a sample in response todetermining that a number of detected muscle contractions is abnormal,and differs greatly from the expected number. As another example,ingestible device 100 may be configured to deliver a substance into theGI tract (such as a medicament), in response to determining that thedetected muscle contractions are consistent with a functioning GI tractin a healthy individual.

It will be understood that the steps and descriptions of the flowchartsof this disclosure, including FIG. 9, are merely illustrative. Any ofthe steps and descriptions of the flowcharts, including FIG. 9, may bemodified, omitted, rearranged, performed in alternate orders or inparallel, two or more of the steps may be combined, or any additionalsteps may be added, without departing from the scope of the presentdisclosure. For example, the ingestible device 100 may calculate themean and the standard deviation of multiple data sets in parallel (e.g.,multiple data sets, each one corresponding to a different wavelength ofreflectance or different sensing sub-unit used to detect thereflectance) in order to speed up the overall computation time.Furthermore, it should be noted that the steps and descriptions of FIG.9 may be combined with any other system, device, or method described inthis application, and any of the ingestible devices or systems discussedin this application could be used to perform one or more of the steps inFIG. 9.

FIG. 10 is a plot illustrating data collected during an exampleoperation of an ingestible device, which may be used when detecting atransition from a duodenum to a jejunum, in accordance with someembodiments of the disclosure. Diagram 1000 depicts a time domain plot1002 of a data set of reflectance levels measured by an ingestibledevice (e.g., the second subset of data discussed in relation to 908 ofFIG. 9). In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 may be configured togather data points at semi-regular intervals approximately 0.5 secondsapart. By comparison, diagram 1050 depicts a frequency domain plot 1004of the same data set of reflectance levels measured by an ingestibledevice (e.g., as a result of ingestible device 100 calculating afrequency spectrum at 910 of FIG. 9). In some embodiments, ingestibledevice 100 may be configured to calculate the frequency spectrum throughany convenient means.

In diagram 1050, the range of frequencies 1006 between 0.1 Hz and 0.2 Hzmay be the range of frequencies that ingestible device 100 searches inorder to detect muscle contractions. As shown in diagram 1050, there isa strong peak in the frequency domain plot 1004 around 0.14 Hz, which isconsistent with the frequency of peristaltic motion in a healthy humanindividual. In this case, an ingestible device 100 analyzing frequencydomain plot 1004 may be configured to determine that the data isconsistent with a detected muscle contraction (e.g., using a processsimilar to 912 of process 900 (FIG. 9)), and may store data (e.g., inmemory circuitry of PCB 120 (FIG. 2)) indicating that a musclecontraction has been detected. Because the muscle contraction wasdetected from the one-minute window of data ending at 118 minutes,ingestible device 100 may also store data indicating that the musclecontraction was detected at the 118-minute mark (i.e., which mayindicate that the ingestible device 100 was turned on and ingested bythe subject 118 minutes ago).

FIG. 11 is a plot illustrating muscle contractions detected by aningestible device over time, which may be used when determining alocation of an ingestible device as it transits through agastrointestinal (GI) tract, in accordance with some embodiments of thedisclosure. In some embodiments, ingestible device 100 may be configuredto detect muscle contractions, and store data indicative of when eachmuscle contraction is detected (e.g., as part of 914 of process 900(FIG. 9)). Plot 1100 depicts the detected muscle contractions 1106overtime, with each muscle contraction being represented by a verticalline reaching from “0” to “1” on the y-axis.

At 1102, around the 10-minute mark, ingestible device 100 first entersthe duodenum (e.g., as determined by ingestible device 100 performingprocess 600 (FIG. 6)). Shortly thereafter, at 1108, ingestible device100 begins to detect several muscle contractions 1106 in quicksuccession, which may be indicative of the strong peristaltic waves thatform in the jejunum (e.g., jejunum 314 (FIG. 3)). Later, around 1110,ingestible device 100 continues to detect intermittent musclecontractions, which may be consistent with an ingestible device 100within the ileum. Finally at 1104, ingestible device 100 transitions outof the small intestine, and into the cecum. Notably, ingestible device100 detects more frequent muscle contractions in the jejunum portion ofthe small intestine as compared to the ileum portion of the smallintestine, and ingestible device 100 does not measure any musclecontractions after having exited the small intestine. In someembodiments, ingestible device 100 may incorporate this information intoa localization process. For example, ingestible device 100 may beconfigured to detect a transition from a jejunum to an ileum in responseto determining that a frequency of detected muscle contractions (e.g.,the number of muscle contractions measured in a given 10-minute window)has fallen below a threshold number. As another example, ingestibledevice 100 may be configured to detect a transition from an ileum to acecum in response to determining that no muscle contractions have beendetected for a threshold period of time. It is understood that theseexamples are intended to be illustrative, and not limiting, and thatmeasurements of muscle contractions may be combined with any of theother processes, systems, or methods discussed in this disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart 1200 for certain embodiments for determining atransition of the device from the jejunum to the ileum. It is to benoted that, in general, the jejunum is redder and more vascular than theileum. Moreover, generally, in comparison to the ileum, the jejunum hasa thicker intestine wall with more messentary fat. These differencesbetween the jejunum and the ileum are expected to result in differencesin optical responses in the jejunum relative to the ileum. Optionally,one or more optical signals may be used to investigate the differencesin optical responses. For example, the process can include monitoring achange in optical response in reflected red light, blue light, greenlight, ratio of red light to green light, ratio of red light to bluelight, and/or ratio of green light to blue light. In some embodiments,reflected red light is detected in the process.

Flowchart 1200 represents a single sliding window process. In step 1210,the jejunum reference signal is determined based on optical reflection.Typically, this signal is as the average signal (e.g., reflected redlight) over a period of time since the device was determined to enterthe jejunum. The period of time can be, for example, from five minutesto 40 minutes (e.g., from 10 minutes to 30 minutes, from 15 minutes to25 minutes). In step 1220, the detected signal (e.g., reflected redlight) just after the period of time used in step 1210 is normalized tothe reference signal determined in step 1210. In step 1230, the signal(e.g., reflected red light) is detected. In step 1240, the mean signaldetected based on the single sliding window is compared to a signalthreshold. The signal threshold in step 1240 is generally a fraction ofthe reference signal of the jejunum reference signal determined in step1210. For example, the signal threshold can be from 60% to 90% (e.g.,from 70% to 80%) of the jejunum reference signal. If the mean signalexceeds the signal threshold, then the process determines that thedevice has entered the ileum at step 1250. If the mean signal does notexceed the signal threshold, then the process returns to step 1230.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart 1200 for certain embodiments for determining atransition of the device from the jejunum to the ileum using a twosliding window process. In step 1310, the jejunum reference signal isdetermined based on optical reflection. Typically, this signal is as theaverage signal (e.g., reflected red light) over a period of time sincethe device was determined to enter the jejunum. The period of time canbe, for example, from five minutes to 40 minutes (e.g., from 10 minutesto 30 minutes, from 15 minutes to 25 minutes). In step 1320, thedetected signal (e.g., reflected red light) just after the period oftime used in step 1310 is normalized to the reference signal determinedin step 1310. In step 1330, the signal (e.g., reflected red light) isdetected. In step 1340, the mean difference in the signal detected basedon the two sliding windows is compared to a signal threshold. The signalthreshold in step 1340 is based on whether the mean difference in thedetected signal exceeds a multiple (e.g., from 1.5 times to five times,from two times to four times) of the detected signal of the firstwindow.

If signal threshold is exceeded, then the process determines that thedevice has entered the ileum at step 1350. If the signal threshold isnot exceeded, then the process returns to step 1330.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart 1400 for a process for certain embodiments fordetermining a transition of the device from the ileum to the cecum. Ingeneral, the process involves detecting changes in the reflected opticalsignal (e.g., red light, blue light, green light, ratio of red light togreen light, ratio of red light to blue light, and/or ratio of greenlight to blue light). In some embodiments, the process includesdetecting changes in the ratio of reflected red light to reflected greenlight, and also detecting changes in the ratio of reflected green lightto reflected blue light. Generally, in the process 1400, the slidingwindow analysis (first and second windows) discussed with respect toprocess 600 is continued.

Step 1410 includes setting a first threshold in a detected signal, e.g.,ratio of detected red light to detected green light, and setting asecond threshold for the coefficient of variation for a detected signal,e.g., the coefficient of variation for the ratio of detected green lightto detected blue light. The first threshold can be set to a fraction(e.g., from 0.5 to 0.9, from 0.6 to 0.8) of the average signal (e.g.,ratio of detected red light to detected green light) in the firstwindow, or a fraction (e.g., from 0.4 to 0.8, from 0.5 to 0.7) of themean difference between the detected signal (e.g., ratio of detected redlight to detected green light) in the two windows. The second thresholdcan be set to 0.1 (e.g., 0.05, 0.02).

Step 1420 includes detecting the signals in the first and second windowsthat are to be used for comparing to the first and second thresholds.

Step 1430 includes comparing the detected signals to the first andsecond thresholds. If the corresponding value is not below the firstthreshold or the corresponding value is not below the second threshold,then it is determined that the device has not left the ileum and enteredthe cecum, and the process returns to step 1420. If the correspondingvalue is below the first threshold and the corresponding value is belowthe second threshold, then it is determined that the device has left theileum and entered the cecum, and the proceeds to step 1440.

Step 1450 includes determining whether it is the first time that thatthe device was determined to leave the ileum and enter the cecum. If itis the first time that the device was determined to leave the ileum andenter the cecum, then the process proceeds to step 1460. If it is notthe first time that the device has left the ileum and entered the cecum,then the process proceeds to step 1470.

Step 1460 includes setting a reference signal. In this step the opticalsignal (e.g., ratio of detected red light to detected green light) as areference signal.

Step 1470 includes determining whether the device may have left thececum and returned to the ileum. The device is determined to have leftthe cecum and returned to the ileum if the corresponding detected signal(e.g., ratio of detected red light to detected green light) isstatistically comparable to the reference signal (determined in step1460) and the coefficient of variation for the corresponding detectedsignal (e.g., ratio of detected green light to detected blue light)exceeds the second threshold. If it is determined that the device mayhave left the cecum and returned to the ileum, the process proceeds tostep 1480.

Step 1480 includes continuing to detect the relevant optical signals fora period of time (e.g., at least one minute, from five minutes to 15minutes).

Step 1490 includes determining whether the signals determined in step1480 indicate (using the methodology discussed in step 1470) that thedevice re-entered the ileum. If the signals indicate that the devicere-entered the ileum, the process proceeds to step 1420. If the signalsindicate that the device is in the cecum, the process proceeds to step1492.

Step 1492 includes continuing to monitor the relevant optical signalsfor a period of time (e.g., at least 30 minutes, at least one hour, atleast two hours).

Step 1494 includes determining whether the signals determined in step1492 indicate (using the methodology discussed in step 1470) that thedevice re-entered the ileum. If the signals indicate that the devicere-entered the ileum, the process proceeds to step 1420. If the signalsindicate that the device is in the cecum, the process proceeds to step1496.

At step 1496, the process determines that the device is in the cecum.

FIG. 15 is a flowchart 1500 for a process for certain embodiments fordetermining a transition of the device from the cecum to the colon. Ingeneral, the process involves detecting changes in the reflected opticalsignal (e.g., red light, blue light, green light, ratio of red light togreen light, ratio of red light to blue light, and/or ratio of greenlight to blue light). In some embodiments, the process includesdetecting changes in the ratio of reflected red light to reflected greenlight, and also detecting changes in the ratio of reflected blue light.Generally, in the process 1500, the sliding window analysis (first andsecond windows) discussed with respect to process 1400 is continued.

In step 1510, optical signals (e.g., the ratio of reflected red signalto reflected green signal, and reflected blue signal) are collected fora period of time (e.g., at least one minute, at least five minutes, atleast 10 minutes) while the device is in the cecum (e.g., during step1480).

The average values for the recorded optical signals (e.g., the ratio ofreflected red signal to reflected green signal, and reflected bluesignal) establish the cecum reference signals.

In step 1520, the optical signals are detected after it has beendetermined that the device entered the cecum (e.g., at step 1440). Theoptical signals are normalized to the cecum reference signals.

Step 1530 involves determining whether the device has entered the colon.This includes determining whether any of three different criteria aresatisfied. The first criterion is satisfied if the mean difference inthe ratio of a detected optical signal (e.g., ratio of detected redsignal to the detected green) is a multiple greater than one (e.g., 2×,3×, 4×) the standard deviation of the corresponding signal (e.g., ratioof detected red signal to the detected green) in the second window. Thesecond criterion is satisfied if the mean of a detected optical signal(e.g., a ratio of detected red light to detected green light) exceeds agiven value (e.g., exceeds one). The third criterion is satisfied if thecoefficient of variation of an optical signal (e.g., detected bluelight) in the first window exceeds a given value (e.g., exceeds 0.2). Ifany of the three criteria are satisfied, then the process proceeds tostep 1540. Otherwise, none of the three criteria are satisfied, theprocess returns to step 1520.

For illustrative purposes the disclosure focuses primarily on a numberof different example embodiments of an ingestible device, and exampleembodiments of methods for determining a location of an ingestibledevice within a GI tract. However, the possible ingestible devices thatmay be constructed are not limited to these embodiments, and variationsin the shape and design may be made without significantly changing thefunctions and operations of the device. Similarly, the possibleprocedures for determining a location of the ingestible device withinthe GI tract are not limited to the specific procedures and embodimentsdiscussed (e.g., process 500 (FIG. 5), process 600 (FIG. 6), process 900(FIG. 9), process 1200 (FIG. 12), process 1300 (FIG. 13), process 1400(FIG. 14) and process 1500 (FIG. 15)). Also, the applications of theingestible devices described herein are not limited merely to gatheringdata, sampling and testing portions of the gastrointestinal tract, ordelivering medicament. For example, in some embodiments the ingestibledevice may be adapted to include a number of chemical, electrical, oroptical diagnostics for diagnosing a number of diseases. Similarly, anumber of different sensors for measuring bodily phenomenon or otherphysiological qualities may be included on the ingestible device. Forexample, the ingestible device may be adapted to measure elevated levelsof certain chemical compounds or impurities in the gastrointestinaltract, or the combination of localization, sampling, and appropriatediagnostic and assay techniques incorporated into a sampling chamber maybe particularly well suited to determine the presence of smallintestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

At least some of the elements of the various embodiments of theingestible device described herein that are implemented via software(e.g., software executed by control circuitry within PCB 120 (FIG. 2))may be written in a high-level procedural language such as objectoriented programming, a scripting language or both. Accordingly, theprogram code may be written in C, C⁺⁺ or any other suitable programminglanguage and may comprise modules or classes, as is known to thoseskilled in object oriented programming. Alternatively, or in addition,at least some of the elements of the embodiments of the ingestibledevice described herein that are implemented via software may be writtenin assembly language, machine language or firmware as needed. In eithercase, the language may be a compiled or an interpreted language.

At least some of the program code used to implement the ingestibledevice can be stored on a storage media or on a computer readable mediumthat is readable by a general or special purpose programmable computingdevice having a processor, an operating system and the associatedhardware and software that is necessary to implement the functionalityof at least one of the embodiments described herein. The program code,when read by the computing device, configures the computing device tooperate in a new, specific and predefined manner in order to perform atleast one of the methods described herein.

Furthermore, at least some of the programs associated with the systems,devices, and methods of the example embodiments described herein arecapable of being distributed in a computer program product comprising acomputer readable medium that bears computer usable instructions for oneor more processors. The medium may be provided in various forms,including non-transitory forms such as, but not limited to, one or morediskettes, compact disks, tapes, chips, and magnetic and electronicstorage. In some embodiments, the medium may be transitory in naturesuch as, but not limited to, wire-line transmissions, satellitetransmissions, internet transmissions (e.g., downloads), media, digitaland analog signals, and the like. The computer useable instructions mayalso be in various formats, including compiled and non-compiled code.

The techniques described above can be implemented using software forexecution on a computer. For instance, the software forms procedures inone or more computer programs that execute on one or more programmed orprogrammable computer systems (which may be of various architecturessuch as distributed, client/server, or grid) each including at least oneprocessor, at least one data storage system (including volatile andnon-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input deviceor port, and at least one output device or port.

The software may be provided on a storage medium, such as a CD-ROM,readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer ordelivered (encoded in a propagated signal) over a communication mediumof a network to the computer where it is executed. All of the functionsmay be performed on a special purpose computer, or using special-purposehardware, such as coprocessors. The software may be implemented in adistributed manner in which different parts of the computation specifiedby the software are performed by different computers. Each such computerprogram is preferably stored on or downloaded to a storage media ordevice (e.g., solid state memory or media, or magnetic or optical media)readable by a general or special purpose programmable computer, forconfiguring and operating the computer when the storage media or deviceis read by the computer system to perform the procedures describedherein. The inventive system may also be considered to be implemented asa computer-readable storage medium, configured with a computer program,where the storage medium so configured causes a computer system tooperate in a specific and predefined manner to perform the functionsdescribed herein.

Methods and Mechanisms of Delivery

FIG. 16 provides an example mock-up diagram illustrating aspects of astructure of an ingestible device 1600 for delivering a dispensablesubstance, such as a formulation of a therapeutic agent describedherein, according to some embodiments described herein. In someembodiments, the ingestible device 1600 may generally be in the shape ofa capsule, a pill or any swallowable form that may be orally consumed byan individual. In this way, the ingestible device 1600 may be ingestedby a patient and may be prescribed by healthcare practitioners andpatients.

The ingestible device 1600 includes a housing 1601 that may take a shapesimilar to a capsule, a pill, and/or the like, which may include twoends 1602 a-b. The housing 1601 may be designed to withstand thechemical and mechanical environment of the GI tract (e.g., effects ofmuscle contractile forces and concentrated hydrochloric acid in thestomach). A broad range of materials that may be used for the housing1601. Examples of these materials include, but are not limited to,thermoplastics, fluoropolymers, elastomers, stainless steel and glasscomplying with ISO 10993 and USP Class VI specifications forbiocompatibility; and any other suitable materials and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiment, the wall of the housing 1601 may have a thickness of0.5 mm-1 mm, which is sufficient to sustain an internal explosion (e.g.,caused by hydrogen ignition or over pressure inside the housing).

The housing 1601 may or may not have a pH-sensitive enteric coating todetect or otherwise be sensitive to a pH level of the environmentexternal to the ingestible device. As discussed elsewhere in theapplication in more detail, the ingestible device 1600 may additionallyor alternatively include one more sensors, e.g., temperature sensor,optical sense.

The housing 1601 may be formed by coupling two enclosure portionstogether. The ingestible device 1600 may include an electronic componentwithin the housing 1600. The electronic component may be placedproximally to an end 1602 b of the housing, and includes a printedcircuit board (PCB), a battery, an optical sensing unit, and/or thelike.

The ingestible device 1600 further includes a gas generating cell 1603that is configured to generate gas and thus cause an internal pressurewithin the housing 1601. In some embodiments, the gas generating cellmay include or be connected to a separate channel or valve of theingestible device such that gas may be release through the channel orvalve to create a motion to alter the position of the ingestible devicewithin the GI tract. Such gas release can also be used to position theingestible device relative to the intestinal lining. In anotherembodiment, gas may be released through the separate channel or valve toalter the surface orientation of the intestinal tissue prior to deliveryof the dispensable substance.

A traveling plunger 1604 may be placed on top of the gas generating cell1603 within the housing 1601. The traveling plunger 1604 is a membranethat separates the gas generating cell 1603 and a storage reservoir thatstores the dispensable substance 1605. In some embodiments, thetraveling plunger 1604 may be a movable piston. In some embodiments, thetraveling plunger 1604 may instead be a flexible membrane such as butnot limited to a diaphragm. In some embodiments, the traveling plunger1604, which may have the form of a flexible diaphragm, may be placedalong an axial direction of the housing 1601, instead of being placed ontop of the gas generating cell 1603. The traveling plunger or themembrane 1604 may move (when the membrane 1604 is a piston) or deform(when the membrane 1604 is a diaphragm) towards a direction of the end1602 a of the housing, when the gas generating cell 1603 generates gasto create an internal pressure that pushes the membrane 1604. In thisway, the membrane or traveling plunger 1604 may push the dispensablesubstance 1605 out of the housing via a dispensing outlet 1607.

The housing 1601 may include a storage reservoir storing one or moredispensable substances 1605 adjacent to the traveling plunger 1604. Thedispensable substance 1605 may be a therapeutic or medical agent thatmay take a form of a powder, a compressed powder, a fluid, a semi-liquidgel, or any other dispensable or deliverable form. The delivery of thedispensable substance 1605 may take a form such as but not limited tobolus, semi-bolus, continuous, burst drug delivery, and/or the like. Insome embodiments, a single bolus is delivered proximate to the diseaselocation. In some embodiments, more than one bolus is released at onelocation or more than one location. In some embodiments the release ofmore than one bolus is triggered according to a pre-programmedalgorithm. In some embodiments the release profile is continuous. Insome embodiments the release profile is time-based. In some embodimentsthe release profile is location-based. In some embodiments, the amountdelivered is based on the severity and/or extent of the disease in thefollowing manner. In some embodiments, the bolus is delivered in one ormore of the following locations: stomach; duodenum; proximal jejunum;ileum; cecum; ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is ustekinumab. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is briakinumab. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitoris guselkumab. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is tildrakizumab.In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is brazikumab. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is ustekinumab.

In some embodiments the dispensable substance is a small moleculetherapeutic that is released in the cecum and/or other parts of thelarge intestine. Small molecules that are administered by typical oralroutes are primarily absorbed in the small intestine, with much lowerabsorption taking place in the large intestine (outside of the rectum).Accordingly, an ingestible device that is capable of releasing a smallmolecule selectively in the large intestine (e.g., the cecum) withresulting low systemic levels (even when high doses are used) isattractive for subjects with inflammatory bowel disease in the largeintestine.

In some embodiments, the storage reservoir may include multiplechambers, and each chamber stores a different dispensable substance. Forexample, the different dispensable substances can be released at thesame time via the dispensing outlet 1607. Alternatively, the multiplechambers may take a form of different layers within the storagereservoir such that the different dispensable substance from eachchamber is delivered sequentially in an order. In one example, each ofthe multiple chambers is controlled by a separate traveling plunger,which may be propelled by gas generation. The electronic component maycontrol the gas generating cell 1603 to generate gas to propel aspecific traveling plunger, e.g., via a separate gas generation chamber,etc., to delivery the respective substance. In some embodiments, thecontent of the multiple chambers may be mixed or combined prior torelease, for example, to activate the drug.

The ingestible device 1600 may include a dispensing outlet 1607 at oneend 1602 a of the housing 1601 to direct the dispensable substance 105out of the housing. The dispensing outlet 1607 may include an exitvalve, a slit or a hole, a jet injection nozzle with a syringe, and/orthe like. When the traveling plunger 1604 moves towards the end 1602 aof the housing 1601, an internal pressure within the storage reservoirmay increase and push the dispensing outlet to be open to let thedispensable substance 1605 be released out of the housing 1601.

In an embodiment, a pressure relief device 1606 may be placed within thehousing 1601, e.g., at the end 1602 a of the housing 1601.

In some embodiments, the housing 1601 may include small holes (e.g.,with a diameter smaller than 2 mm), e.g., on the side of the housing1601, or at the end 1602 a to facilitate loading the dispensablesubstance into the storage reservoir.

In some embodiments, a feedback control circuit (e.g., a feedbackresistor, etc.) may be added to send feedback from the gas generatingcell 1603 to the electronic component such that when the internalpressure reaches a threshold level, the electronic component may controlthe gas generating cell 1603 to turn off gas generation, or to activateother safety mechanism (e.g., feedback-controlled release valve, etc.).For example, an internal pressure sensor may be used to measure theinternal pressure within the ingestible device and generate feedback tothe feedback control circuit.

FIG. 17 provides an example diagram illustrating aspects of a mechanismfor a gas generating cell 1603 configured to generate a gas to dispensea substance, according to some embodiments described herein. As shown inFIG. 17, the gas generating cell 1603 generates a gas 1611 which canpropel the dispensable substance 1605 out of the dispensing outlet 1607.

A variable resistor 1608 may be connected to a circuit with the gasgenerating cell 1603 such that the variable resistor 1608 may be used tocontrol an intensity and/or an amount of gas 1611 (e.g., hydrogen)generated by the cell 1603. Specifically, the gas generating cell 1603may be a battery form factor cell that is capable of generating hydrogenwhen a resistor is applied. In this way, as the gas generating cell 1603only needs the use of a resistor only without any active powerrequirements, the gas generating cell 1603 may be integrated into aningestible device such as a capsule with limited energy/power available.For example, the gas generating cell 1603 may be compatible with acapsule at a size of 26 mm×13 mm or smaller.

In some embodiments, based on the elution rate of gas from the cell, andan internal volume of the ingestible device, it may take time togenerate sufficient gas 1611 to deliver the substance 1605, and the timerequired may be 30 seconds or longer. For example, the time to generatea volume of hydrogen equivalent to 500 μL of fluid would beapproximately 5 minutes. A longer period of time may be needed basedupon non-ideal conditions within the ingestible device, such asfriction, etc. Thus, given that the production of gas (e.g., hydrogen)may take time, gas generation may need to start prior to the ingestibledevice arriving at the site of delivery to build pressure up within thedevice. The ingestible device may then need to know when it isapproaching the site of delivery. For example, the device may startproducing gas on an “entry transition,” which is determined bytemperature, so as to produce enough gas to be close to the pressurehigh enough to deliver the dispensable substance. The ingestible devicemay then only start producing gas again when it arrives at the site ofdelivery, which will cause the internal pressure within the ingestibledevice to reach a level required by the dispensing outlet to release thedispensable substance. Also, for regio-specific delivery, the ingestibledevice may estimate the time it takes to build up enough pressure todeliver the dispensable substance before the ingestible device arrivesat a specific location, to activate gas generation.

For example, for systemic delivery, when an internal volume of theingestible device is around 500 μL, a gas generation time of 2 hours, aninitial pressure of approximately 300 pound per square inch absolute(psia) may be generated, with higher and lower pressures possible. Thegenerated pressure may drop when air enters the storage reservoir whichwas previously occupied by the dispensable substance during thedispensing process. For systemic drug delivery, a force with a generatedpressure of approximately 100 to 360 pound per square inch (psi) may berequired for dermal penetration, e.g., to penetrate the mucosa orepithelial layer. The pressure may also vary depending on the nozzledesign at the dispensing outlet, fluid viscosity, and surrounding tissueproximity and properties.

The gas 1611 that may be generated for a continuous delivery of drug(e.g., 1 cc H₂ in 4 hours, 16 breaths per minute at 0.5 L tidal volume)may equate to 1 cc hydrogen in approximately 2000 L of exhaled air, orapproximately 0.5 ppm H₂, which is below physiologic values of exhaledhydrogen. Reducing this time to 10 minutes equates to approximately 13ppm hydrogen. Thus, due to the length of intestine that may be coveredduring this time period, the ingestible device may possess a higherlocalized value than physiologic.

FIGS. 18 and 19, disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No.62/385,553, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety,illustrates an example of an ingestible device for localized delivery ofpharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein, in accordance withparticular implementations. The ingestible device 1600 includes a pistonor drive element 1634 to push for drug delivery, in accordance withparticular implementations described herein. The ingestible device 1600may have one or more batteries 1631 placed at one end 1602 a of ahousing 1601 to provide power for the ingestible device 1600. A printedcircuit board (PCB) 1632 may be placed adjacent to a battery or otherpower source 1631, and a gas generating cell 1603 may be mounted on orabove the PCB 1632. The gas generating cell 1603 may be sealed from thebottom chamber (e.g., space including 1631 and 1632) of the ingestibledevice 1600. A movable piston 1634 may be placed adjacent to the gasgenerating cell 1603. In this way, gas generation from the gasgenerating cell 1603 may propel a piston 1634 to move towards anotherend 1602 b of the housing 1601 such that the dispensable substance in areservoir compartment 1635 can be pushed out of the housing through adispensing outlet 1607, e.g., the movement is shown at 1636, with thepiston 1634 at a position after dispensing the substance. The dispensingoutlet 1607 may comprise a plug. The reservoir compartment 1635 canstore the dispensable substance (e.g., drug substance), or alternativelythe reservoir compartment can house a storage reservoir 1661 whichcomprises the dispensable substance. The reservoir compartment 1635 orstorage reservoir 1661 may have a volume of approximately 600 μL or evenmore dispensable substance, which may be dispensed in a single bolus, orgradually over a period of time.

The battery cells 1631 may have a height of 1.65 mm each, and one tothree batteries may be used. The height of the piston may be reducedwith custom molded part for around 1.5 mm to save space. If the gasgenerating cell 1603 is integrated with the piston 1634, the overallheight of the PCB, batteries and gas generating cell in total can bereduced to around 5 mm, thus providing more space for drug storage. Forexample, for an ingestible device of 7.8 mm in length (e.g., from end1602 a to the other end 1602 b), a reservoir compartment 1635 or astorage reservoir 1661 of approximately 600 μL may be used for drugdelivery. For another example, for an ingestible device of 17.5 mm inlength, a reservoir compartment 1635 or a storage reservoir 1661 ofapproximately 1300 μL may be used for drug release.

In some implementations, at the reservoir 1635 or 1661 for storing atherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor forms at least aportion of the device housing 1601. The therapeutically effective amountof the JAK inhibitor can be stored in the reservoir 1635 or 1661 at aparticular pressure, for example, determined to be higher than apressure inside the GI tract so that once the reservoir 1635 or 1661 isin fluid communication with the GI tract, the JAK inhibitor isautomatically released. In certain implementations, the reservoircompartment 1635 includes a plurality of chambers, and each of theplurality of the chambers stores a different dispensable substance or adifferent storage reservoir 1661.

In certain embodiments, the storage reservoir 1661 is a compressiblecomponent or has compressible side walls. In particular embodiments, thecompressible component can be composed, at least in part, or coated(e.g., internally) with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), silicone, DEHP(di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), Tyvek, polyester film, polyolefin,polyethylene, polyurethane, or other materials that inhibit the JAKinhibitor from sticking to the reservoir and provide a sterile reservoirenvironment for the JAK inhibitor. The storage reservoir 1661 can behermetically sealed. The reservoir compartment 1635 or storage reservoir1661 can be configured to store JAK inhibitor in quantities in the rangeof 0.01 mL-2 mL, such as 0.05 mL-2 mL, such as 0.05 mL-2 mL, such as 0.6mL-2 mL. In some embodiments, the storage reservoir 1661 is attachableto the device housing 1601, for example, in the reservoir compartment.Accordingly, the storage reservoir 1635 can be loaded with the JAKinhibitor prior to being positioned in and/or coupled to the ingestibledevice housing 1601. The ingestible device housing 1601 includes one ormore openings configured as a loading port to load the dispensablesubstance into the reservoir compartment. In another embodiment, theingestible device housing 1601 includes one or more openings configuredas a vent.

As noted above, in some embodiments, a storage reservoir (optionally,containing a JAK inhibitor, such as a therapeutically effective amountof JAK inhibitor) is attachable to an ingestible device. In general, insuch embodiments the storage reservoir and ingestible device can bedesigned in any appropriate fashion so that the storage reservoir canattach to the ingestible device when desired. Examples of designsinclude a storage reservoir that fits entirely within the ingestibledevice (e.g., in the ingestible device so that the storage reservoir issealed within the device at the time the device is ingested by asubject), a storage reservoir that fits partially within the ingestibledevice, and a storage reservoir that is carried by the housing of thedevice. In some embodiments, the storage reservoir snap fits with theingestible device. In certain embodiments, the storage reservoir isfriction fit with the ingestible device. In some embodiments, thestorage reservoir is held together with the ingestible device via abiasing mechanism, such as one or more springs, one or more latches, oneor more hooks, one or more magnets, and/or electromagnetic radiation. Incertain embodiments, the storage reservoir can be a piercable member. Insome embodiments, the ingestible device has a sleeve into which thestorage reservoir securely fits. In some embodiments, the storagereservoir is disposed in/on a slidable track/groove so that it can moveonto a piercing needle when delivery of the therapeutic agent isdesired. In certain embodiments, the storage reservoir is made of a softplastic coating, which is contacted with a needle at any orientation todeliver the therapeutic agent when desired. Generally, the storagereservoir can be made of one or more appropriate materials, such as, forexample, one or more plastics and/or one or more metals or alloys.Exemplary materials include silicone, polyvinyl chloride, polycarbonateand stainless steel. Optionally, the design may be such that the storagereservoir carries some or all of the electrical componentry to be usedby the ingestible device. Although the foregoing discussion relates toone storage reservoir, it is to be understood that an ingestible devicecan be designed to carry any desired number (e.g., two, three, four,five) storage reservoirs. Different storage reservoirs can have the sameor different designs. In some embodiments, the ingestible device (whenfully assembled and packaged) satisfies the regulatory requirements formarketing a medical device in one or more jurisdictions selected fromthe United States of America, the European Union or any member statethereof, Japan, China, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina,Chile, Peru, Russia, the UK, Switzerland, Norway, Turkey, Israel, anymember state of the Gulf Cooperative Council, South Africa, India,Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, thePhilippines, Malaysia, Viet Nam, Indonesia, Taiwan and Hong Kong.

In certain embodiments, the ingestible device housing 1601 includes oneor more actuation systems (e.g., gas generating cell 1603) for pumpingthe JAK inhibitor from the reservoir 1635. In some embodiments, theactuation system can include a mechanical, electrical,electromechanical, hydraulic, and/or fluid actuation system. Forexample, a chemical actuation means may use chemical reaction of mixingone or more reagents to generate a sufficient volume of gas to propelthe piston or drive element 1634 for drug release. The actuation systemcan be integrated into the reservoir compartment 1635 or can be anauxiliary system acting on or outside of the reservoir compartment 1635.For example, the actuation system can include pumping system forpushing/pulling the JAK inhibitor out of the reservoir compartment 1635or the actuation system can be configured to cause the reservoircompartment 1635 to change structurally so that the volume inside of thereservoir compartment 1635 changes, thereby dispensing the JAK inhibitorfrom the reservoir compartment 1635. The actuation system can include anenergy storage component such as a battery or a capacitor for poweringthe actuation system. The actuation system can be actuated via gaspressure or a system storing potential energy, such as energy from anelastic reservoir component being expanded during loading of thereservoir and after being positioned in the ingestible device housing1601 being subsequently released from the expanded state when theingestible device housing is at the location for release within the GItract. In certain embodiments, the reservoir compartment 1635 caninclude a membrane portion, whereby the JAK inhibitor is dispensed fromthe reservoir compartment 1635 or storage reservoir 1661 via osmoticpressure.

In particular embodiments the storage reservoir 1661 is in a form of abellow that is configured to be compressed via a pressure from the gasgenerating cell. The JAK inhibitor may be loaded into the bellow, whichmay be compressed by gas generation from the gas generating cell orother actuation means to dispense the dispensable substance through thedispensing outlet 1607 and out of the housing 1601. In some embodiments,the ingestible device includes a capillary plate placed between the gasgenerating cell and the first end of the housing, and a wax seal betweenthe gas generating cell and the reservoir, wherein the wax seal isconfigured to melt and the dispensable substance is pushed through thecapillary plate by a pressure from the gas generating cell. The shape ofthe bellow may aid in controlled delivery. The reservoir compartment1635 includes a dispensing outlet, such as a valve or dome slit 1662extending out of an end of the housing 1601, in accordance withparticular implementations. Thus when the bellow is being compressed,the dispensable substance may be propelled out of the bellow through thevalve or the dome slit.

In certain embodiments, the reservoir compartment 1635 includes one ormore valves (e.g., a valve in the dispensing outlet 1607) that areconfigured to move or open to fluidly couple the reservoir compartment1635 to the GI tract. In certain embodiments, a housing wall of thehousing 1601 can form a portion of the reservoir compartment 1635. Incertain embodiments, the housing walls of the reservoir serve as agasket. One or more of the one or more valves are positioned in thehousing wall of the device housing 1601, in accordance with particularimplementations. One or more conduits may extend from the reservoir 1635to the one or more valves, in certain implementations.

In certain embodiments, a housing wall of the housing 1601 can be formedof a material that is configured to dissolve, for example, in responseto contact at the disease site. In certain embodiments, a housing wallof the housing 1601 can be configured to dissolve in response to achemical reaction or an electrical signal. The one or more valves and/orthe signals for causing the housing wall of the housing 1601 to dissolveor dissipate can be controlled by one or more processors or controllerspositioned on PCB 1632 in the device housing 1601. The controller iscommunicably coupled to one or more sensors or detectors configured todetermine when the device housing 1601 is proximate to a disease site.The sensors or detectors comprise a plurality of electrodes comprising acoating, in certain implementations. Releasing of the JAK inhibitor fromthe reservoir compartment 1635 is triggered by an electric signal fromthe electrodes resulting from the interaction of the coating with theone or more sites of disease site. The one or more sensors can include achemical sensor, an electrical sensor, an optical sensor, anelectromagnetic sensor, a light sensor, and/or a radiofrequency sensor.

In particular embodiments, the device housing 1601 can include one ormore pumps configured to pump the therapeutically effective amount ofthe JAK inhibitor from the reservoir compartment 1635. The pump iscommunicably coupled to the one or more controllers. The controller isconfigured to activate the pump in response to detection by the one ormore detectors of the disease site and activation of the valves to allowthe reservoir 1635 to be in fluid communication with the GI tract. Thepump can include a fluid actuated pump, an electrical pump, or amechanical pump.

In certain embodiments, the device housing 1601 comprises one or moreanchor systems for anchoring the device housing 1601 or a portionthereof at a particular location in the GI tract adjacent the diseasesite. In some embodiments, a storage reservoir comprises an anchorsystem, and the storage reservoir comprising a releasable substance isanchored to the GI tract. The anchor system can be activated by thecontroller in response to detection by the one or more detectors of thedisease site. In certain implementations, the anchor system includeslegs or spikes configured to extend from the housing wall(s) of thedevice housing 1601. The spikes can be configured to retract and/or canbe configured to dissolve over time. An example of an attachable devicethat becomes fixed to the interior surface of the GI tract is describedin PCT Patent Application PCT/US2015/012209, “Gastrointestinal SensorImplantation System,” filed Jan. 21, 2015, which is hereby incorporatedby reference herein in its entirety.

FIG. 20 provides an example structural diagram having a flexiblediaphragm 1665 that may deform towards the dispensing outlet 1607 whenthe gas generating cell 1603 generates gas. The dispensable substancemay then be propelled by the deformed diaphragm out of the housingthrough the dispensing outlet 1607. The dispensing outlet 1607 shown atFIG. 20 is in the form of a ring valve, however, any outlet design canbe applied.

In some embodiments, an ingestible device can have an umbrella-shapedexit valve structure as a dispensing outlet of the ingestible device.Optionally, an ingestible device can have a flexible diaphragm to deformfor drug delivery, and/or an integrated piston and gas generating cellsuch that the gas generating cell is movable with the piston to push fordrug delivery.

In certain embodiments, an ingestible device can be anchored within theintestine by extending hooks from the ingestible device after it hasentered the region of interest. For example, when the ingestible devicedetermines it has arrived at a location within the GI tract, the hookscan be actuated to extend outside of the ingestible device to catch inthe intestinal wall and hold the ingestible device in the respectivelocation. In some embodiments, the hook can pierce into the intestinalwall to hold the ingestible device 100 in place. The hooks can behollow. A hollow hook can be used to anchor the ingestible device and/orto dispense a substance from the dispensable substance, e.g., into theintestinal wall.

In some embodiments an ingestible device includes an intestinal gripperto grip a portion of the intestinal wall for delivering the dispensablesubstance. Such a gripper can include two or more arms configured to outof the device and close to grip a portion of the intestinal wall.

An injecting needle can be used with the anchoring arms to injectdispensable substance into the intestinal wall after a portion of theintestinal wall is gripped.

In some embodiments, when the gas generating cell generates gas topropel the piston to move towards the nozzle such that the dispensablesubstance can be pushed under the pressure to break a burst disc to beinjected via the nozzle.

In some embodiments, an ingestible device has a jet delivery mechanismwith enhanced usable volume of dispensable substance. For example, thenozzle may be placed at the center of the ingestible device, and gaschannels may be placed longitudinally along the wall of the ingestibledevice to transport gas from the gas generating cell to propel thepiston, which is placed at an end of the ingestible device.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device can use osmotic pressure toadhere a suction device of the ingestible device to the intestinal wall.For example, the ingestible device may have an osmotic mechanism thathas a chamber storing salt crystals. The chamber can include a meshplaced in proximate to a burst valve at one end of the chamber, and areverse osmosis 7) membrane placed in proximate to a valve on the otherend of the chamber. A suction device, e.g., two or more suction fingers,is placed outside of the chamber with an open outlet exposed to luminalfluid in the GI tract. When the osmotic mechanism is inactivated, e.g.,the valve is closed so that no luminal fluid is drawn into the osmoticchamber. When the osmotic mechanism is activated by opening the valve,luminal fluid enters the ingestible device through an outlet of thesuction device and enters the osmotic chamber through the valve. Thesalt in the chamber is then dissolved into the fluid. The RO membraneprevents any fluid to flow in the reverse direction, e.g., from insidethe chamber to the valve. The fluid continues to flow until all the saltcontained in the chamber is dissolved or until intestinal tissue isdrawn into the suction device. As luminal fluid keeps flowing into thechamber, the solution of the luminal fluid with dissolved salt in thechamber may reduce osmotic pressure such that the suction force at mayalso be reduced. In this way, suction of the intestinal tissue may stallbefore the tissue is in contact with the valve to avoid damage to theintestinal tissue.

An ingestible device employing an osmotic mechanism can also include asuction device as illustrated. The suction device can be two or moresuction fingers 347 a-b disposed proximate to the outlet. The outlet canbe connected to a storage reservoir storing the dispensable substance(e.g., therapeutic agent). The storage reservoir can contact a piston(similar to 104 in FIG. 16), which can be propelled by pressuregenerated from the osmotic pump to move towards the outlet. The osmoticpump can be similar to the osmotic mechanism described in the precedingparagraph. A breakaway section can be placed in proximate to the otherend (opposite to the end where the outlet 107 is disposed) of theingestible device.

In some embodiments, tumbling suction by an ingestible device is used.Such an ingestible device does not require any electronics or otheractuation elements. Such an ingestible device may constantly,intermittently, or periodically tumble when travelling through theintestine. When the ingestible device tumbles to a position that theoutlet is in direct contact with the intestinal wall, a suction processsimilar to that described in the preceding paragraph may occur.Additional structural elements such as fins, flutes or the like may beadded to the outer wall of the ingestible device 100 to promote thetumbling motion.

In certain embodiments, the reservoir is an anchorable reservoir, whichis a reservoir comprising one or more anchor systems for anchoring thereservoir at a particular location in the GI tract adjacent the diseasesite. In certain embodiments, the anchor system includes legs or spikesor other securing means such as a piercing element, a gripping element,a magnetic-flux-guiding element, or an adhesive material, configured toextend from the anchorable reservoir of the device housing. The spikescan be configured to retract and/or can be configured to dissolve overtime. In some embodiments, the anchorable reservoir is suitable forlocalizing, positioning and/or anchoring. In some embodiments, theanchorable reservoir is suitable for localizing, and positioning and/oranchoring by an endoscope. In some embodiments, the anchorable reservoiris connected to the endoscope. In some embodiments, the anchorablereservoir is connected to the endoscope in a manner suitable for oraladministration. In some embodiments, the anchorable reservoir isconnected to the endoscope in a manner suitable for rectaladministration. Accordingly, provided herein in some embodiments is ananchorable reservoir is connected to an endoscope wherein the anchorablereservoir comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments the endoscope is fitted with a spraycatheter.

Exemplary embodiments of anchorable reservoirs are as follows. In moreparticular examples of the following exemplary embodiments the reservoiris connected to an endoscope.

In one embodiment, the anchorable reservoir comprises an implant capsulefor insertion into a body canal to apply radiation treatment to aselected portion of the body canal. The reservoir includes a body memberdefining at least one therapeutic treatment material receiving chamberand at least one resilient arm member associated with the body memberfor removably engaging the body canal when the device is positionedtherein.

In one embodiment the anchorable reservoir has multiple suction portsand permits multiple folds of tissue to be captured in the suction portswith a single positioning of the device and attached together by atissue securement mechanism such as a suture, staple or other form oftissue bonding. The suction ports may be arranged in a variety ofconfigurations on the reservoir to best suit the desired resultingtissue orientation.

In some embodiments an anchorable reservoir comprises a tract stimulatorand/or monitor IMD comprising a housing enclosing electrical stimulationand/or monitoring circuitry and a power source and an elongated flexiblemember extending from the housing to an active fixation mechanismadapted to be fixed into the GI tract wall is disclosed. After fixationis effected, the elongated flexible member bends into a preformed shapethat presses the housing against the mucosa so that forces that wouldtend to dislodge the fixation mechanism are minimized. The IMD is fittedinto an esophageal catheter lumen with the fixation mechanism aimedtoward the catheter distal end opening whereby the bend in the flexiblemember is straightened. The catheter body is inserted through theesophagus into the GI tract cavity to direct the catheter distal end tothe site of implantation and fix the fixation mechanism to the GI tractwall. The IMD is ejected from the lumen, and the flexible member assumesits bent configuration and lodges the hermetically sealed housingagainst the mucosa. A first stimulation/sense electrode is preferably anexposed conductive portion of the housing that is aligned with the bendof the flexible member so that it is pressed against the mucosa. Asecond stimulation/sense electrode is located at the fixation site.

In some embodiments a reservoir for sensing one or more parameters of apatient is anchored to a tissue at a specific site and is released froma device, using a single actuator operated during a single motion. As anexample, a delivery device may anchor the capsule to the tissue site andrelease the reservoir from the delivery device during a single motion ofthe actuator.

In some embodiments a device is provided comprising: a reservoirconfigured to contain a fluid, the reservoir having at least one outletthrough which the fluid may exit the reservoir; a fluid contained withinthe reservoir; a primary material contained within the reservoir andhaving a controllable effective concentration in the fluid; and at leastone electromagnetically responsive control element located in thereservoir or in a wall of the reservoir and adapted for modifying thedistribution of the primary material between a first active form carriedin the fluid and a second form within the reservoir in response to anincident electromagnetic control signal, the effective concentrationbeing the concentration of the first active form in the fluid, wherebyfluid exiting the reservoir carries the primary material in the firstactive form at the effective concentration.

In some embodiments systems and methods are provided for implementing ordeploying medical or veterinary devices or reservoirs (a) operable foranchoring at least partly within a digestive tract, (b) small enough topass through the tract per vias naturales and including awireless-control component, (c) having one or more protrusionspositionable adjacent to a mucous membrane, (d) configured to facilitateredundant modes of anchoring, (e) facilitating a “primary” materialsupply deployable within a stomach for an extended and/or controllableperiod, (f) anchored by one or more adaptable extender modules supportedby a subject's head or neck, and/or (g) configured to facilitatesupporting at least a sensor within a subject's body lumen for up to aday or more.

In certain embodiments, the reservoir is attachable to an ingestibledevice. In certain embodiments, the ingestible device comprises ahousing and the reservoir is attachable to the housing. In certainembodiments, the attachable reservoir is also an anchorable reservoir,such as an anchorable reservoir comprising one or more anchor systemsfor anchoring the reservoir at a particular location in the GI tract asdisclosed hereinabove.

Accordingly, in certain embodiments, provided herein is a JAK inhibitorfor use in a method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tractas disclosed herein, wherein the JAK inhibitor is contained in areservoir suitable for attachment to a device housing, and wherein themethod comprises attaching the reservoir to the device housing to formthe ingestible device, prior to orally administering the ingestibledevice to the subject.

In certain embodiments, provided herein is an attachable reservoircontaining a JAK inhibitor for use in a method of treating a disease ofthe gastrointestinal tract, wherein the method comprises attaching thereservoir to a device housing to form an ingestible device and orallyadministering the ingestible device to a subject, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released by device at a location in the gastrointestinaltract of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

In certain embodiments, provided herein is an attachable reservoircontaining a JAK inhibitor, wherein the reservoir is attachable to adevice housing to form an ingestible device that is suitable for oraladministration to a subject and that is capable of releasing the JAKinhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subjectthat is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

In particular implementation the ingestible device includes cameras(e.g., video cameras) that affords inspection of the entire GI tractwithout discomfort or the need for sedation, thus avoiding many of thepotential risks of conventional endoscopy. Video imaging can be used tohelp determine one or more characteristics of the GI tract, includingthe location of disease (e.g., presence or location of inflamed tissueand/or lesions associated with inflammatory bowel disease). In someembodiments, the ingestible device 101 may comprise a camera forgenerating video imaging data of the GI tract which can be used todetermine, among other things, the location of the device. Examples ofvideo imaging capsules include Medtronic's PillCam™, Olympus'Endocapsule®, and IntroMedic's MicroCam™. For a review of imagingcapsules, see Basar et al. “Ingestible Wireless Capsule Technology: AReview of Development and Future Indication” International Journal ofAntennas and Propagation (2012); 1-14). Other imaging technologiesimplemented with the device 101 can include thermal imaging cameras, andthose that employ ultrasound or Doppler principles to generate differentimages (see Chinese patent application CN104473611: “Capsule endoscopesystem having ultrasonic positioning function.”

Ingestible devices can be equipped with sources for generating reflectedlight, including light in the Ultraviolet, Visible, Near-infrared and/orMid-infrared spectrum, and the corresponding detectors for spectroscopyand hyperspectral imaging. Likewise, autofluorescense may be used tocharacterize GI tissue (e.g., subsurface vessel information), orlow-dose radiation (see Check-Cap™) can be used to obtain 3Dreconstructed images.

Device Components

An ingestible device in accordance with particular embodiments of thepresent disclosure may comprise a component made of a non-digestiblematerial and contain the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thematerial is plastic.

It is envisaged that the device is single-use. The device is loaded witha drug prior to the time of administration. In some embodiments, it maybe preferred that there is provided a medicinal product comprising thedevice pre-filled with the drug.

Anchoring Components

Several systems may actively actuate and control the capsule positionand orientation in different sections of the GI tract. Examples includeleg-like or anchor-like mechanisms that can be deployed by an ingestibledevice to resist peristaltic forces in narrowed sections of the GItract, such as the intestine, and anchor the device to a location. Othersystems employ magnetic shields of different shapes that can interactwith external magnetic fields to move the device. These mechanisms maybe particularly useful in areas outside of the small intestine, like thececum and large intestine.

An anchoring mechanism may be a mechanical mechanism. For example, adevice may be a capsule comprising a plurality of legs configured tosteer the capsule. The number of legs in the capsule may be, forexample, two, four, six, eight, ten or twelve. The aperture between thelegs of the device may be up to about 35 mm; about 30 to about 35 mm;about 35 to about 75 mm; or about 70 to about 75 mm. The contact area ofeach leg may be varied to reduce impact on the tissue. One or moremotors in the capsule may each actuate a set of legs independently fromthe other. The motors may be battery-powered motors.

An anchoring mechanism may be a non-mechanical mechanism. For example, adevice may be a capsule comprising a permanent magnet located inside thecapsule. The capsule may be anchored at the desired location of the GItract by an external magnetic field.

An anchoring mechanism may comprise a non-mechanical mechanism and amechanical mechanism. For example, a device may be a capsule comprisingone or more legs, one or more of which are coated with an adhesivematerial.

Locomotion Components

Ingestible devices can be active or passive, depending on whether theyhave controlled or non-controlled locomotion. Passive (non-controlled)locomotion is more commonly used among ingestible devices given thechallenges of implementing a locomotion module. Active (controlled)locomotion is more common in endoscopic ingestible capsules. Forexample, a capsule may comprise a miniaturized locomotion system(internal locomotion).

Internal locomotion mechanisms may employ independent miniaturizedpropellers actuated by DC brushed motors, or the use of water jets. Asan example, a mechanism may comprise flagellar or flap-based swimmingmechanisms. As an example, a mechanism may comprise cycliccompression/extension shape-memory alloy (SMA) spring actuators andanchoring systems based on directional micro-needles. As an example, amechanism may comprise six SMA actuated units, each provided with twoSMA actuators for enabling bidirectional motion. As an example, amechanism may comprise a motor adapted to electrically stimulating theGI muscles to generate a temporary restriction in the bowel.

As an example, a capsule may comprise a magnet and motion of the capsuleis caused by an external magnetic field. For example, a locomotionsystem may comprise an ingestible capsule and an external magnetic fieldsource. For example, the system may comprise an ingestible capsule andmagnetic guidance equipment such as, for example, magnetic resonanceimaging and computer tomography, coupled to a dedicated controlinterface. In some embodiments drug release mechanisms may also betriggered by an external condition, such as temperature, pH, movement,acoustics, or combinations thereof.

Sampling Components

In some embodiments, an endoscope or ingestible device is used in biopsyand/or surgery. Ingestible devices may comprise a mechanism adapted topermit the collection of tissue samples. In some examples, this isachieved using electro-mechanical solutions to collect and store thesample inside an ingestible device. As an example, a biopsy mechanismmay include a rotational tissue cutting razor fixed to a torsionalspring or the use of microgrippers to fold and collect small biopsies.As an example, Over-the-scope clips (OTSC®) may be used to performendoscopic surgery and/or biopsy. As an example of the methods disclosedherein, the method may comprise releasing a JAK inhibitor and collectinga sample inside the device. As an example, the method may comprisereleasing a JAK inhibitor and collecting a sample inside the device in asingle procedure.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example ingestible device 2100 with multipleopenings in the housing. The ingestible device 2100 has an outer housingwith a first end 2102A, a second end 2102B, and a wall 2104 extendinglongitudinally from the first end 2102A to the second end 2102B.Ingestible device 2100 has a first opening 2106 in the housing, which isconnected to a second opening 2108 in the housing. The first opening2106 of the ingestible device 2100 is oriented substantiallyperpendicular to the second opening 2108, and the connection between thefirst opening 2106 and the second opening 2108 forms a curved chamber2110 within the ingestible device 2100.

The overall shape of the ingestible device 2100, or any of the otheringestible devices discussed in this disclosure, may be similar to anelongated pill or capsule.

In some embodiments, a portion of the curved chamber 2110 may be used asa sampling chamber, which may hold samples obtained from the GI tract.In some embodiments the curved chamber 2110 is subdivided intosub-chambers, each of which may be separated by a series of one or morevalves or interlocks.

In some embodiments, the first opening 2106, the second opening 2108, orthe curved chamber 2110 include one or more of a hydrophilic orhydrophobic material, a sponge, a valve, or an air permeable membrane.

The use of a hydrophilic material or sponge may allow samples to beretained within the curved chamber 2110, and may reduce the amount ofpressure needed for fluid to enter through the first opening 2106 anddislodge air or gas in the curved chamber 2110. Examples of hydrophilicmaterials that may be incorporated into the ingestible device 2100include hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and the like. Similarly, materials that have undergonevarious types of treatments, such as plasma treatments, may havesuitable hydrophilic properties, and may be incorporated into theinvestible device 2100. Sponges may be made of any suitable material orcombination of materials, such as fibers of cotton, rayon, glass,polyester, polyethylene, polyurethane, and the like. Sponges generallymay be made from commercially available materials, such as thoseproduced by Porex©.

As discussed in more detail below, in some embodiments, the sponges maybe treated in order to change their absorbency or to help preservesamples.

In some embodiments, the sponges may be cut or abraded to change theirabsorbency or other physical properties.

Hydrophobic materials located near the second opening 2108 may repelliquids, discouraging liquid samples from entering or exiting the curvedchamber 2110 through the second opening 2108. This may serve a similarfunction as an air permeable membrane. Examples of hydrophobic materialswhich may be incorporated into the ingestible device 2100 includepolycarbonate, acrylics, fluorocarbons, styrenes, certain forms ofvinyl, stainless steel, silicone, and the like.

The various materials listed above are provided as examples, and are notlimiting. In practice, any type of suitable hydrophilic, hydrophobic, orsample preserving material may be used in the ingestible device 2100.

In some embodiments, an ingestible device includes a moveable valve as adiaphragm valve, which uses a mechanical actuator to move a flexiblediaphragm in order to seal or unseal an aperture in a second portion ofan inlet region, which may effectively block or unblock the inletregion. However, it will be understood that, in some embodiments, themoveable valve may be a different type of valve. For example, in someembodiments the moveable valve may be replaced by a pumping mechanism.As another example, in some embodiments the moveable valve is replacedwith an osmotic valve A sampling chamber of an ingestible device canhave an exit port to allow air or gas to exit the sampling chamber,while preventing at least a portion of the sample obtained by theingestible device from exiting the sampling chamber. For example, theexit port may include a gas-permeable membrane. An ingestible device caninclude one-way valve as part of its exit port.

An ingestible device can include an outlet port connected to the volumewithin housing of the ingestible device. The outlet port may provide apath for the gas to exit the ingestible device and be released into theenvironment surrounding the ingestible device. This may prevent pressurefrom building up within the housing of the ingestible device. In someembodiments, an ingestible device does not include an outlet port, andthe gas stays inside the volume of the ingestible device. In someembodiments, the outlet port may contain a gas permeable membrane, aone-way valve, a hydrophobic channel, or some other mechanism to avoidunwanted material, (e.g., fluids and solid particulates from within theGI tract), from entering the ingestible device through the outlet port.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device may include a sensor withinor proximate to the sampling chamber. For example, this sensor may beused to detect various properties of a sample contained within thesampling chamber, or this sensor may be used to detect the results of anassay technique applied to the sample contained within the samplingchamber.

In some embodiments, a hydrophilic sponge is located within the samplingchamber, and the hydrophilic sponge may be configured to absorb thesample as the sample enters the sampling chamber. In some embodiments,the hydrophilic sponge fills a substantial portion of the samplingchamber, and holds the sample for an extended period of time. This maybe particularly advantageous if the sample is collected from theingestible device after the ingestible device exits the body. In someembodiments, the hydrophilic sponge is placed on only certain surfacesor fills only certain portions of the sampling chamber. For example, itmay be possible to line certain walls (or all walls) of the samplingchamber with a hydrophilic sponge to assist in drawing in the sample,while leaving some (or none) of the walls of the sampling chamberuncovered. Leaving walls uncovered may allow the use of diagnostics orassay techniques that require a relatively un-obscured optical path.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device may include a sealed vacuumchamber connected to the exit port, or connected directly or indirectlyto the sampling chamber. In some embodiments a pin valve may be used asa moveable valve (e.g., as moveable valve of ingestible device). Incertain embodiments, a rotary valve may be used as a moveable valve(e.g., as moveable valve of ingestible device). In some embodiments, aflexible diaphragm, or diaphragm valve, may be used as a moveable valve(e.g., as moveable valve of ingestible device). In certain embodiments,a mechanism is near the diaphragm or in direct contact with thediaphragm. The spring mechanism may apply pressure to the diaphragm tooppose the pressure applied by the mechanical actuator, which may causethe flexible diaphragm to be moved into an open position when themechanical actuator is not applying pressure to the flexible diaphragm.Additionally, this may ensure that the diaphragm valve remains open whenthe mechanical actuator is not applying pressure across the flexiblediaphragm. In some embodiments, moving the mechanical actuator from aclosed position to an open position causes a volume of the inlet regionwithin the ingestible device to increase. This may cause the pressurewithin the inlet region to be reduced, generating suction to draw asample into the inlet region. Similarly, moving the mechanical actuatorfrom an open position to a closed position may cause the volume of theinlet region to be reduced. This may cause the pressure within the inletregion to be increased, pushing the sample out of the inlet region.Depending on the design of the inlet region, the mechanical actuator,and the moveable valve, this may push the sample into the samplingchamber rather than pushing the sample back through the opening in theingestible device.

FIG. 22 depicts a cross-sectional view of a portion of the interior ofingestible device 3000. As shown in FIG. 22, the interior of ingestibledevice 3000 includes a valve system 3100 and a sampling system 3200.Valve system 3100 is depicted as having a portion that is flush with theopening 3018 so that valve system 3100 prevents fluid exterior toingestible device 2000 from entering sampling system 3200. However, asdescribed in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 22-27, valvesystem 3100 can change position so that valve system 3100 allows fluidexterior to ingestible device 3000 to enter sampling system 3200.

FIGS. 23 and 27 illustrate valve system 3100 in more detail. As shown inFIG. 23, valve system 3100 includes an actuation mechanism 3110, atrigger 3120, and a gate 3130. In FIGS. 23 and 7, a leg 3132 of gate3130 is flush against, and parallel with, housing wall 3016 so that gateleg 3132 covers opening 3018 to prevent fluid exterior to ingestibledevice 3000 (e.g., fluid in the GI tract) from entering the interior ofingestible device 3000. A protrusion 3134 of gate 3130 engages a lip3122 of trigger 3120. A peg 3124 of trigger 3120 engages a wax pot 3112of actuation mechanism 3110. Referring to FIG. 27, a biasing mechanism3140 includes a compression spring 3142 that applies an upward force ongate 3130. Biasing mechanism 3140 also includes a torsion spring 3144that applies a force on trigger 3120 in the counter-clockwise direction.In FIGS. 23 and 27, the force applied by torsion spring 3144 iscounter-acted by the solid wax in pot 3112, and the force applied bycompression spring 3142 is counter-acted by lip 3122.

FIG. 24A and FIG. 24B show an embodiment of the manner in whichactuation mechanism 3110 actuates movement of trigger 3120. Similar toFIGS. 23 and 27, FIG. 24A shows a configuration in which peg 3124applies a force against solid wax pot 3112 due to torsion spring 3144,and in which the solid nature of wax pot 3112 resists the force appliedby peg 3124. A control unit 3150 is in signal communication with valvesystem 3100. During use of ingestible device 3000, a control unit 3150receives a signal, indicating that the position of valve system 3100should change, e.g., so that ingestible device 3000 can take a sample ofa fluid in the GI tract. Control unit 3150 sends a signal that causes aheating system 3114 of actuation system 3100 to heat the wax in pot 3112so that the wax melts. As shown in FIG. 24B, the melted wax is not ableto resist the force applied by peg 3124 so that, under the force oftorsion spring 3144, trigger 3120 moves in a counter-clockwise fashion.

FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate the interaction of trigger 3120 and gate3130 before and after actuation. As shown in FIG. 25A, when wax pot 3112is solid (corresponding to the configuration shown in FIG. 24A),protrusion 3134 engages lip 3122, which prevents the force ofcompression spring 3142 from moving gate 3130 upward. As shown in FIG.25B, when the wax in pot 3112 melts (FIG. 24B), trigger 3120 movescounter-clockwise, and lip 3122 disengages from protrusion 3134. Thisallows the force of compression spring 3142 to move gate 3130 upward. Asseen by comparing FIG. 25A to FIG. 25B, the upward movement of gate 3130results in an upward movement of an opening 3136 in gate leg 3132.

FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate the impact of the upward movement ofopening 3136 on the ability of ingestible device 3000 to obtain asample. As shown in FIG. 26A, when the wax in pot 3112 is solid (FIGS.24A and 25A), opening 3136 in is not aligned with opening 3018 in wall3016 of ingestible device 3000. Instead, gate leg 3132 covers opening3018 and blocks fluid from entering the interior of ingestible device3000. As shown in FIG. 26B, when the wax in pot 3112 is melted andtrigger 3120 and gate 3130 have moved (FIGS. 24B and 42B), opening 3136in gate 3130 is aligned with opening 3018 in wall 3016. In thisconfiguration, fluid that is exterior to ingestible device 3000 (e.g.,in the GI tract) can enter the interior of ingestible device 3000 viaopenings 3018 and 3036.

FIG. 27 illustrates a more detailed view of ingestible device 3000including valve system 3100 and sampling system 3200.

While the foregoing description is made with regard to a valve systemhaving one open position and one closed position (e.g., a two-stagevalve system), the disclosure is not limited in this sense. Rather, theconcepts described above with regard to a two stage valve system can beimplemented with a valve system have more than two stages (e.g., threestages, four stages, five stages, etc.).

As noted above in addition to a valve system, an ingestible deviceincludes a sampling system. FIG. 28 illustrates a partial crosssectional view of ingestible device 3000 with sampling system 3200 andcertain components of valve system 3100. Sampling system 3200 includes aseries of sponges configured to absorb fluid from an opening, move thefluid to a location within the housing, and prepare the fluid fortesting. Preparation for testing may include filtering the fluid andcombining the fluid with a chemical assay. The assay may be configuredto dye cells in the filtered sample. The series of sponges includes awicking sponge 3210, a transfer sponge 3220, a volume sponge 3230, andan assay sponge 3240. Sampling system 3200 also includes a membrane 3270located between assay sponge 3240 and a vent 3280 for gases to leavesampling system 3200. A cell filter 3250 is located between distal end3214 of wicking sponge 3210 and a first end 3222 of transfer sponge3220. Membrane 3270 is configured to allow one or more gases to leavesampling system 3200 via an opening 3280, while maintaining liquid insampling system 3200.

FIG. 29 is a highly schematic illustration of an ingestible device 4000that contains multiple different systems that cooperate for obtaining asample and analyzing a sample, e.g., within the GI tract of a subject.Ingestible device 4000 includes a power system 4100 (e.g., one or morebatteries), configured to power an electronics system 4200 (e.g.,including a control system, optionally in signal communication with anexternal base station), a valve system 4300, a sampling system 4400, andan analytic system 4500. Exemplary analytical systems include assaysystems, such as, for example, optical systems containing one or moresources of radiation and/or one more detectors.

Some or all of the sponges of the above-described sampling systems maycontain one or more preservatives (see discussion above). Typically, theassay sponge and/or the volume sponge 3230 and/or the transfer spongecontain one or more preservatives. Typically, the preservative(s) areselected based on the analyte of interest, e.g., an analyte (such as aprotein biomarker) for a GI disorder.

Communication Systems

An ingestible device may be equipped with a communication system adaptedto transmit and/or receive data, including imaging and/or localizationdata. As an example, a communication system may employ radiofrequencytransmission. Ingestible devices using radiofrequency communication areattractive because of their efficient transmission through the layers ofthe skin. This is especially true for low frequency transmission(UHF-433 ISM and lower, including the Medical Device Radio CommunicationService band (MDRS) band 402-406 MHz). In another embodiment, acousticsare used for communications, including the transmission of data. Forexample, an ingestible capsule may be able to transmit information byapplying one or more base voltages to an electromechanical transducer orpiezoelectric (e.g., PZT, PVDF, etc.) device to cause the piezoelectricdevice to ring at particular frequencies, resulting in an acoustictransmission. A multi-sensor array for receiving the acoustictransmission may include a plurality of acoustic transducers thatreceive the acoustic transmission from a movable device such as aningestible capsule as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/851,214 filed Sep. 6, 2007, incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety.

As an example, a communication system may employ human bodycommunication technology. Human body communication technology uses thehuman body as a conductive medium, which generally requires a largenumber of sensor electrodes on the skin. As an example, a communicationsystem may integrate a data storage system.

Environmental Sensors

In some embodiments the device may comprise environmental sensors tomeasure pH, temperature, transit times, or combinations thereof. Otherexamples of environmental sensors include, but are not limited to acapacitance sensor, an impedance sensor, a heart rate sensor, acousticsensor such as a microphone or hydrophone, image sensor, and/or amovement sensor. In one embodiment, the ingestible device comprises aplurality of different environmental sensors for generating differentkinds of environmental data.

In order to avoid the problem of capsule retention, a thorough pastmedical and surgical history should be undertaken. In addition, severalother steps have been proposed, including performing investigations suchas barium follow-through. In cases where it is suspected that there is ahigh risk of retention, the patient is given a patency capsule a fewdays before swallowing an ingestible device. Any dissolvablenon-endoscopic capsule may be used to determine the patency of the GItract. The patency capsule is usually the same size as the ingestibledevice and can be made of cellophane. In some embodiments, the patencycapsule contains a mixture of barium and lactose, which allowsvisualization by x-ray. The patency capsule may also include a radiotagor other label, which allows for it to be detected by radio-scannerexternally. The patency capsule may comprise wax plugs, which allow forintestinal fluid to enter and dissolve the content, thereby dividing thecapsule into small particles.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the methods herein comprise (a)identifying a subject having a disease of the gastrointestinal tract and(b) evaluating the subject for suitability to treatment. In someembodiments, the methods herein comprise evaluating for suitability totreatment a subject identified as having a disease of thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, evaluating the subject forsuitability to treatment comprises determining the patency of thesubject's GI tract.

In some embodiments, an ingestible device comprises a tissue anchoringmechanism for anchoring the ingestible device to a subject's tissue. Forexample, an ingestible device could be administered to a subject andonce it reaches the desired location, the tissue attachment mechanismcan be activated or deployed such that the ingestible device, or aportion thereof, is anchored to the desired location. In someembodiments, the tissue anchoring mechanism is reversible such thatafter initial anchoring, the tissue attachment device is retracted,dissolved, detached, inactivated or otherwise rendered incapable ofanchoring the ingestible device to the subject's tissue. In someembodiments the attachment mechanism is placed endoscopically.

In some embodiments, a tissue anchoring mechanism comprises anosmotically-driven sucker. In some embodiments, the osmotically-drivensucker comprises a first valve on the near side of theosmotically-driven sucker (e.g., near the subject's tissue) and a secondone-way valve that is opened by osmotic pressure on the far side of theosmotically-driven sucker, and an internal osmotic pump systemcomprising salt crystals and semi-permeable membranes positioned betweenthe two valves. In such embodiments, osmotic pressure is used to adherethe ingestible device to the subject's tissue without generating avacuum within the ingestible capsule. After the osmotic system isactivated by opening the first valve, fluid is drawn in through thesucker and expelled through the second burst valve. Fluid continues toflow until all the salt contained in the sucker is dissolved or untiltissue is drawn into the sucker. As liminal fluid is drawn through theosmotic pump system, solutes build up between the tissue and the firstvalve, reducing osmotic pressure. In some embodiments, the solutebuildup stalls the pump before the tissue contacts the valve, preventingtissue damage. In some embodiments, a burst valve is used on the farside of the osmotically-driven sucker rather than a one-way valve, suchthat luminal fluid eventually clears the saline chamber and the osmoticflow reverses, actively pushing the subject's tissue out of the sucker.In some embodiments, the ingestible device may be anchored to theinterior surface of tissues forming the GI tract of a subject. In oneembodiment, the ingestible device comprises a connector for anchoringthe device to the interior surface of the GI tract. The connector may beoperable to ingestible device to the interior surface of the GI tractusing an adhesive, negative pressure and/or fastener.

In some embodiments a device comprises a tract stimulator and/or monitorIMD comprising a housing enclosing electrical stimulation and/ormonitoring circuitry and a power source and an elongated flexible memberextending from the housing to an active fixation mechanism adapted to befixed into the GI tract wall is disclosed. After fixation is effected,the elongated flexible member bends into a preformed shape that pressesthe housing against the mucosa so that forces that would tend todislodge the fixation mechanism are minimized. The IMD is fitted into anesophageal catheter lumen with the fixation mechanism aimed toward thecatheter distal end opening whereby the bend in the flexible member isstraightened. The catheter body is inserted through the esophagus intothe GI tract cavity to direct the catheter distal end to the site ofimplantation and fix the fixation mechanism to the GI tract wall. TheIMD is ejected from the lumen, and the flexible member assumes its bentconfiguration and lodges the hermetically sealed housing against themucosa. A first stimulation/sense electrode is preferably an exposedconductive portion of the housing that is aligned with the bend of theflexible member so that it is pressed against the mucosa. A secondstimulation/sense electrode is located at the fixation site.

In some embodiments a device includes a fixation mechanism to anchor thedevice to tissue within a body lumen, and a mechanism to permitselective de-anchoring of the device from the tissue anchoring sitewithout the need for endoscopic or surgical intervention. Anelectromagnetic device may be provided to mechanically actuate thede-anchoring mechanism. Alternatively, a fuse link may be electricallyblown to de-anchor the device. As a further alternative, a rapidlydegradable bonding agent may be exposed to a degradation agent tode-anchor the device from a bonding surface within the body lumen.

In some embodiments a device is as disclosed in patent publicationWO2015/112575A1, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Thepatent publication is directed to a gastrointestinal sensor implantationsystem. In some embodiments an orally-administrable capsule comprises atissue capture device or reservoir removably coupled to theorally-administrable capsule, where the tissue capture device includinga plurality of fasteners for anchoring the tissue capture device togastrointestinal tissue within a body.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device contains an electric energyemitting means, a radio signal transmitting means, a medicament storagemeans and a remote actuatable medicament releasing means. The capsulesignals a remote receiver as it progresses through the alimentary tractin a previously mapped route and upon reaching a specified site isremotely triggered to release a dosage of medicament. Accordingly, insome embodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor is triggered by a remoteelectromagnetic signal.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes a housingintroducible into a body cavity and of a material insoluble in the bodycavity fluids, but formed with an opening covered by a material which issoluble in body cavity fluids. A diaphragm divides the interior of thehousing into a medication chamber including the opening, and a controlchamber. An electrolytic cell in the control chamber generates a gaswhen electrical current is passed therethrough to deliver medicationfrom the medication chamber through the opening into the body cavity ata rate controlled by the electrical current. Accordingly, in someembodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor is triggered by generation inthe composition of a gas in an amount sufficient to expel the JAKinhibitor.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes an oral drugdelivery device having a housing with walls of water permeable materialand having at least two chambers separated by a displaceable membrane.The first chamber receives drug and has an orifice through which thedrug is expelled under pressure. The second chamber contains at leastone of two spaced apart electrodes forming part of an electric circuitwhich is closed by the ingress of an aqueous ionic solution into thesecond chamber. When current flows through the circuit, gas is generatedand acts on the displaceable membrane to compress the first chamber andexpel the active ingredient through the orifice for progressive deliveryto the gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes an ingestible devicefor delivering a substance to a chosen location in the GI tract of amammal includes a receiver of electromagnetic radiation for powering anopenable part of the device to an opened position for dispensing of thesubstance. The receiver includes a coiled wire that couples the energyfield, the wire having an air or ferrite core. In a further embodiment,the device includes an apparatus for generating the electromagneticradiation, the apparatus including one or more pairs of field coilssupported in a housing. The device optionally includes a latch definedby a heating resistor and a fusible restraint. The device may alsoinclude a flexible member that may serve one or both the functions ofactivating a transmitter circuit to indicate dispensing of thesubstance; and restraining of a piston used for expelling the substance.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes an ingestible devicefor delivering a substance to a chosen location in the GI tract of amammal includes a receiver of electromagnetic radiation for powering anopenable part of the device to an opened position for dispensing of thesubstance. The receiver includes a coiled wire that couples the energyfield, the wire having an air or ferrite core. In a further embodiment,the device includes an apparatus for generating the electromagneticradiation, the apparatus including one or more pairs of field coilssupported in a housing. The device optionally includes a latch definedby a heating resistor and a fusible restraint. The device may alsoinclude a flexible member that may serve one or both the functions ofactivating a transmitter circuit to indicate dispensing of thesubstance; and restraining of a piston used for expelling the substance.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device is a device a swallowablecapsule. A sensing module is disposed in the capsule. A bioactivesubstance dispenser is disposed in the capsule. A memory and logiccomponent is disposed in the capsule and in communication with thesensing module and the dispenser.

In some embodiments, localized administration is implemented via anelectronic probe which is introduced into the intestinal tract of aliving organism and which operates autonomously therein, adapted todeliver one or more therapy agents. In one embodiment, the methodincludes loading the probe with one or more therapy agents, andselectively releasing the agents from the probe at a desired location ofthe intestinal tract in order to provide increased efficacy overtraditional oral ingestion or intravenous introduction of the agent(s).

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes electronic controlmeans for dispensing the drug substantially to the diseased tissue sitesof the GI tract, according to a pre-determined drug release profileobtained prior to administration from the specific mammal.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor istriggered by an electromagnetic signal generated within the device. Thereleasing may occur according to a pre-determined drug release profile.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device can include at least oneguide tube, one or more tissue penetrating members positioned in theguide tube, a delivery member, an actuating mechanism and a releaseelement. The release element degrades upon exposure to variousconditions in the intestine so as to release and actuate the actuatingmechanism. Embodiments of the device are particularly useful for thedelivery of drugs which are poorly absorbed, tolerated and/or degradedwithin the GI tract.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes an electronic pillcomprising at least one reservoir with a solid powder or granulatemedicament or formulation, a discharge opening and an actuatorresponsive to control circuitry for displacing medicine from thereservoir to the discharge opening. The medicament or formulationcomprises a dispersion of one or more active ingredients—e.g., solids inpowder or granulate form—in an inert carrier matrix. Optionally, theactive ingredients are dispersed using intestinal moisture absorbed intothe pill via a semi-permeable wall section.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes a sensor comprisinga plurality of electrodes having a miniature size and a lower powerconsumption and a coating exterior to the electrodes, wherein thecoating interacts with a target condition thereby producing a change inan electrical property of the electrodes, wherein the change istransduced into an electrical signal by the electrodes. Accordingly, insome embodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor is triggered by anelectric signal by the electrodes resulting from the interaction of thecoating with the one or more sites of disease. Further provided hereinis a system for medication delivery comprising such sensor and a pill.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes an electronic pillcomprising a plurality of reservoirs, each of the reservoirs comprisinga discharge opening covered by a removable cover. The pill comprises atleast one actuator responsive to control circuitry for removing thecover from the discharge opening. The actuator can for example be aspring loaded piston breaking a foil cover when dispensing themedicament. Alternatively, the cover can be a rotatable disk or cylinderwith an opening which can be brought in line with the discharge openingof a reservoir under the action of the actuator.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes an electronicallyand remotely controlled pill or medicament delivery system. The pillincludes a housing; a reservoir for storing a medicament; anelectronically controlled release valve or hatch for dispensing one ormore medicaments stored in the reservoir while traversing thegastrointestinal tract; control and timing circuitry for opening andclosing the valve; and a battery. The control and timing circuitry opensand closes the valve throughout a dispensing time period in accordancewith a preset dispensing timing pattern which is programmed within thecontrol and timing circuitry. RF communication circuitry receivescontrol signals for remotely overriding the preset dispensing timingpattern, reprogramming the control and timing circuitry or terminatingthe dispensing of the medicament within the body. The pill includes anRFID tag for tracking, identification, inventory and other purposes.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes an electroniccapsule which has a discrete drive element comprising: a housing,electronics for making the electronic capsule operable, a pumpingmechanism for dosing and displacing a substance, a power source forpowering the electronic capsule and enabling the electronics and thepumping mechanism to operate, and a locking mechanism; and a discretepayload element comprising: a housing, a reservoir for storing thesubstance, one or more openings in the housing for releasing thesubstance from the reservoir and a locking mechanism for engaging thedrive element locking mechanism. Engagement of the drive element lockingmechanism with the payload element locking mechanism secures the driveelement to the payload element, thereby making the electronic capsuleoperable and specific.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device may be a mucoadhesive deviceconfigured for release of an active agent.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes an apparatus thatincludes an ingestible medical treatment device, which is configured toinitially assume a contracted state having a volume of less than 4 cm³.The device includes a gastric anchor, which initially assumes acontracted size, and which is configured to, upon coming in contact witha liquid, expand sufficiently to prevent passage of the anchor through around opening having a diameter of between 1 cm and 3 cm. The devicealso includes a duodenal unit, which is configured to pass through theopening, and which is coupled to the gastric anchor such that theduodenal unit is held between 1 cm and 20 cm from the gastric anchor.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device includes a medical roboticsystem and method of operating such comprises taking intraoperativeexternal image data of a patient anatomy, and using that image data togenerate a modeling adjustment for a control system of the medicalrobotic system (e.g., updating anatomic model and/or refining instrumentregistration), and/or adjust a procedure control aspect (e.g.,regulating substance or therapy delivery, improving targeting, and/ortracking performance).

In one embodiment the ingestible device may also include one or moreenvironmental sensors. Environmental sensor may be used to generateenvironmental data for the environment external to device in thegastrointestinal (GI) tract of the subject. In some embodiments,environmental data is generated at or near the location within the GItract of the subject where a drug is delivered. Examples ofenvironmental sensor include, but are not limited to a capacitancesensor, a temperature sensor, an impedance sensor, a pH sensor, a heartrate sensor, acoustic sensor, image sensor (e.g., a hydrophone), and/ora movement sensor (e.g., an accelerometer). In one embodiment, theingestible device comprises a plurality of different environmentalsensors for generating different kinds of environmental data.

In one embodiment, the image sensor is a video camera suitable forobtaining images in vivo of the tissues forming the GI tract of thesubject. In one embodiment, the environmental data is used to helpdetermine one or more characteristics of the GI tract, including thelocation of disease (e.g., presence or location of inflamed tissueand/or lesions associated with inflammatory bowel disease). In someembodiments, the ingestible device may comprise a camera for generatingvideo imaging data of the GI tract which can be used to determine, amongother things, the location of the device.

In another embodiment, the ingestible device described herein may belocalized using a gamma scintigraphy technique or other radio-trackertechnology as employed by Phaeton Research's Enterion™ capsule (SeeTeng, Renli, and Juan Maya, “Absolute bioavailability and regionalabsorption of ticagrelor in healthy volunteers,” Journal of DrugAssessment 3.1 (2014):43-50), or monitoring the magnetic field strengthof permanent magnet in the ingestible device (see T. D. Than, et al., “Areview of localization systems for robotic endoscopic capsules,” IEEETrans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 59, no. 9, pp. 2387-2399, September 2012).

In one embodiment, drug delivery is triggered when it encounters thesite of disease in the GI tract.

In one embodiment, the one or more environmental sensors measure pH,temperature, transit times, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor is dependent on the pHat or in the vicinity of the location. In some embodiments the pH in thejejunum is from 6.1 to 7.2, such as 6.6. In some embodiments the pH inthe mid small bowel is from 7.0 to 7.8, such as 7.4. In some embodimentsthe pH in the ileum is from 7.0 to 8.0, such as 7.5. In some embodimentsthe pH in the right colon is from 5.7 to 7.0, such as 6.4. In someembodiments the pH in the mid colon is from 5.7 to 7.4, such as 6.6. Insome embodiments the pH in the left colon is from 6.3 to 7.7, such as7.0. In some embodiments, the gastric pH in fasting subjects is fromabout 1.1 to 2.1, such as from 1.4 to 2.1, such as from 1.1 to 1.6, suchas from 1.4 to 1.6. In some embodiments, the gastric pH in fed subjectsis from 3.9 to 7.0, such as from 3.9 to 6.7, such as from 3.9 to 6.4,such as from 3.9 to 5.8, such as from 3.9 to 5.5, such as from 3.9 to5.4, such as from 4.3 to 7.0, such as from 4.3 to 6.7, such as from 4.3to 6.4, such as from 4.3 to 5.8, such as from 4.3 to 5.5, such as from4.3 to 5.4. In some embodiments, the pH in the duodenum is from 5.8 to6.8, such as from 6.0 to 6.8, such as from 6.1 to 6.8, such as from 6.2to 6.8, such as from 5.8 to 6.7, such as from 6.0 to 6.7, such as from6.1 to 6.7, such as from 6.2 to 6.7, such as from 5.8 to 6.6, such asfrom 6.0 to 6.6, such as from 6.1 to 6.6, such as from 6.2 to 6.6, suchas from 5.8 to 6.5, such as from 6.0 to 6.5, such as from 6.1 to 6.5,such as from 6.2 to 6.5.

In some embodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor is not dependent on thepH at or in the vicinity of the location. In some embodiments, releasingthe JAK inhibitor is triggered by degradation of a release componentlocated in the capsule. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is nottriggered by degradation of a release component located in the capsule.In some embodiments, wherein releasing the JAK inhibitor is notdependent on enzymatic activity at or in the vicinity of the location.In some embodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor is not dependent onbacterial activity at or in the vicinity of the location.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice, comprising:

a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

a reservoir located within the housing and containing the JAK inhibitor,

-   -   wherein a first end of the reservoir is attached to the first        end of the housing;

a mechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor from the reservoir; and

an exit valve configured to allow the JAK inhibitor to be released outof the housing from the reservoir.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises:

an electronic component located within the housing; and

a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component,

-   -   wherein the electronic component is configured to activate the        gas generating cell to generate gas.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises:

a safety device placed within or attached to the housing,

-   -   wherein the safety device is configured to relieve an internal        pressure within the housing when the internal pressure exceeds a        threshold level.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice, comprising:

a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

an electronic component located within the housing;

a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component,

-   -   wherein the electronic component is configured to activate the        gas generating cell to generate gas;

a reservoir located within the housing,

-   -   wherein the reservoir stores a dispensable substance and a first        end of the reservoir is attached to the first end of the        housing;

an exit valve located at the first end of the housing,

-   -   wherein the exit valve is configured to allow the dispensable        substance to be released out of the first end of the housing        from the reservoir; and a safety device placed within or        attached to the housing,    -   wherein the safety device is configured to relieve an internal        pressure within the housing when the internal pressure exceeds a        threshold level.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice, comprising:

a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

an electronic component located within the housing,

a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component,

-   -   wherein the electronic component is configured to activate the        gas generating cell to generate gas;

a reservoir located within the housing,

-   -   wherein the reservoir stores a dispensable substance and a first        end of the reservoir is attached to the first end of the        housing;

an injection device located at the first end of the housing,

-   -   wherein the jet injection device is configured to inject the        dispensable substance out of the housing from the reservoir; and

a safety device placed within or attached to the housing,

-   -   wherein the safety device is configured to relieve an internal        pressure within the housing.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice, comprising:

a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

an optical sensing unit located on a side of the housing,

-   -   wherein the optical sensing unit is configured to detect a        reflectance from an environment external to the housing;

an electronic component located within the housing;

a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component,

-   -   wherein the electronic component is configured to activate the        gas generating cell to generate gas in response to identifying a        location of the ingestible device based on the reflectance;

a reservoir located within the housing,

-   -   wherein the reservoir stores a dispensable substance and a first        end of the reservoir is attached to the first end of the        housing;

a membrane in contact with the gas generating cell and configured tomove or deform into the reservoir by a pressure generated by the gasgenerating cell; and

a dispensing outlet placed at the first end of the housing,

-   -   wherein the dispensing outlet is configured to deliver the        dispensable substance out of the housing from the reservoir.

In one embodiment, drug delivery is triggered when it encounters thesite of disease in the GI tract.

In one embodiment, the one or more environmental sensors measure pH,temperature, transit times, or combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor is dependent on the pHat or in the vicinity of the location. In some embodiments the pH in thejejunum is from 6.1 to 7.2, such as 6.6. In some embodiments the pH inthe mid small bowel is from 7.0 to 7.8, such as 7.4. In some embodimentsthe pH in the ileum is from 7.0 to 8.0, such as 7.5. In some embodimentsthe pH in the right colon is from 5.7 to 7.0, such as 6.4. In someembodiments the pH in the mid colon is from 5.7 to 7.4, such as 6.6. Insome embodiments the pH in the left colon is from 6.3 to 7.7, such as7.0. In some embodiments, the gastric pH in fasting subjects is fromabout 1.1 to 2.1, such as from 1.4 to 2.1, such as from 1.1 to 1.6, suchas from 1.4 to 1.6. In some embodiments, the gastric pH in fed subjectsis from 3.9 to 7.0, such as from 3.9 to 6.7, such as from 3.9 to 6.4,such as from 3.9 to 5.8, such as from 3.9 to 5.5, such as from 3.9 to5.4, such as from 4.3 to 7.0, such as from 4.3 to 6.7, such as from 4.3to 6.4, such as from 4.3 to 5.8, such as from 4.3 to 5.5, such as from4.3 to 5.4. In some embodiments, the pH in the duodenum is from 5.8 to6.8, such as from 6.0 to 6.8, such as from 6.1 to 6.8, such as from 6.2to 6.8, such as from 5.8 to 6.7, such as from 6.0 to 6.7, such as from6.1 to 6.7, such as from 6.2 to 6.7, such as from 5.8 to 6.6, such asfrom 6.0 to 6.6, such as from 6.1 to 6.6, such as from 6.2 to 6.6, suchas from 5.8 to 6.5, such as from 6.0 to 6.5, such as from 6.1 to 6.5,such as from 6.2 to 6.5.

In some embodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor is not dependent on thepH at or in the vicinity of the location. In some embodiments, releasingthe JAK inhibitor is triggered by degradation of a release componentlocated in the capsule. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is nottriggered by degradation of a release component located in the capsule.In some embodiments, wherein releasing the JAK inhibitor is notdependent on enzymatic activity at or in the vicinity of the location.In some embodiments, releasing the JAK inhibitor is not dependent onbacterial activity at or in the vicinity of the location.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice, comprising:

a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

a reservoir located within the housing and containing the JAK inhibitor,

-   -   wherein a first end of the reservoir is attached to the first        end of the housing;

a mechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor from the reservoir; and;

an exit valve configured to allow the JAK inhibitor to be released outof the housing from the reservoir.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises:

an electronic component located within the housing; and

a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component,

-   -   wherein the electronic component is configured to activate the        gas generating cell to generate gas.

In some embodiments, the ingestible device further comprises:

a safety device placed within or attached to the housing,

-   -   wherein the safety device is configured to relieve an internal        pressure within the housing when the internal pressure exceeds a        threshold level.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice, comprising:

a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

an electronic component located within the housing;

a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component,

-   -   wherein the electronic component is configured to activate the        gas generating cell to generate gas;

a reservoir located within the housing,

-   -   wherein the reservoir stores a dispensable substance and a first        end of the reservoir is attached to the first end of the        housing;

an exit valve located at the first end of the housing,

-   -   wherein the exit valve is configured to allow the dispensable        substance to be released out of the first end of the housing        from the reservoir; and

a safety device placed within or attached to the housing,

-   -   wherein the safety device is configured to relieve an internal        pressure within the housing when the internal pressure exceeds a        threshold level.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice, comprising:

a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

an electronic component located within the housing,

a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component,

-   -   wherein the electronic component is configured to activate the        gas generating cell to generate gas;

a reservoir located within the housing,

-   -   wherein the reservoir stores a dispensable substance and a first        end of the reservoir is attached to the first end of the        housing;

an injection device located at the first end of the housing,

-   -   wherein the jet injection device is configured to inject the        dispensable substance out of the housing from the reservoir; and

a safety device placed within or attached to the housing,

-   -   wherein the safety device is configured to relieve an internal        pressure within the housing.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice, comprising:

a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

an optical sensing unit located on a side of the housing,

-   -   wherein the optical sensing unit is configured to detect a        reflectance from an environment external to the housing;

an electronic component located within the housing;

a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component,

-   -   wherein the electronic component is configured to activate the        gas generating cell to generate gas in response to identifying a        location of the ingestible device based on the reflectance;

a reservoir located within the housing,

-   -   wherein the reservoir stores a dispensable substance and a first        end of the reservoir is attached to the first end of the        housing;

a membrane in contact with the gas generating cell and configured tomove or deform into the reservoir by a pressure generated by the gasgenerating cell; and

a dispensing outlet placed at the first end of the housing,

-   -   wherein the dispensing outlet is configured to deliver the        dispensable substance out of the housing from the reservoir.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice as disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/385,553,incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice as disclosed in the following applications, each of which isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety: U.S. Ser. Nos.14/460,893; 15/514,413; 62/376,688; 62/385,344; 62/478,955; 62/434,188;62/434,320; 62/431,297; 62/434,797; 62/480,187; 62/502,383; and62/540,873.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice comprising a localization mechanism as disclosed in internationalpatent application PCT/US2015/052500, incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is not a dart-likedosage form.

In some embodiments of any ingestible device disclosed herein comprisinga JAK inhibitor, the JAK inhibitor is present in a therapeuticallyeffective amount.

In case of conflict between the present specification and any subjectmatter incorporated by reference herein, the present specification,including definitions, will control.

Devices and Methods for Detection of Analytes in GI tract

Detection of certain analytes in the GI tract may be useful in theidentification of the nature and severity of the disease, in accuratelylocating the site(s) of disease, and in assessing patient response to atherapeutic agent. The appropriate therapeutic agent may accordingly bereleased at the correct locations(s), dosage, or timing for the disease.As discussed further herein, analytes may include biomarkers associatedwith a disease or associated with patient response and/or therapeuticagents previously administered to treat the disease. In someembodiments, the disclosure provides an ingestible device for detectingan analyte in a sample, the ingestible device comprising a samplingchamber that is configured to hold a composition comprising: (1) aplurality of donor particles, each of the plurality of donor particlescomprising a photosensitizer and having coupled thereto a firstantigen-binding agent that binds to the analyte, wherein thephotosensitizer, in its excited state, is capable of generating singletoxygen; and (2) a plurality of acceptor particles, each of the pluralityof acceptor particles comprising a chemiluminescent compound and havingcoupled thereto a second antigen-binding agent that binds to theanalyte, wherein the chemiluminescent compound is capable of reactingwith singlet oxygen to emit luminescence. In some embodiments, the firstand the second analyte-binding agents are antigen-binding agents (e.g.,antibodies). In some embodiments, the first and the secondantigen-binding agents bind to the same epitope of the analyte (e.g., aprotein). In some embodiments, the first and the second antigen-bindingagents bind to separate epitopes of the analyte (e.g., a protein) thatspatially overlap. In some embodiments, the first and the secondantigen-binding agents bind to the separate epitopes of the analyte(e.g., a protein) that do not spatially overlap.

In some embodiments, this disclosure provides an ingestible device fordetecting an analyte in a sample, the ingestible device comprising asampling chamber that is configured to hold an absorbable material(e.g., an absorbable pad or sponge) having absorbed therein acomposition comprising: (1) a plurality of donor particles, each of theplurality of donor particles comprising a photosensitizer and havingcoupled thereto a first antigen-binding agent that binds to the analyte,wherein the photosensitizer, in its excited state, is capable ofgenerating singlet oxygen; and (2) a plurality of acceptor particles,each of the plurality of acceptor particles comprising achemiluminescent compound and having coupled thereto a secondantigen-binding agent that binds to the analyte, wherein thechemiluminescent compound is capable of reacting with singlet oxygen toemit luminescence. In some embodiments, the first and the secondanalyte-binding agents are antigen-binding agents (e.g., antibodies). Insome embodiments, the first and the second antigen-binding agents bindto the same epitope of the analyte (e.g., a protein). In someembodiments, the first and the second antigen-binding agents bind toseparate epitopes of the analyte (e.g., a protein) that spatiallyoverlap. In some embodiments, the first and the second antigen-bindingagents bind to the separate epitopes of the analyte (e.g., a protein)that do not spatially overlap.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a kit comprising aningestible device as described herein. In some embodiments, the kitfurther comprises instructions, e.g., for detecting or quantifying ananalyte in a sample.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods for determining ananalyte in a sample. In certain embodiments, this disclosure provides amethod of detecting an analyte in a fluid sample of a subject,comprising: (1) providing an ingestible device; (2) transferring thefluid sample of the subject into the sampling chamber of the ingestibledevice in vivo; (3) irradiating the composition held in the samplingchamber of the ingestible device with light to excite thephotosensitizer; and (4) measuring total luminescence or rate of changeof luminescence emitted from the composition held in the samplingchamber of the ingestible device as a function of time, therebydetermining the level of the analyte in the fluid sample. In someembodiments, the method further comprises comparing the level of theanalyte in the fluid sample with the level of analyte in a referencesample (e.g., a reference sample obtained from a healthy subject). Insome embodiments, the level of the analyte in the sample is used todiagnose and/or monitor a disease or disorder in the subject.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of detecting ananalyte in a fluid sample of a subject, comprising: (1) providing aningestible device, the device comprising a sampling chamber that isconfigured to hold an absorbable material (e.g., an absorbable pad orsponge) having absorbed therein a composition, as described herein; (2)transferring the fluid sample of the subject into the sampling chamberof the ingestible device in vivo; (3) fully or partially saturating theabsorbable material held in the sampling chamber of the ingestibledevice with the fluid sample; (4) irradiating the absorbable materialheld in the sampling chamber of the ingestible device with light toexcite the photosensitizer; and (5) measuring total luminescence or rateof change of luminescence emitted from the composition held in thesampling chamber of the ingestible device as a function of time, therebydetermining the level of the analyte in the fluid sample. In someembodiments, the method further comprises comparing the level of theanalyte in the fluid sample with the level of analyte in a referencesample (e.g., a reference sample obtained from a healthy subject). Insome embodiments, the level of the analyte in the sample is used todiagnose and/or monitor a disease or disorder in the subject.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of assessing ormonitoring the need to treat a subject suffering from or at risk ofovergrowth of bacterial cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract,comprising: (1) providing an ingestible device for detecting an analyte;(2) transferring a fluid sample from the GI tract of the subject intothe sampling chamber of the ingestible device in vivo; (3) irradiatingthe composition held in the sampling chamber of the ingestible devicewith light to excite the photosensitizer; (4) measuring totalluminescence or rate of change of luminescence emitted from thecomposition held in the sampling chamber of the ingestible device as afunction of time; (5) correlating the total luminescence or the rate ofchange of luminescence as a function of time measured in step (4) to theamount of the analyte in the fluid sample; and (6) correlating theamount of the analyte in the fluid sample to the number of viablebacterial cells in the fluid sample. In some embodiments, a number ofviable bacterial cells determined in step (6) greater than a controlnumber of viable bacterial cells, indicates a need for treatment (e.g.,with an antibiotic agent described herein). In some embodiments, thecontrol number of viable bacterial cells is 10³, 10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷,10⁸, 10⁹, or more. For example, in some embodiments, a number of viablebacterial cells determined in step (6) greater that about 10³ CFU/mLindicates a need for treatment. In some embodiments, a number of viablebacterial cells determined in step (6) greater that about 10⁴ CFU/mLindicates a need for treatment. In some embodiments, a number of theviable bacterial cells determined in step (6) greater than about 10⁵CFU/mL indicates a need for treatment, e.g., with an antibiotic agent asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, a number of viable bacterialcells determined in step (6) greater that about 10⁶ or more CFU/mLindicates a need for treatment.

In some embodiments, the total luminescence or the rate of change ofluminescence as a function of time of the sponge is measured overmultiple time points for an extended period of time in step (4). Forinstance, in some embodiments, the total luminescence or rate of changeof luminescence as a function of time of the sample is measuredcontinuously for a period of 0-1800 minutes, 0-1600 minutes, 0-1500minutes, 0-1440 minutes, 0-1320 minutes, 0-1000 minutes, 0-900 minutes,0-800 minutes, 0-700 minutes, 0-600 minutes, 0-500 minutes, 0-400minutes, 0-350 minutes, 0-330 minutes, 0-300 minutes, 0-270 minutes, or0-220 minutes. In some embodiments, the total luminescence or the rateof change of luminescence as a function of time of said sample ismeasured continuously for a period of 0-330 minutes. In someembodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In some embodiments, themethod includes communicating the results of the onboard assay(s) to anex vivo receiver. In some embodiments, the total luminescence or therate of change of luminescence as a function of time of the sponge ismeasured over multiple time points for an extended period of time instep (5). For instance, in some embodiments, the total luminescence orrate of change of luminescence as a function of time of the sample ismeasured continuously for a period of 0-1800 minutes, 0-1600 minutes,0-1500 minutes, 0-1440 minutes, 0-1320 minutes, 0-1000 minutes, 0-900minutes, 0-800 minutes, 0-700 minutes, 0-600 minutes, 0-500 minutes,0-400 minutes, 0-350 minutes, 0-330 minutes, 0-300 minutes, 0-270minutes, or 0-220 minutes. In some embodiments, the total luminescenceor the rate of change of luminescence as a function of time of saidsample is measured continuously for a period of 0-330 minutes. In someembodiments, the method is performed in vivo. In some embodiments, themethod includes communicating the results of the onboard assay(s) to anex vivo receiver.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of assessing ormonitoring the need to treat a subject suffering from or at risk ofovergrowth of bacterial cells in the gastrointestinal tract, comprising:(1) providing an ingestible device for detecting an analyte, the devicecomprising a sampling chamber that is configured to hold an absorbablematerial (e.g., an absorbable pad or sponge) having absorbed therein acomposition, as described herein; (2) transferring a fluid sample fromthe GI tract of the subject into the sampling chamber of the ingestibledevice in vivo; (3) fully or partially saturating the absorbablematerial held in the sampling chamber of the ingestible device with thefluid sample; (4) irradiating the absorbable material held in thesampling chamber of the ingestible device with light to excite thephotosensitizer; (5) measuring total luminescence or rate of change ofluminescence emitted from the composition held in the sampling chamberof the ingestible device as a function of time; (6) correlating thetotal luminescence or the rate of change of luminescence as a functionof time measured in step (5) to the amount of the analyte in the fluidsample; and (7) correlating the amount of the analyte in the fluidsample to the number of viable bacterial cells in the fluid sample. Insome embodiments, a number of viable bacterial cells determined in step(7) greater than a control number of viable bacterial cells indicates aneed for treatment (e.g., with an antibiotic agent described herein). Insome embodiments, the control number of viable bacterial cells is 10³,10⁴, 10⁵, 10⁶, 10⁷, 10⁸, 10⁹, or more. For example, in some embodiments,a number of viable bacterial cells determined in step (7) greater thatabout 103 CFU/mL indicates a need for treatment. In some embodiments, anumber of viable bacterial cells determined in step (7) greater thatabout 104 CFU/mL indicates a need for treatment. In some embodiments, anumber of the viable bacterial cells determined in step (7) greater thanabout 10⁵ CFU/mL indicates a need for treatment, e.g., with anantibiotic agent as described herein. In some embodiments, a number ofviable bacterial cells determined in step (7) greater that about 10⁶ ormore CFU/mL indicates a need for treatment.

In some embodiments, the disclosure, provides a method of measuring thepresence, absence or amount of one or more analytes from one or moresamples in the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments the one ormore analytes are measured multiple times, for example, at differenttime points or at different locations. In one embodiment, a singledevice measures one or more analytes or more time points or locations;thereby creating a “molecular map” of a physiological region.Measurements can be taken at any location in the gastrointestinal tract.For example, in one aspect, analytes from samples from one or more ofthe duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, transverse colon ordescending colon can be measured to create a molecular map of the smalland large intestine. In one aspect, the sample is from the duodenum.

In one aspect, In one aspect, the sample is from the jejunum. In oneaspect, the sample is from the ileum. In one aspect, the sample is fromthe ascending colon. In one aspect, the sample is from the transversecolon. In one aspect, the sample is from the descending colon.

In another aspect, a series of measurements can be taken over a shorterdistance of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., the ileum) to create ahigher resolution molecular map. In some embodiments, previousendoscopic imaging may identify a diseased area for molecular mapping.For example, a gastroenterologist may use imaging (e.g., an endoscopeequipped with a camera) to identify the presence of Crohn's Disease inthe ileum and cecum of a patient, and the methods and techniques hereinmay be used to measure inflammation-associated analytes in this diseasedarea of the patient. In a related embodiment, theinflammation-associated analytes, or any analyte, may be measured everyone or more days to monitor disease flare-ups, or response totherapeutics.

Analytes

The compositions and methods described herein can be used to detect,analyze, and/or quantitate a variety of analytes in a human subject.“Analyte” as used herein refers to a compound or composition to bedetected in a sample. Exemplary analytes suitable for use herein includethose described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,251,581, which is incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. Broadly speaking, an analyte can beany substance (e.g., a substance with one or more antigens) capable ofbeing detected. An exemplary and non-limiting list of analytes includesligands, proteins, blood clotting factors, hormones, cytokines,polysaccharides, mucopolysaccharides, microorganisms (e.g., bacteria),microbial antigens, and therapeutic agents (including fragments andmetabolites thereof).

For instance, the analyte may be a ligand, which is monovalent(monoepitopic) or polyvalent (polyepitopic), usually antigenic orhaptenic, and is a single compound or plurality of compounds which shareat least one common epitopic or determinant site. The analyte can be apart of a cell such as bacteria or a cell bearing a blood group antigensuch as A, B, D, etc., a human leukocyte antigen (HLA), or other cellsurface antigen, or a microorganism, e.g., bacterium (e.g. a pathogenicbacterium), a fungus, protozoan, or a virus (e.g., a protein, a nucleicacid, a lipid, or a hormone). In some embodiments, the analyte can be apart of an exosome (e.g., a bacterial exosome). In some embodiments, theanalyte is derived from a subject (e.g., a human subject). In someembodiments, the analyte is derived from a microorganism present in thesubject. In some embodiments, the analyte is a nucleic acid (e.g., a DNAmolecule or a RNA molecule), a protein (e.g., a soluble protein, a cellsurface protein), or a fragment thereof, that can be detected using anyof the devices and methods provided herein.

The polyvalent ligand analytes will normally be poly(amino acids), i.e.,a polypeptide (i.e., protein) or a peptide, polysaccharides, nucleicacids (e.g., DNA or RNA), and combinations thereof. Such combinationsinclude components of bacteria, viruses, chromosomes, genes,mitochondria, nuclei, cell membranes, and the like.

In some embodiments, the polyepitopic ligand analytes have a molecularweight of at least about 5,000 Da, more usually at least about 10,000Da. In the poly(amino acid) category, the poly(amino acids) of interestmay generally have a molecular weight from about 5,000 Da to about5,000,000 Da, more usually from about 20,000 Da to 1,000,000 Da; amongthe hormones of interest, the molecular weights will usually range fromabout 5,000 Da to 60,000 Da.

In some embodiments, the monoepitopic ligand analytes generally have amolecular weight of from about 100 to 2,000 Da, more usually from 125 to1,000 Da.

A wide variety of proteins may be considered as to the family ofproteins having similar structural features, proteins having particularbiological functions, proteins related to specific microorganisms,particularly disease causing microorganisms, etc. Such proteins include,for example, immunoglobulins, cytokines, enzymes, hormones, cancerantigens, nutritional markers, tissue specific antigens, etc.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a protein. In some embodiments, theanalyte is a protein, e.g., an enzyme (e.g., a hemolysin, a protease, aphospholipase), a soluble protein, an exotoxin. In some embodiments, theanalyte is a fragment of a protein, a peptide, or an antigen.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a peptide of at least 5 amino acids(e.g., at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, atleast 25, at least, 50, or at least 100 amino acids). Exemplary lengthsinclude 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 50, 75, or 100 amino acids. Exemplaryclasses of protein analytes include, but are not limited to: protamines,histones, albumins, globulins, scleroproteins, phosphoproteins,mucoproteins, chromoproteins, lipoproteins, nucleoproteins,glycoproteins, T-cell receptors, proteoglycans, cell surface receptors,membrane-anchored proteins, transmembrane proteins, secreted proteins,HLA, and unclassified proteins.

In some embodiments, the analyte is an affimer (see, e.g., Tiede et al.(2017) eLife 6: e24903, which is expressly incorporated herein byreference).

Exemplary analytes include: Prealbumin, Albumin, α₁-Lipoprotein,α₁-Antitrypsin, α₁-Glycoprotein, Transcortin, 4.6S-Postalbumin,α₁-glycoprotein, α_(1X)-Glycoprotein, Thyroxin-binding globulin,Inter-α-trypsin-inhibitor, Gc-globulin (Gc 1-1, Gc 2-1, Gc 2-2),Haptoglobin (Hp 1-1, Hp 2-1, Hp 2-2), Ceruloplasmin, Cholinesterase,α₂-Lipoprotein(s), Myoglobin, C-Reactive Protein, α₂-Macroglobulin,α₂-HS-glycoprotein, Zn-α₂-glycoprotein, α₂-Neuramino-glycoprotein,Erythropoietin, β-lipoprotein, Transferrin, Hemopexin, Fibrinogen,Plasminogen, β₂-glycoprotein I, β₂-glycoprotein II, Immunoglobulin G(IgG) or γG-globulin, Immunoglobulin A (IgA) or γA-globulin,Immunoglobulin M (IgM) or γM-globulin, Immunoglobulin D (IgD) orγD-Globulin (γD), Immunoglobulin E (IgE) or γE-Globulin (γE), Free κ andλ light chains, and Complement factors: C′1, (C′1q, C′1r, C′1s, C′2, C′3(β₁A, α₂D), C′4, C′5, C′6, C′7, C′8, C′9.

Additional examples of analytes include tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα),interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-23, IL-6, α2β1 integrin, α1β1 integrin, α4β7integrin, integrin α4β1 (VLA-4), E-selectin, ICAM-1, α5β1 integrin, α4β1integrin, VLA-4, α2β1 integrin, α5β3 integrin, α5β5 integrin, αIIbβ3integrin, MAdCAM-1, SMAD7, JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK-2, CHST15, IL-1, IL-1α,IL-1β, IL-18, IL-36α, IL-360, IL-36K, IL-38, IL-33, IL-13, CD40L, CD40,CD3K, CD3δ, CD3ε, CD3ζ, TCR, TCRα, TCRβ, TCRδ, TCRK, CD14, CD20, CD25,IL-2, IL-20 chain, IL-2 K chain, CD28, CD80, CD86, CD49, MMP1, CD89,IgA, CXCL10, CCL11, an ELR chemokine, CCR2, CCR9, CXCR3, CCR3, CCR5,CCL2, CCL8, CCL16, CCL25, CXCR1m CXCR2m CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL4,CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL7, and CXCL8, and a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) encodingany of the same.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a blood clotting factor. Exemplaryblood clotting factors include, but are not limited to:

International designation Name I Fibrinogen II Prothrombin IIa ThrombinIII Tissue thromboplastin V and VI Proaccelerin, accelerator globulinVII Proconvertin VIII Antihemophilic globulin (AHG) IX Christmas factorplasma thromboplastin component (PTC) X Stuart-Prower factor,autoprothrombin III XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent (PTA) XIIHagemann factor XIII Fibrin-stabilizing factor

In some embodiments, the analyte is a hormone. Exemplary hormonesinclude, but are not limited to: Peptide and Protein Hormones,Parathyroid hormone, (parathromone), Thyrocalcitonin, Insulin, Glucagon,Relaxin, Erythropoietin, Melanotropin (melancyte-stimulating hormone;intermedin), Somatotropin (growth hormone), Corticotropin(adrenocorticotropic hormone), Thyrotropin, Follicle-stimulatinghormone, Luteinizing hormone (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone),Luteomammotropic hormone (luteotropin, prolactin), Gonadotropin(chorionic gonadotropin), Secretin, Gastrin, Angiotensin I and II,Bradykinin, and Human placental lactogen, thyroxine, cortisol,triiodothyronine, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, progestrone,luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), and immunosuppressantssuch as cyclosporin, FK506, mycophenolic acid, and so forth.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a peptide hormone (e.g., a peptidehormone from the neurohypophysis). Exemplary peptide hormones from theneurohypophysis include, but are not limited to: Oxytocin, Vasopressin,and releasing factors (RF) (e.g., corticotropin releasing factor (CRF),luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF), thyrotropin releasing factor(TRY), Somatotropin-RF, growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), folliclestimulating hormone-releasing factor (FSH-RF), prolactin inhibitingfactor (PIF), and melanocyte stimulating hormone inhibiting factor(MIF)).

In some embodiments, the analyte is a cytokine or a chemokine. Exemplarycytokines include, but are not limited to: interleukin-1 (IL-1),interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), epidermal growth factor(EGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF, e.g., TNF-α or TNF-β), and nervegrowth factor (NGF).

In some embodiments, the analyte is a cancer antigen. Exemplary cancerantigens include, but are not limited to: prostate-specific antigen(PSA), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), α-fetoprotein, Acid phosphatase,CA19.9, and CA125.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a tissue-specific antigen. Exemplarytissue specific antigens include, but are not limited to: alkalinephosphatase, myoglobin, CPK-MB, calcitonin, and myelin basic protein.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a mucopolysaccharide or apolysaccharide.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a microorganism, or a moleculederived from or produced by a microorganism (e.g., a bacteria, a virus,prion, or a protozoan). For example, in some embodiments, the analyte isa molecule (e.g., an protein or a nucleic acid) that is specific for aparticular microbial genus, species, or strain (e.g., a specificbacterial genus, species, or strain). In some embodiments, themicroorganism is pathogenic (i.e., causes disease). In some embodiments,the microorganism is non-pathogenic (e.g., a commensal microorganism).Exemplary microorganisms include, but are not limited to:

Corynebacteria Corynebacterium diphtheria Pneumococci Diplococcuspneumoniae Streptococci Streptococcus pyrogenes Streptococcus salivarusStaphylococci Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus albus NeisseriaNeisseria meningitidis Neisseria gonorrhea EnterobacteriaciaeEscherichia coli Aerobacter aerogenes The coliform Klebsiella pneumoniaebacteria Salmonella typhosa The Salmonellae Salmonella choleraesuisSalmonella typhimurium Shigella dysenteria The Shigellae Shigellaschmitzii Shigella arabinotarda Shigella flexneri Shigella boydiiShigella sonnei Other enteric bacilli Proteus vulgaris Proteus speciesProteus mirabilis Proteus morgani Pseudomonas aeruginosa Alcaligenesfaecalis Vibrio cholerae Hemophilus-Bordetella group Rhizopus oryzaeHemophilus influenza, H. ducryi Rhizopus arrhizua PhycomycetesHemophilus hemophilus Rhizopus nigricans Hemophilus aegypticusSporotrichum schenkii Hemophilus parainfluenza Flonsecaea pedrosoiBordetella pertussis Fonsecacea compact Pasteurellae Fonsecaceadermatidis Pasteurella pestis Cladosporium carrionii Pasteurellatulareusis Phialophora verrucosa Brucellae Aspergillus nidulans Brucellamelltensis Madurella mycetomi Brucella abortus Madurella grisea Brucellasuis Allescheria boydii Aerobic Spore-forming Bacilli Phialophorajeanselmei Bacillus anthracis Microsporum gypseum Bacillus subtilisTrichophyton mentagrophytes Bacillus megaterium Keratinomyces ajelloiBacillus cereus Microsporum canis Anaerobic Spore-forming BacilliTrichophyton rubrum Clostridium botulinum Microsporum adouiniClostridium tetani Viruses Clostridium perfringens AdenovirusesClostridium novyi Herpes Viruses Clostridium septicum Herpes simplexClostridium histoyticum Varicella (Chicken pox) Clostridium tertiumHerpes Zoster (Shingles) Clostridium bifermentans Virus B Clostridiumsporogenes Cytomegalovirus Mycobacteria Pox Viruses Mycobacteriumtuberculosis hominis Variola (smallpox) Mycobacterium bovis VacciniaMycobacterium avium Poxvirus bovis Mycobacterium leprae ParavacciniaMycobacterium paratuberculosis Molluscum contagiosum Actinomycetes(fungus-ike bacteria) Picornaviruses Actinomyces Isaeli PoliovirusActinomyces bovis Coxsackievirus Actinomyces naeslundii EchovirusesNocardia asteroides Rhinoviruses Nocardia brasiliensis Myxoviruses TheSpirochetes Influenza (A, B, and C) Treponema pallidum Parainfluenza(1-4) Treponema pertenue Mumps Virus Spirillum minus Streptobacillusmonoiliformis Newcastle Disease Virus Treponema carateum Measles VirusBorrelia recurrentis Rinderpest Virus Leptospira icterohemorrhagiaeCanine Distemper Virus Leptospira canicola Respiratory Syncytial VirusTrypanasomes Rubella Virus Mycoplasmas Arboviruses Mycoplasma pneumoniaeOther pathogens Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Listeria monocytogenesWestern Equine Encephalitis Virus Erysipeothrix rhusiopathiae SindbisVirus Streptobacillus moniliformis Chikugunya Virus Donvaniagranulomatis Semliki Forest Virus Entamoeba histolytica Mayora VirusPlasmodium falciparum St. Louis Encephalitis Plasmodium japonicumCalifornia Encephalitis Virus Bartonella bacilliformis Colorado TickFever Virus Rickettsia (bacteria-like parasites) Yellow Fever VirusRickettsia prowazekii Dengue Virus Rickettsia mooseri ReovirusesRickettsia rickettsii Reovirus Types 1-3 Rickettsia conori RetrovirusesRickettsia australis Human Immunodeficiency Rickettsia sibiricus VirusesI and II (HTLV) Rickettsia akari Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Rickettsiatsutsugamushi Virus I & II (HIV) Rickettsia burnetti HepatitisRickettsia quintana Hepatitis A Virus Chlamydia (unclassifiableparasites Hepatitis B Virus bacterial/viral) Hepatitis C Virus Chlamydiaagents (naming uncertain) Tumor Viruses Chlamydia trachomatis FungiRauscher Leukemia Virus Cryptococcus neoformans Gross Virus Blastomycesdermatidis Maloney Leukemia Virus Histoplasma capsulatum Coccidioidesimmitis Human Papilloma Virus Paracoccidioides brasliensis Candidaalbicans Aspergillus fumigatus Mucor corymbifer (Absidia corymbifera)

In some embodiments, the analyte is a bacterium. Exemplary bacteriainclude, but are not limited to: Escherichia coli (or E. coli), Bacillusanthracis, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridiumdifficile, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Francisellatularensis, Brucella species, Clostridium perfringens, Burkholderiamallei, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Staphylococcus species, Mycobacteriumspecies, Group A Streptococcus, Group B Streptococcus, Streptococcuspneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella enteritidis, Mycoplasmahominis, Mycoplasma orale, Mycoplasma salivarium, Mycoplasma fermentans,Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium leprae, Rickettsia rickettsii,Rickettsia akari, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia canada, Bacillussubtilis, Bacillus subtilis niger, Bacillus thuringiensis, Coxiellaburnetti, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (also known as Bacteroidespraussnitzii), Roseburia hominis, Eubacterium rectale, Dialisterinvisus, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus callidus, and Ruminococcusbromii. Additional exemplary bacteria include bacteria of the phylaFirmicutes (e.g., Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV), bacteria of thephyla Bacteroidetes (e.g., Bacteroides fragilis or Bacteroidesvulgatus), and bacteria of the phyla Actinobacteria (e.g.,Coriobacteriaceae spp. or Bifidobacterium adolescentis). Bacteria of theClostridium cluster XIVa includes species belonging to, for example, theClostridium, Ruminococcus, Lachnospira, Roseburia, Eubacterium,Coprococcus, Dorea, and Butyrivibrio genera. Bacteria of the Clostridiumcluster IV includes species belonging to, for example, the Clostridium,Ruminococcus, Eubacterium and Anaerofilum genera. In some embodiments,the analyte is Candida, e.g., Candida albicans. In some embodiments, theanalyte is a byproduct from a bacterium or other microorganism, e.g.,helminth ova, enterotoxin (Clostridium difficile toxin A; TcdA) orcytotoxin (Clostridium difficile toxin B; TcdB).

In some embodiments, the bacterium is a pathogenic bacterium.Non-limiting examples of pathogenic bacteria belong to the generaBacillus, Bordetella, Borrelia, Brucella, Campylobacter, Chlamydia,Chlamydophila, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Enterococcus,Escherichia, Francisella, Haemophilus, Helicobacter, Legionella,Leptospira, Listeria, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Neisseria, Pseudomonas,Rickettsia, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,Treponema, Vibrio, and Yersinia. Non-limiting examples of specificpathogenic bacterial species include a strain of Bacillus anthracis, astrain of a strain of Bordetellapertussis, a strain of a strain ofBorrelia burgdorferi, a strain of a strain of Brucella abortus, a strainof a strain of Brucella canis, a strain of a strain of Brucellamelitensis, a strain of a strain of Brucella suis, a strain of a strainof Campylobacter jejuni, a strain of Chlamydia pneumoniae, a strain ofChlamydia trachomatis, a strain of Chlamydophila psittaci, a strain ofClostridium botulinum, a strain of Clostridium difficile, a strain ofClostridium perfringens, a strain of Clostridium tetani, a strain ofCorynebacterium diphtheria, a strain of Enterobacter sakazakii, a strainof Enterococcus faecalis, a strain of Enterococcus faecium, a strain ofEscherichia coli (e.g., E. coli O157 H7), a strain of Francisellatularensis, a strain of Haemophilus influenza, a strain of Helicobacterpylori, a strain of Legionella pneumophila, a strain of Leptospirainterrogans, a strain of Listeria monocytogenes, a strain ofMycobacterium leprae, a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a strainof Mycobacterium ulcerans, a strain of Mycoplasma pneumonia, a strain ofNeisseria gonorrhoeae, a strain of Neisseria meningitides, a strain ofPseudomonas aeruginosa, a strain of Rickettsia rickettsia, a strain ofSalmonella typhi and Salmonella typhimurium, a strain of Shigellasonnei, a strain of Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of Staphylococcusepidermidis, a strain of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a strain ofStreptococcus agalactiae, a strain of Streptococcus pneumonia, a strainof Streptococcus pyogenes, a strain of Treponema pallidum, a strain ofVibrio cholera, a strain of Yersinia enterocolitica, and, a strain ofYersinia pestis.

In some embodiments, the bacterium is a commensal bacterium (e.g., aprobiotic). In some embodiments, the bacterium has been previouslyadministered to a subject, e.g., as a live biotherapeutic agent.Exemplary commensal bacteria include, but are not limited to,Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (also referred to as Bacteroidespraussnitzii), Roseburia hominis, Eubacterium rectale, Dialisterinvisus, Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus gnavus, Ruminococcus torques,Ruminococcus callidus, and Ruminococcus bromii.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a virus. In some embodiments, thevirus is a pathogenic virus. Non-limiting examples of pathogenic virusesbelong to the families Adenoviridae, Picornaviridae, Herpesviridae,Hepadnaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, Orthomyxoviridae,Paramyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Polyomavirus, Rhabdoviridae, andTogaviridae.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a fungus. In some embodiments, thefungi is a pathogenic fungus. Non-limiting examples of pathogenic fungibelong to the genera Asperfillus, Canidia, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma,Pneumocystis, and Stachybotrys. Non-limiting examples of specificpathogenic fungi species include a strain of Aspergillus clavatus,Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Canidia albicans,Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus gattii, Cryptococcus laurentii,Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Pneumocystis jirovecii,Pneumocystis carinii, and Stachybotrys chartarum.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a protozoan. In some embodiments,the analyte is a pathogenic protozoan. Non-limiting examples ofpathogenic protozoa belong to the genera Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia,Cryptosporidium, Dientamoeba, Endolimax, Entamoeba, Giardia, Iodamoeba,Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Sappinia, Toxoplasma, Trichomonas,and Trypanosoma. Non-limiting examples of specific pathogenic protozoaspecies include a strain of Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris,Cryptosporidium canis, Cryptosporidium felis, Cryptosporidium hominis,Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidiumparvum, Dientamoeba fragilis, Endolimax nana, Entamoeba dispar,Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Entamoebamoshkovskii, Giardia lamblia, Iodamoeba butschlii, Leishmaniaaethiopica, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania chagasi, Leishmaniadonovani, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana,Leishmania tropica, Naegleria fowleri, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodiumknowlesi, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax,Sappinia diploidea, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis,Trypanosoma brucei, and Trypanosoma cruzi.

In some embodiments, the analyte is secreted by or expressed on the cellsurface of a microorganism (e.g., a bacterium, a colonic bacterium, aviable bacterium, a dead bacterium, a parasite (e.g., Giardia lamblia,Cryptosporidium, Cystoisosporiasis belli, and Balantidium coli), a virus(e.g., a herpes virus, a cytomegalovirus, a herpes simplex virus, anEpstein-Barr virus, a human papilloma virus, a rotavirus, a humanherpesvirus-8; Goodgame (1999) Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 1(4): 292-300).In some embodiments, the analyte is secreted by or expressed on the cellsurface of a Gram-negative bacterium (e.g., E. coli, Helicobacterpylori). In some embodiments, the analyte is secreted by or expressed onthe cell surface (e.g., a bacterial surface epitope) of a Gram-positivebacterium (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum,Clostridium dificile).

In some embodiments, the analyte is a molecule expressed on the surfaceof a bacterial cell (e.g., a bacterial cell surface protein). In someembodiments, the analyte is a bacterial toxin (e.g., TcdA and/or TcdBfrom Clostridium difficile). In some embodiments, the analyte is CFA/Ifimbriae, flagella, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid, or apeptidoglycan. Non-limiting examples of bacterium that may express ananalyte that can be detected using any of the devices and methodsdescribed herein include: Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus,Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Yersiniapestis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Francisella tularensis, Brucellaspecies, Clostridium perfringens, Burkholderia mallei, Burkholderiapseudomallei, Helicobacter pylori, Staphylococcus species, Mycobacteriumspecies, Group A Streptococcus, Group B Streptococcus, Streptococcuspneumoniae, Francisella tularensis, Salmonella enteritidis, Mycoplasmahominis, Mycoplasma orale, Mycoplasma salivarium, Mycoplasma fermentans,Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium leprae, Rickettsia rickettsii,Rickettsia akari, Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia canada, Bacillussubtilis, Bacillus subtilis niger, Bacillus thuringiensis, Coxiellabumetti, Candida albicans, Bacteroides fragilis, Leptospira interrogans,Listeria monocytogenes, Pasteurella multocida, Salmonella typhi,Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneria,Shigella sonnei, Vibrio cholera, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a byproduct from a bacterium oranother microorganism, e.g., helminth ova, enterotoxin (Clostridiumdifficile toxin A; TcdA), cytotoxin (Clostridium difficile toxin B;TcdB), ammonia. In some embodiments, the analyte is an antigen from amicroorganism (e.g., a bacteria, virus, prion, fungus, protozoan or aparasite).

In some embodiments, the analytes include drugs, metabolites,pesticides, pollutants, and the like. Included among drugs of interestare the alkaloids. Among the alkaloids are morphine alkaloids, whichincludes morphine, codeine, heroin, dextromethorphan, their derivativesand metabolites; cocaine alkaloids, which include cocaine and benzylecgonine, their derivatives and metabolites; ergot alkaloids, whichinclude the diethylamide of lysergic acid; steroid alkaloids; iminazoylalkaloids; quinazoline alkaloids; isoquinoline alkaloids; quinolinealkaloids, which include quinine and quinidine; diterpene alkaloids,their derivatives and metabolites.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a steroid selected from theestrogens, androgens, andreocortical steroids, bile acids, cardiotonicglycosides and aglycones, which includes digoxin and digoxigenin,saponins and sapogenins, their derivatives and metabolites. Alsoincluded are the steroid mimetic substances, such as diethylstilbestrol.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a bile acid. In some embodiments,the presence, absence, and/or a specific level of one or more bile acidsin the GI tract of a subject is indicative of a condition or diseasestate (e.g., a GI disorder and/or a non-GI disorder (e.g., a systemicdisorder). For example, in some embodiments, the compositions andmethods described herein may be used to detect and/or quantify a bileacid in the GI tract of the subject to diagnose a condition such as bileacid malabsorption (also known as bile acid diarrhea). In someembodiments, the analyte is a metabolite in the serotonin, tryptophanand/or kynurenine pathways, including but not limited to, serotonin(5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), 5-hydroxytryptophan(5-HTP), kynurenine (K), kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykynurenine(3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA), quinolinic acid, anthranilicacid, and combinations thereof 5-HT is a molecule that plays a role inthe regulation of gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and sensation.Imbalances in the levels of 5-HT are associated with several diseasesincluding inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS), autism, gastric ulcerformation, non-cardiac chest pain, and functional dyspepsia (see, e.g.,Faure et al. (2010) Gastroenterology 139(1): 249-58 and Muller et al.(2016) Neuroscience 321: 24-41, and International Publication No. WO2014/188377, each of which are incorporated herein by reference).Conversion of metabolites within the serotonin, tryptophan and/orkynurenine pathways affects the levels of 5-HT in a subject. Therefore,measuring the levels of one or more of the metabolites in this pathwaymay be used for the diagnosis, management and treatment of a disease ordisorder associated with 5-HT imbalance including but not limited toIBS, autism, carcinoid syndrome, depression, hypertension, Alzheimer'sdisease, constipation, migraine, and serotonin syndrome. One or moreanalytes in the serotonin, tryptophan and/or kynurenine pathways can bedetected and/or quantitated using, for example, methods andanalyte-binding agents that bind to these metabolites including, e.g.,antibodies, known in the art (see, e.g., International Publication No.WO 2014/188377, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety).

In some embodiments, the analyte is a lactam having from 5 to 6 annularmembers selected from barbituates, e.g., phenobarbital and secobarbital,diphenylhydantonin, primidone, ethosuximide, and metabolites thereof.

In some embodiments, the analyte is an aminoalkylbenzene, with alkyl offrom 2 to 3 carbon atoms, selected from the amphetamines;catecholamines, which includes ephedrine, L-dopa, epinephrine; narceine;papaverine; and metabolites thereof.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a benzheterocyclic selected fromoxazepam, chlorpromazine, tegretol, their derivatives and metabolites,the heterocyclic rings being azepines, diazepines and phenothiazines.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a purine selected from theophylline,caffeine, their metabolites and derivatives.

In some embodiments, the analyte is marijuana, cannabinol ortetrahydrocannabinol.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a vitamin such as vitamin A, vitaminB, e.g. vitamin Blu, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E and vitamin K,folic acid, thiamine.

In some embodiments, the analyte is selected from prostaglandins, whichdiffer by the degree and sites of hydroxylation and unsaturation.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a tricyclic antidepressant selectedfrom imipramine, dismethylimipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline,protriptyline, trimipramine, chlomipramine, doxepine, anddesmethyldoxepin.

In some embodiments, the analyte is selected from anti-neoplastics,including methotrexate.

In some embodiments, the analyte is an antibiotic as described herein,including, but not limited to, penicillin, chloromycetin, actinomycetin,tetracycline, terramycin, and metabolites and derivatives.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a nucleoside and nucleotide selectedfrom ATP, NAD, FMN, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine, and cytidine withtheir appropriate sugar and phosphate substituents.

In some embodiments, the analyte is selected from methadone,meprobamate, serotonin, meperidine, lidocaine, procainamide,acetylprocainamide, propranolol, griseofulvin, valproic acid,butyrophenones, antihistamines, chloramphenicol, anticholinergic drugs,such as atropine, their metabolites and derivatives.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a metabolite related to a diseasedstate. Such metabolites include, but are not limited to spermine,galactose, phenylpyruvic acid, and porphyrin Type 1.

In some embodiments, the analyte is an aminoglycoside, such asgentamicin, kanamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a pesticide. Among pesticides ofinterest are polyhalogenated biphenyls, phosphate esters,thiophosphates, carbamates, polyhalogenated sulfenamides, theirmetabolites and derivatives.

In some embodiments, the analyte has a molecular weight of about 500 Dato about 1,000,000 Da (e.g., about 500 to about 500,000 Da, about 1,000to about 100,000 Da).

In some embodiments, the analyte is a receptor, with a molecular weightranging from 10,000 to 2×10⁸ Da, more usually from 10,000 to 10⁶ Da. Forimmunoglobulins, IgA, IgG, IgE and IgM, the molecular weights willgenerally vary from about 160,000 Da to about 10⁶ Da. Enzymes willnormally range in molecular weight from about 10,000 Da to about1,000,000 Da. Natural receptors vary widely, generally having amolecular weight of at least about 25,000 Da and may be 10⁶ or higherDa, including such materials as avidin, DNA, RNA, thyroxine bindingglobulin, thyroxine binding prealbumin, transcortin, etc.

In some embodiments, the term “analyte” further includes polynucleotideanalytes such as those polynucleotides defined below. These includem-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA, DNA, DNA-RNA duplexes, etc. The term analyte alsoincludes polynucleotide-binding agents, such as, for example,restriction enzymes, transcription factors, transcription activators,transcription repressors, nucleases, polymerases, histones, DNA repairenzymes, intercalating gagents, chemotherapeutic agents, and the like.

In some embodiments, the analyte may be a molecule found directly in asample such as a body fluid from a host. The sample can be examineddirectly or may be pretreated to render the analyte more readilydetectible. Furthermore, the analyte of interest may be determined bydetecting an agent probative of the analyte of interest (i.e., ananalyte-binding agent), such as a specific binding pair membercomplementary to the analyte of interest, whose presence will bedetected only when the analyte of interest is present in a sample. Thus,the agent probative of the analyte becomes the analyte that is detectedin an assay.

In some embodiments, the analyte a nucleic acid (e.g., a bacterial DNAmolecule or a bacterial RNA molecule (e.g., a bacterial tRNA, atransfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)). See, e.g., Sjostrom et al. (2015)Scientific Reports 5:15329; Ghosal (2017) Microbial Pathogenesis104:161-163; Shen et al. (2012) Cell Host Microbe. 12(4):509-520.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a component of an outer membranevesicle (OMV) (e.g., an OmpU protein, Elluri et al. (2014) PloS One9:e106731). See, e.g., Kulp and Kuehn (2010) Annual Review ofmicrobiology 64:163-184; Berleman and Auer (2013) EnvironmentalMicrobiology 15:347-354; Wai et al. (1995) Microbiology and Immunology39:451-456; Lindmark et al. (2009) BMC Microbiology 9:220; Sjostrom etal. (2015) Scientific Reports 5:15329.

In some embodiments, the analyte is G-CSF, which can stimulate the bonemarrow to produce granulocytes and stem cells and release them into thebloodstream.

In some embodiments, the analyte is an enzyme such as glutathioneS-transferase. For example, the ingestible device can include P28GST, a28 kDa helminth protein from Schistosoma with potent immunogenic andantioxidant properties. P28GST prevents intestinal inflammation inexperimental colitis through a Th2-type response with mucosaleosinophils and can be recombinantly produced (e.g., in S. cerevisiae).See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 9,593,313, Driss et al., MucosalImmunology, 2016, 9:322-335; and Capron et al., Gastroenterology,146(5):S-638.

In some embodiments, the analyte is a metabolite in the serotonin,tryptophan and/or kynurenine pathways, including but not limited to,serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA),5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), kynurenine (K), kynurenic acid (KA),3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA),quinolinic acid, anthranilic acid, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, analytes are therapeutic agents or drugs. In someembodiments, analytes are biomarkers. The therapeutic agents disclosedherein are can also be analytes. Examples of biomarkers are providedherein.

In some embodiments, analytes are therapeutic agents, fragments thereof,and metabolites thereof (e.g., antibiotics). In some embodiments, theanalytes are antibodies. In some embodiments, the analytes areantibiotics. Additional exemplary analytes (e.g., antibodies andantibiotics) are provided below.

Antibodies

In some embodiments, the analyte or the analyte-binding agent is anantibody. In some embodiments, the antibody can be a humanized antibody,a chimeric antibody, a multivalent antibody, or a fragment thereof. Insome embodiments, an antibody can be a scFv-Fc (Sokolowska-Wedzina etal., Mol. Cancer Res. 15(8):1040-1050, 2017), a VHH domain (Li et al.,Immunol. Lett. 188:89-95, 2017), a VNAR domain (Hasler et al., Mol.Immunol. 75:28-37, 2016), a (scFv)₂, a minibody (Kim et al., PLoS One10(1):el 13442, 2014), or a BiTE. In some embodiments, an antibody canbe a DVD-Ig (Wu et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 25(11):1290-1297, 2007; WO08/024188; WO 07/024715), and a dual-affinity re-targeting antibody(DART) (Tsai et al., Mol. Ther. Oncolytics 3:15024, 2016), a triomab(Chelius et al., MAbs 2(3):309-319, 2010), kih IgG with a common LC(Kontermann et al., Drug Discovery Today 20(7):838-847, 2015), acrossmab (Regula et al., EMBO Mol. Med. 9(7):985, 2017), an ortho-FabIgG (Kontermann et al., Drug Discovery Today 20(7):838-847, 2015), a2-in-1-IgG (Kontermann et al., Drug Discovery Today 20(7):838-847,2015), IgG-scFv (Cheal et al., Mol. Cancer Ther. 13(7):1803-1812, 2014),scFv2-Fc (Natsume et al., J. Biochem. 140(3):359-368, 2006), abi-nanobody (Kontermann et al., Drug Discovery Today 20(7):838-847,2015), tanden antibody (Kontermann et al., Drug Discovery Today20(7):838-847, 2015), a DART-Fc (Kontermann et al., Drug Discovery Today20(7):838-847, 2015), a scFv-HSA-scFv (Kontermann et al., Drug DiscoveryToday 20(7):838-847, 2015), DNL-Fab3 (Kontermann et al., Drug-DiscoveryToday 20(7):838-847, 2015), DAF (two-in-one or four-in-one), DutaMab,DT-IgG, knobs-in-holes common LC, knobs-in-holes assembly, charge pairantibody, Fab-arm exchange antibody, SEEDbody, Triomab, LUZ-Y, Fcab,kX-body, orthogonal Fab, DVD-IgG, IgG(H)-scFv, scFv-(H)IgG, IgG(L)-scFv,scFv-(L)-IgG, IgG (L,H)-Fc, IgG(H)-V, V(H)-IgG, IgG(L)-V, V(L)-IgG, KIHIgG-scFab, 2scFv-IgG, IgG-2scFv, scFv4-Ig, Zybody, DVI-IgG, nanobody(e.g., antibodies derived from Camelus bactriamus, Calelus dromaderius,or Lama paccos) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,808; Stijlemans et al., J. Biol.Chem. 279:1256-1261, 2004; Dumoulin et al., Nature 424:783-788, 2003;and Pleschberger et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 14:440-448, 2003),nanobody-HSA, a diabody (e.g., Poljak, Structure 2(12):1121-1123, 1994;Hudson et al., J. Immunol. Methods 23(1-2):177-189, 1999), a TandAb(Reusch et al., mAbs 6(3):727-738, 2014), scDiabody (Cuesta et al.,Trends in Biotechnol. 28(7):355-362, 2010), scDiabody-CH3 (Sanz et al.,Trends in Immunol. 25(2):85-91, 2004), Diabody-CH3 (Guo et al.), TripleBody, miniantibody, minibody, TriBi minibody, scFv-CH3 KIH, Fab-scFv,scFv-CH-CL-scFv, F(ab′)2-scFV2, scFv-KIH, Fab-scFv-Fc, tetravalent HCAb,scDiabody-Fc, diabody-Fc, tandem scFv-Fc, intrabody (Huston et al.,Human Antibodies 10(3-4):127-142, 2001; Wheeler et al., Mol. Ther.8(3):355-366, 2003; Stocks, Drug Discov. Today 9(22):960-966, 2004),dock and lock bispecific antibody, ImmTAC, HSAbody, scDiabody-HSA,tandem scFv, IgG-IgG, Cov-X-Body, and scFv1-PEG-scFv2.

In some embodiments, an antibody can be an IgNAR, a bispecific antibody(Milstein and Cuello, Nature 305:537-539, 1983; Suresh et al., Methodsin Enzymology 121:210, 1986; WO 96/27011; Brennan et al., Science229:81, 1985; Shalaby et al., J. Exp. Med. 175:217-225, 1992; Kolstelnyet al., J. Immunol. 148(5):1547-1553, 1992; Hollinger et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:6444-6448, 1993; Gruber et al., J. Immunol.152:5368, 1994; Tutt et al., J. Immunol. 147:60, 1991), a bispecificdiabody, a triabody (Schoonooghe et al., BMC Biotechnol. 9:70, 2009), atetrabody, scFv-Fc knobs-into-holes, a scFv-Fc-scFv, a (Fab′scFv)₂, aV-IgG, a IvG-V, a dual V domain IgG, a heavy chain immunoglobulin or acamelid (Holt et al., Trends Biotechnol. 21(11):484-490, 2003), anintrabody, a monoclonal antibody (e.g., a human or humanized monoclonalantibody), a heteroconjugate antibody (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980), alinear antibody (Zapata et al., Protein Eng. 8(10:1057-1062, 1995), atrispecific antibody (Tutt et al., J. Immunol. 147:60, 1991), aFabs-in-Tandem immunoglobulin (WO 15/103072), or a humanized camelidantibody.

In some embodiments, the antibody binds specifically to a metabolite inthe serotonin, tryptophan and/or kynurenine pathways, including but notlimited to, serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA),5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), kynurenine (K), kynurenic acid (KA),3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA),quinolinic acid, anthranilic acid. Exemplary antibodies that bind tometabolites in these pathways are disclosed, for example, inInternational Publication No. WO 2014/188377, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the antibody is specific for a particular genus,species, or strain of a microorganism, and may therefore be used for thedetection, analysis and/or quantitation of the microorganism using thedetection methods described below. In some embodiments, the antibodyspecifically binds to a surface-specific biomolecule (e.g., a pilussubunit or a flagella protein) present in a particular genus, species orstrain of microorganism, and does not cross-react with othermicroorganisms. In some embodiments, these antibodies may be used in themethods described herein to diagnose a subject with a particularinfection or disease, or to monitor an infection (e.g., during or aftertreatment). In some embodiments, the antibody specifically binds to anantigen present in a particular genera, species or strain of amicroorganism. Exemplary antigens, the corresponding microorganism thatcan be detected, and the disease caused by the microorganism (inparentheticals) include: outer membrane protein A OmpA (Acinetobacterbaumannii, Acinetobacter infections)); HIV p24 antigen, HIV envelopeproteins (Gp120, Gp41, Gp160) (HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus), AIDS(Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)); galactose-inhibitable adherenceprotein GIAP, 29 kDa antigen Eh29, GaVGaINAc lectin, protein CRT, 125kDa immunodominant antigen, protein M17, adhesin ADH112, protein STIRP(Entamoeba histolytica, Amoebiasis); protective Antigen PA, edema factorEF, lethal factor LF, the S-layer homology proteins SLH (Bacillusanthracis, Anthrax); nucleocapsid protein NP, glycoprotein precursorGPC, glycoprotein GP1, glycoprotein GP2 (Junin virus, Argentinehemorrhagic fever); 41 kDa allergen Asp v13, allergen Asp f3, majorconidial surface protein rodlet A, protease Pep1p, GPI-anchored proteinGel1p, GPI-anchored protein Crf1p (Aspergillus genus, Aspergillosis);outer surface protein A OspA, outer surface protein OspB, outer surfaceprotein OspC, decorin binding protein A DbpA, flagellar filament 41 kDacore protein Fla, basic membrane protein A precursor BmpA(Immunodominant antigen P39), outer surface 22 kDa lipoprotein precursor(antigen IPLA7), variable surface lipoprotein vIsE (Borrelia genus,Borrelia infection); OmpA-like transmembrane domain-containing proteinOmp31, immunogenic 39-kDa protein M5 P39, 25 kDa outer-membraneimmunogenic protein precursor Omp25, outer membrane protein MotY Omp16,conserved outer membrane protein D15, malate dehydrogenase Mdh,component of the Type-IV secretion system (T4SS) VirJ, lipoprotein ofunknown function BAB1-0187 (Brucella genus, Brucellosis); major outermembrane protein PorA, flagellin FIaA, surface antigen CjaA, fibronectinbinding protein CadF, aspartate/glutamate-binding ABC transporterprotein Peb1A, protein FspA1, protein FspA2 (Campylobacter genus,Campylobacteriosis); glycolytic enzyme enolase, secreted aspartylproteinases SAP1-10, glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell wallprotein, adhesin Als3p, cell surface hydrophobicity protein CSH (usuallyCandida albicans and other Candida species, Candidiasis); envelopeglycoproteins (gB, gC, gE, gH, gI, gK, gL) (Varicella zoster virus(VZV), Chickenpox); major outer membrane protein MOMP, probable outermembrane protein PMPC, outer membrane complex protein B OmcB (Chlamydiatrachomatis, Chlamydia); major outer membrane protein MOMP, outermembrane protein 2 Omp2, (Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophilapneumoniae infection); outer membrane protein U Porin ompU, (Vibriocholerae, Cholera); surface layer proteins SLPs, Cell Wall Protein CwpV,flagellar protein FliC, flagellar protein FliD (Clostridium difficile,Clostridium difficile infection); acidic ribosomal protein P2 CpP2,mucin antigens Mucd, Muc2, Muc3 Muc4, Muc5, Muc6, Muc7, surfaceadherence protein CP20, surface adherence protein CP23, surface proteinCP12, surface protein CP21, surface protein CP40, surface protein CP60,surface protein CP15, surface-associated glycopeptides gp40,surface-associated glycopeptides gp15, oocyst wall protein AB, profilinPRF, apyrase (Cryptosporidium genus, Cryptosporidiosis); membraneprotein pp15, capsid-proximal tegument protein pp150 (Cytomegalovirus,Cytomegalovirus infection); prion protein (vCJD prion, VariantCreutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD, nvCJD)); cyst wall proteins CWP1, CWP2,CWP3, variant surface protein VSP, VSP1, VSP2, VSP3, VSP4, VSP5, VSP6,56 kDa antigen (Giardia intestinalis, Giardiasis); minorpilin-associated subunit pilC, major pilin subunit and variants pilE,pilS (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Gonorrhea); outer membrane protein A OmpA,outer membrane protein C OmpC, outer membrane protein K17 OmpK17(Klebsiella granulomatis, Granuloma inguinale (Donovanosis));fibronectin-binding protein Sfb (Streptococcus pyogenes, Group Astreptococcal infection); outer membrane protein P6 (Haemophilusinfluenzae, Haemophilus influenzae infection); integral membraneproteins, aggregation-prone proteins, O-antigen, toxin-antigens Stx2B,toxin-antigen Stx1B, adhesion-antigen fragment Int28, protein EspA,protein EspB, Intimin, protein Tir, protein IntC300, protein Eae(Escherichia coli O157:H7, 0111 and 0104:H4, Hemolytic-uremic syndrome(HUS)); hepatitis A surface antigen HBAg (Hepatitis A Virus, HepatitisA); hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg (Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis B);envelope glycoprotein E1 gp32 gp35, envelope glycoprotein E2 NS1 gp68gp70, capsid protein C, (Hepatitis C Virus, Hepatitis C); type IV pilinPilE, outer membrane protein MIP, major outer membrane protein MompS(Legionella pneumophila, Legionellosis (Legionnaires' disease, Pontiacfever)); minor pilin-associated subunit pilC, major pilin subunit andvariants pilE, pilS (Neisseria meningitidis, Meningococcal disease);adhesin P1, adhesion P30 (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumonia);F1 capsule antigen, outer membrane protease Pla, (Yersinia pestis,Plague); surface adhesin PsaA, cell wall surface anchored protein psrP(Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pneumococcal infection); flagellin FliC,invasion protein SipC, glycoprotein gp43, outer membrane protein LamB,outer membrane protein PagC, outer membrane protein TolC, outer membraneprotein NmpC, outer membrane protein FadL, transport protein SadA(Salmonella genus, Salmonellosis); collagen adhesin Cna,fibronectin-binding protein A FnbA, secretory antigen SssA(Staphylococcus genus, Staphylococcal food poisoning); collagen adhesinCan (Staphylococcus genus, Staphylococcal infection);fibronectin-binding protein A FbpA (Ag85A), fibronectin-binding proteinD FbpD, fibronectin-binding protein C FbpCl, heat-shock protein HSP65,protein PST-S (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis); and outermembrane protein FobA, outer membrane protein FobB, type IV piliglycosylation protein, outer membrane protein tolC, protein TolQ(Francisella tularensis, Tularemia). Additional exemplary microorganismsand corresponding antigens are disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Publication No.2015/0118264, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, a plurality of antibodies (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or more antibodies) are used asanalyte-binding agents in any of the methods described herein (e.g., todetect the presence of one or more analytes in a sample). In someembodiments, the plurality of antibodies bind to the same analyte (e.g.,an antigen). In some embodiments, the plurality of antibodies bind tothe same epitope present on the analyte (e.g., an antigen). In someembodiments, the plurality of antibodies bind to different epitopespresent on the same analyte. In some embodiments, the plurality ofantibodies bind to overlapping epitopes present on the same analyte. Insome embodiments, the plurality of antibodies bind to non-overlappingepitopes present on the same analyte.

Antibiotics

In some embodiments, the analyte or analyte-binding agent is anantibiotic. An “antibiotic” or “antibiotic agent” refers to a substancethat has the capacity to inhibit or slow down the growth of, or todestroy bacteria and/or other microorganisms. In some embodiments, theantibiotic agent is a bacteriostatic antibiotic agent. In someembodiments, the antibiotic is a bacteriolytic antibiotic agent.Exemplary antibiotic agents are set forth in the U.S. Patent PublicationUS 2006/0269485, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in itsentirety.

In some embodiments, the antibiotic agent is selected from the classesconsisting of beta-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, ansa-typeantibiotics, anthraquinones, antibiotic azoles, antibioticglycopeptides, macrolides, antibiotic nucleosides, antibiotic peptides,antibiotic polyenes, antibiotic polyethers, quinolones, antibioticsteroids, sulfonamides, tetracycline, dicarboxylic acids, antibioticmetals, oxidizing agents, substances that release free radicals and/oractive oxygen, cationic antimicrobial agents, quaternary ammoniumcompounds, biguanides, triguanides, bisbiguanides and analogs andpolymers thereof and naturally occurring antibiotic compounds. In someembodiments, the antibiotic is rifaximin.

Beta-lactam antibiotics include, but are not limited to,2-(3-alanyl)clavam, 2-hydroxymethylclavam, 8-epi-thienamycin,acetyl-thienamycin, amoxicillin, amoxicillin sodium, amoxicillintrihydrate, amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination, ampicillin,ampicillin sodium, ampicillin trihydrate, ampicillin-sulbactam,apalcillin, aspoxicillin, azidocillin, azlocillin, aztreonam,bacampicillin, biapenem, carbenicillin, carbenicillin disodium,carfecillin, carindacillin, carpetimycin, cefacetril, cefaclor,cefadroxil, cefalexin, cefaloridine, cefalotin, cefamandole,cefamandole, cefapirin, cefatrizine, cefatrizine propylene glycol,cefazedone, cefazolin, cefbuperazone, cefcapene, cefcapene pivoxilhydrochloride, cefdinir, cefditoren, cefditoren pivoxil, cefepime,cefetamet, cefetamet pivoxil, cefixime, cefinenoxime, cefinetazole,cefminox, cefminox, cefmolexin, cefodizime, cefonicid, cefoperazone,ceforanide, cefoselis, cefotaxime, cefotetan, cefotiam, cefoxitin,cefozopran, cefpiramide, cefpirome, cefpodoxime, cefpodoxime proxetil,cefprozil, cefquinome, cefradine, cefroxadine, cefsulodin, ceftazidime,cefteram, cefteram pivoxil, ceftezole, ceftibuten, ceftizoxime,ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, cefuroxime axetil, cephalosporin, cephamycin,chitinovorin, ciclacillin, clavulanic acid, clometocillin, cloxacillin,cycloserine, deoxy pluracidomycin, dicloxacillin, dihydropluracidomycin, epicillin, epithienamycin, ertapenem, faropenem,flomoxef, flucloxacillin, hetacillin, imipenem, lenampicillin,loracarbef, mecillinam, meropenem, metampicillin, meticillin,mezlocillin, moxalactam, nafcillin, northienamycin, oxacillin,panipenem, penamecillin, penicillin, phenethicillin, piperacillin,tazobactam, pivampicillin, pivcefalexin, pivmecillinam, pivmecillinamhydrochloride, pluracidomycin, propicillin, sarmoxicillin, sulbactam,sulbenicillin, talampicillin, temocillin, terconazole, thienamycin,ticarcillin and analogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

Aminoglycosides include, but are not limited to,1,2′-N-DL-isoseryl-3′,4′-dideoxykanamycin B,1,2′-N-DL-isoseryl-kanamycin B,1,2′-N-[(S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl]-3′,4′-dideoxykanamycin B,1,2′-N-[(S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl]-kanamycin B,1-N-(2-Aminobutanesulfonyl) kanamycin A,1-N-(2-aminoethanesulfonyl)3′,4′-dideoxyribostamycin,1-N-(2-Aminoethanesulfonyl)3′-deoxyribostamycin,1-N-(2-aminoethanesulfonyl)3′4′-dideoxykanamycin B,1-N-(2-aminoethanesulfonyl)kanamycin A,1-N-(2-aminoethanesulfonyl)kanamycin B,1-N-(2-aminoethanesulfonyl)ribostamycin,1-N-(2-aminopropanesulfonyl)3′-deoxykanamycin B,1-N-(2-aminopropanesulfonyl)3′4′-dideoxykanamycin B,1-N-(2-aminopropanesulfonyl)kanamycin A,1-N-(2-aminopropanesulfonyl)kanamycin B,1-N-(L-4-amino-2-hydroxy-butyryl)2,′3′-dideoxy-2′-fluorokanamycin A,1-N-(L-4-amino-2-hydroxy-propionyl)2,′3′-dideoxy-2′-fluorokanamycin A,1-N-DL-3′,4′-dideoxy-isoserylkanamycin B, 1-N-DL-isoserylkanamycin,1-N-DL-isoserylkanamycin B,1-N-[L-(−)-(alpha-hydroxy-gamma-aminobutyryl)]-XK-62-2,2′,3′-dideoxy-2′-fluorokanamycinA,2-hydroxygentamycin A3,2-hydroxygentamycin B, 2-hydroxygentamycin B1,2-hydroxygentamycin JI-20A, 2-hydroxygentamycin JI-20B,3″-N-methyl-4″-C-methyl-3′,4′-dodeoxy kanamycin A,3″-N-methyl-4″-C-methyl-3′,4′-dodeoxy kanamycin B,3″-N-methyl-4″-C-methyl-3′,4′-dodeoxy-6′-methyl kanamycin B,3′,4′-Dideoxy-3′-eno-ribostamycin,3′,4′-dideoxyneamine,3′,4′-dideoxyribostamycin,3′-deoxy-6′-N-methyl-kanamycin B,3′-deoxyneamine,3′-deoxyribostamycin,3′-oxysaccharocin,3,3′-nepotrehalosadiamine,3-demethoxy-2″-N-formimidoylistamycin B disulfate tetrahydrate,3-demethoxyistamycin B,3-O-demethyl-2-N-formimidoylistamycin B,3-O-demethylistamycin B,3-trehalosamine,4″,6″-dideoxydibekacin,4-N-glycyl-KA-6606VI, 5″-Amino-3′,4′,5″-trideoxy-butirosin A,6″-deoxydibekacin,6′-epifortimicin A, 6-deoxy-neomycin (structure6-deoxy-neomycin B), 6-deoxy-neomycin B, 6-deoxy-neomycin C,6-deoxy-paromomycin, acmimycin, AHB-3′,4′-dideoxyribostamycin,AHB-3′-deoxykanamycin B, AHB-3′-deoxyneamine, AHB-3′-deoxyribostamycin,AHB-4″-6″-dideoxydibekacin, AHB-6″-deoxydibekacin, AHB-dideoxyneamine,AHB-kanamycin B, AHB-methyl-3′-deoxykanamycin B, amikacin, amikacinsulfate, apramycin, arbekacin, astromicin, astromicin sulfate,bekanamycin, bluensomycin, boholmycin, butirosin, butirosin B,catenulin, coumamidine gammal, coumamidinegamma2,D,L-1-N-(alpha-hydroxy-beta-aminopropionyl)-XK-62-2, dactimicin,de-O-methyl-4-N-glycyl-KA-6606VI, de-O-methyl-KA-6606I,de-O-methyl-KA-7038I, destomycin A, destomycin B,di-N6′,O3-demethylistamycin A, dibekacin, dibekacin sulfate,dihydrostreptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin sulfate,epi-formamidoylglycidylfortimicin B, epihygromycin,formimidoyl-istamycin A, formimidoyl-istamycin B, fortimicin B,fortimicin C, fortimicin D, fortimicin KE, fortimicin KF, fortimicin KG,fortimicin KG1 (stereoisomer KG1/KG2), fortimicin KG2 (stereoisomerKG1/KG2), fortimicin KG3, framycetin, framycetin sulphate, gentamicin,gentamycin sulfate, globeomycin, hybrimycin A1, hybrimycin A2,hybrimycin B1, hybrimycin B2, hybrimycin C1, hybrimycin C2,hydroxystreptomycin, hygromycin, hygromycin B, isepamicin, isepamicinsulfate, istamycin, kanamycin, kanamycin sulphate, kasugamycin,lividomycin, marcomycin, micronomicin, micronomicin sulfate, mutamicin,myomycin, N-demethyl-7-O-demethylcelesticetin, demethylcelesticetin,methanesulfonic acid derivative of istamycin, nebramycin, nebramycin,neomycin, netilmicin, oligostatin, paromomycin, quintomycin,ribostamycin, saccharocin, seldomycin, sisomicin, sorbistin,spectinomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, trehalosmaine, trestatin,validamycin, verdamycin, xylostasin, zygomycin and analogs, salts andderivatives thereof.

Ansa-type antibiotics include, but are not limited to,21-hydroxy-25-demethyl-25-methylthioprotostreptovaricin,3-methylthiorifamycin, ansamitocin, atropisostreptovaricin, awamycin,halomicin, maytansine, naphthomycin, rifabutin, rifamide, rifampicin,rifamycin, rifapentine, rifaximin (e.g., Xifaxan®), rubradirin,streptovaricin, tolypomycin and analogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

Antibiotic anthraquinones include, but are not limited to, auramycin,cinerubin, ditrisarubicin, ditrisarubicin C, figaroic acid fragilomycin,minomycin, rabelomycin, rudolfomycin, sulfurmycin and analogs, salts andderivatives thereof.

Antibiotic azoles include, but are not limited to, azanidazole,bifonazole, butoconazol, chlormidazole, chlormidazole hydrochloride,cloconazole, cloconazole monohydrochloride, clotrimazol, dimetridazole,econazole, econazole nitrate, enilconazole, fenticonazole, fenticonazolenitrate, fezatione, fluconazole, flutrimazole, isoconazole, isoconazolenitrate, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lanoconazole, metronidazole,metronidazole benzoate, miconazole, miconazole nitrate, neticonazole,nimorazole, niridazole, omoconazol, ornidazole, oxiconazole, oxiconazolenitrate, propenidazole, secnidazol, sertaconazole, sertaconazolenitrate, sulconazole, sulconazole nitrate, tinidazole, tioconazole,voriconazol and analogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

Antibiotic glycopeptides include, but are not limited to, acanthomycin,actaplanin, avoparcin, balhimycin, bleomycin B (copper bleomycin),chloroorienticin, chloropolysporin, demethylvancomycin, enduracidin,galacardin, guanidylfungin, hachimycin, demethylvancomycin,N-nonanoyl-teicoplanin, phleomycin, platomycin, ristocetin,staphylocidin, talisomycin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, victomycin,xylocandin, zorbamycin and analogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

Macrolides include, but are not limited to, acetylleucomycin,acetylkitasamycin, angolamycin, azithromycin, bafilomycin, brefeldin,carbomycin, chalcomycin, cirramycin, clarithromycin, concanamycin,deisovaleryl-niddamycin, demycinosyl-mycinamycin,Di-O-methyltiacumicidin, dirithromycin, erythromycin, erythromycinestolate, erythromycin ethyl succinate, erythromycin lactobionate,erythromycin stearate, flurithromycin, focusin, foromacidin,haterumalide, haterumalide, josamycin, josamycin ropionate, juvenimycin,juvenimycin, kitasamycin, ketotiacumicin, lankavacidin, lankavamycin,leucomycin, machecin, maridomycin, megalomicin, methylleucomycin,methymycin, midecamycin, miocamycin, mycaminosyltylactone, mycinomycin,neutramycin, niddamycin, nonactin, oleandomycin, phenylacetyideltamycin,pamamycin, picromycin, rokitamycin, rosaramicin, roxithromycin,sedecamycin, shincomycin, spiramycin, swalpamycin, tacrolimus,telithromycin, tiacumicin, tilmicosin, treponemycin, troleandomycin,tylosin, venturicidin and analogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

Antibiotic nucleosides include, but are not limited to, amicetin,angustmycin, azathymidine, blasticidin S, epiroprim, flucytosine,gougerotin, mildiomycin, nikkomycin, nucleocidin, oxanosine, oxanosine,puromycin, pyrazomycin, showdomycin, sinefungin, sparsogenin,spicamycin, tunicamycin, uracil polyoxin, vengicide and analogs, saltsand derivatives thereof.

Antibiotic peptides include, but are not limited to, actinomycin,aculeacin, alazopeptin, amfomycin, amythiamycin, antifungal fromZalerion arboricola, antrimycin, apid, apidaecin, aspartocin,auromomycin, bacileucin, bacillomycin, bacillopeptin, bacitracin,bagacidin, beminamycin, beta-alanyl-L-tyrosine, bottromycin,capreomycin, caspofungine, cepacidine, cerexin, cilofungin, circulin,colistin, cyclodepsipeptide, cytophagin, dactinomycin, daptomycin,decapeptide, desoxymulundocandin, echanomycin, echinocandin B,echinomycin, ecomycin, enniatin, etamycin, fabatin, ferrimycin,ferrimycin, ficellomycin, fluoronocathiacin, fusaricidin, gardimycin,gatavalin, globopeptin, glyphomycin, gramicidin, herbicolin, iomycin,iturin, iyomycin, izupeptin, janiemycin, janthinocin, jolipeptin,katanosin, killertoxin, lipopeptide antibiotic, lipopeptide fromZalerion sp., lysobactin, lysozyme, macromomycin, magainin, melittin,mersacidin, mikamycin, mureidomycin, mycoplanecin, mycosubtilin,neopeptifluorin, neoviridogrisein, netropsin, nisin, nocathiacin,nocathiacin 6-deoxyglycoside, nosiheptide, octapeptin, pacidamycin,pentadecapeptide, peptifluorin, permetin, phytoactin, phytostreptin,planothiocin, plusbacin, polcillin, polymyxin antibiotic complex,polymyxin B, polymyxin B1, polymyxin F, preneocarzinostatin, quinomycin,quinupristin-dalfopristin, safracin, salmycin, salmycin, salmycin,sandramycin, saramycetin, siomycin, sperabillin, sporamycin, aStreptomyces compound, subtilin, teicoplanin aglycone, telomycin,thermothiocin, thiopeptin, thiostrepton, tridecaptin, tsushimycin,tuberactinomycin, tuberactinomycin, tyrothricin, valinomycin, viomycin,virginiamycin, zervacin and analogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

In some embodiments, the antibiotic peptide is a naturally-occurringpeptide that possesses an antibacterial and/or an antifungal activity.Such peptide can be obtained from an herbal or a vertebrate source.

Polyenes include, but are not limited to, amphotericin, amphotericin,aureofungin, ayfactin, azalomycin, blasticidin, candicidin, candicidinmethyl ester, candimycin, candimycin methyl ester, chinopricin, filipin,flavofungin, fradicin, hamycin, hydropricin, levorin, lucensomycin,lucknomycin, mediocidin, mediocidin methyl ester, mepartricin,methylamphotericin, natamycin, niphimycin, nystatin, nystatin methylester, oxypricin, partricin, pentamycin, perimycin, pimaricin, primycin,proticin, rimocidin, sistomycosin, sorangicin, trichomycin and analogs,salts and derivatives thereof.

Polyethers include, but are not limited to, 20-deoxy-epi-narasin,20-deoxysalinomycin, carriomycin, dynemicin, dihydrolonomycin,etheromycin, ionomycin, iso-lasalocid, lasalocid, lenoremycin,lonomycin, lysocellin, monensin, narasin, oxolonomycin, a polycyclicether antibiotic, salinomycin and analogs, salts and derivativesthereof.

Quinolones include, but are not limited to, analkyl-methylendioxy-4(1H)-oxocinnoline-3-carboxylic acid,alatrofloxacin, cinoxacin, ciprofloxacin, ciprofloxacin hydrochloride,danofloxacin, dermofongin A, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, fleroxacin,flumequine, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, grepafloxacin, levofloxacin,lomefloxacin, lomefloxacin, hydrochloride, miloxacin, moxifloxacin,nadifloxacin, nalidixic acid, nifuroquine, norfloxacin, ofloxacin,orbifloxacin, oxolinic acid, pazufloxacine, pefloxacin, pefloxacinmesylate, pipemidic acid, piromidic acid, premafloxacin, rosoxacin,rufloxacin, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, tosufloxacin, trovafloxacin andanalogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

Antibiotic steroids include, but are not limited to, aminosterol,ascosteroside, cladosporide A, dihydrofusidic acid,dehydro-dihydrofusidic acid, dehydrofusidic acid, fusidic acid,squalamine and analogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

Sulfonamides include, but are not limited to, chloramine, dapsone,mafenide, phthalylsulfathiazole, succinylsulfathiazole, sulfabenzamide,sulfacetamide, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadiazine, sulfadiazine silver,sulfadicramide, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadoxine, sulfaguanidine,sulfalene, sulfamazone, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethizole,sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine,sulfamoxol, sulfanilamide, sulfaperine, sulfaphenazol, sulfapyridine,sulfaquinoxaline, sulfasuccinamide, sulfathiazole, sulfathiourea,sulfatolamide, sulfatriazin, sulfisomidine, sulfisoxazole, sulfisoxazoleacetyl, sulfacarbamide and analogs, salts and derivatives thereof.

Tetracyclines include, but are not limited to, dihydrosteffimycin,demethyltetracycline, aclacinomycin, akrobomycin, baumycin,bromotetracycline, cetocyclin, chlortetracycline, clomocycline,daunorubicin, demeclocycline, doxorubicin, doxorubicin hydrochloride,doxycycline, lymecyclin, marcellomycin, meclocycline, meclocyclinesulfosalicylate, methacycline, minocycline, minocycline hydrochloride,musettamycin, oxytetracycline, rhodirubin, rolitetracycline, rubomycin,serirubicin, steffimycin, tetracycline and analogs, salts andderivatives thereof.

Dicarboxylic acids, having between about 6 and about 14 carbon atoms intheir carbon atom skeleton are particularly useful in the treatment ofdisorders of the skin and mucosal membranes that involve microbial.Suitable dicarboxylic acid moieties include, but are not limited to,adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid,1,11-undecanedioic acid, 1,12-dodecanedioic acid, 1,13-tridecanedioicacid and 1,14-tetradecanedioic acid. Thus, in one or more embodiments ofthe present disclosure, dicarboxylic acids, having between about 6 andabout 14 carbon atoms in their carbon atom skeleton, as well as theirsalts and derivatives (e.g., esters, amides, mercapto-derivatives,anhydraides), are useful immunomodulators in the treatment of disordersof the skin and mucosal membranes that involve inflammation. Azelaicacid and its salts and derivatives are preferred. It has antibacterialeffects on both aerobic and anaerobic organisms, particularlyPropionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, normalizeskeratinization, and has a cytotoxic effect on malignant or hyperactivemelanocytes. In a preferred embodiment, the dicarboxylic acid is azelaicacid in a concentration greater than 10%. Preferably, the concentrationof azelaic acid is between about 10% and about 25%. In suchconcentrates, azelaic acid is suitable for the treatment of a variety ofskin disorders, such as acne, rosacea and hyperpigmentation.

In some embodiments, the antibiotic agent is an antibiotic metal. Anumber of metals ions have been shown to possess antibiotic activity,including silver, copper, zinc, mercury, tin, lead, bismutin, cadmium,chromium and ions thereof. It has been theorized that these antibioticmetal ions exert their effects by disrupting respiration and electrontransport systems upon absorption into bacterial or fungal cells.Anti-microbial metal ions of silver, copper, zinc, and gold, inparticular, are considered safe for in vivo use. Anti-microbial silverand silver ions are particularly useful due to the fact that they arenot substantially absorbed into the body. Thus, in one or moreembodiment, the antibiotic metal consists of an elemental metal,selected from the group consisting of silver, copper, zinc, mercury,tin, lead, bismutin, cadmium, chromium and gold, which is suspended inthe composition as particles, microparticles, nanoparticles or colloidalparticles. The antibiotic metal can further be intercalated in achelating substrate.

In further embodiments, the antibiotic metal is ionic. The ionicantibiotic metal can be presented as an inorganic or organic salt(coupled with a counterion), an organometallic complex or anintercalate. Non-binding examples of counter inorganic and organic ionsare sulfadiazine, acetate, benzoate, carbonate, iodate, iodide, lactate,laurate, nitrate, oxide, and palmitate, a negatively charged protein. Inpreferred embodiments, the antibiotic metal salt is a silver salt, suchas silver acetate, silver benzoate, silver carbonate, silver iodate,silver iodide, silver lactate, silver laurate, silver nitrate, silveroxide, silver palmitate, silver protein, and silver sulfadiazine.

In one or more embodiments, the antibiotic metal or metal ion isembedded into a substrate, such as a polymer, or a mineral (such aszeolite, clay and silica).

In one or more embodiments, the antibiotic agent includes strongoxidants and free radical liberating compounds, such as oxygen, hydrogenperoxide, benzoyl peroxide, elemental halogen species, as well asoxygenated halogen species, bleaching agents (e.g., sodium, calcium ormagnesium hypochloride and the like), perchlorite species, iodine,iodate, and benzoyl peroxide. Organic oxidizing agents, such asquinones, are also included. Such agents possess a potent broad-spectrumactivity.

In one or more embodiments, the antibiotic agent is a cationicantimicrobial agent. The outermost surface of bacterial cellsuniversally carries a net negative charge, making them sensitive tocationic substances. Examples of cationic antibiotic agents include:quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC's)-QAC's are surfactants, generallycontaining one quaternary nitrogen associated with at least one majorhydrophobic moiety; alkyltrimethyl ammonium bromides are mixtures ofwhere the alkyl group is between 8 and 18 carbons long, such ascetrimide (tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide); benzalkonium chloride,which is a mixture of n-alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride where thealkyl groups (the hydrophobic moiety) can be of variable length;dialkylmethyl ammonium halides; dialkylbenzyl ammonium halides; and QACdimmers, which bear bi-polar positive charges in conjunction withinterstitial hydrophobic regions.

In one or more embodiments, the cationic antimicrobial agent is apolymer. Cationic antimicrobial polymers include, for example, guanidepolymers, biguanide polymers, or polymers having side chains containingbiguanide moieties or other cationic functional groups, such asbenzalkonium groups or quarternium groups (e.g., quaternary aminegroups). It is understood that the term “polymer” as used hereinincludes any organic material including three or more repeating units,and includes oligomers, polymers, copolymers, block copolymers,terpolymers, etc. The polymer backbone may be, for example apolyethylene, ploypropylene or polysilane polymer.

In one or more embodiments, the cationic antimicrobial polymer is apolymeric biguanide compound. When applied to a substrate, such apolymer is known to form a barrier film that can engage and disrupt amicroorganism. An exemplary polymeric biguanide compound ispolyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) salts. Other exemplary biguanidepolymers include, but are not limited to poly(hexamethylenebiguanide),poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride, poly(hexamethylenebiguanide)gluconate, poly(hexamethylenebiguanide) stearate, or a derivativethereof. In one or more embodiments, the antimicrobial material issubstantially water-insoluble.

In some embodiments, the antibiotic agent is selected from the group ofbiguanides, triguanides, bisbiguanides and analogs thereof.

Guanides, biguanides, biguanidines and triguanides are unsaturatednitrogen containing molecules that readily obtain one or more positivecharges, which make them effective antimicrobial agents. The basicstructures a guanide, a biguanide, a biguanidine and a triguanide areprovided below.

In some embodiments, the guanide, biguanide, biguanidine or triguanide,provide bi-polar configurations of cationic and hydrophobic domainswithin a single molecule.

Examples of guanides, biguanides, biguanidines and triguanides that arecurrently been used as antibacterial agents include chlorhexidine andchlorohexidine salts, analogs and derivatives, such as chlorhexidineacetate, chlorhexidine gluconate and chlorhexidine hydrochloride,picloxydine, alexidine and polihexanide. Other examples of guanides,biguanides, biguanidines and triguanides that can conceivably be usedaccording to the present disclosure are chlorproguanil hydrochloride,proguanil hydrochloride (currently used as antimalarial agents),mefformin hydrochloride, phenformin and buformin hydrochloride(currently used as antidiabetic agents).

Yet, in one or more embodiments, the antibiotic is a non-classifiedantibiotic agent, including, without limitation, aabomycin, acetomycin,acetoxycycloheximide, acetylnanaomycin, an Actinoplanes sp. compound,actinopyrone, aflastatin, albacarcin, albacarcin, albofungin,albofungin, alisamycin, alpha-R,S-methoxycarbonylbenzylmonate,altromycin, amicetin, amycin, amycin demanoyl compound, amycine,amycomycin, anandimycin, anisomycin, anthramycin, anti-syphilis immunesubstance, anti-tuberculosis immune substance, an antibiotic fromEscherichia coli, an antibiotic from Streptomyces refuineus, anticapsin,antimycin, aplasmomycin, aranorosin, aranorosinol, arugomycin,ascofuranone, ascomycin, ascosin, Aspergillus flavus antibiotic,asukamycin, aurantinin, an Aureolic acid antibiotic substance, aurodox,avilamycin, azidamfenicol, azidimycin, bacillaene, a Bacillus larvaeantibiotic, bactobolin, benanomycin, benzanthrin, benzylmonate,bicozamycin, bravomicin, brodimoprim, butalactin, calcimycin, calvaticacid, candiplanecin, carumonam, carzinophilin, celesticetin, cepacin,cerulenin, cervinomycin, chartreusin, chloramphenicol, chloramphenicolpalmitate, chloramphenicol succinate sodium, chlorflavonin,chlorobiocin, chlorocarcin, chromomycin, ciclopirox, ciclopirox olamine,citreamicin, cladosporin, clazamycin, clecarmycin, clindamycin,coliformin, collinomycin, copiamycin, corallopyronin, corynecandin,coumermycin, culpin, cuprimyxin, cyclamidomycin, cycloheximide,dactylomycin, danomycin, danubomycin, delaminomycin, demethoxyrapamycin,demethylscytophycin, dermadin, desdamethine, dexylosyl-benanomycin,pseudoaglycone, dihydromocimycin, dihydronancimycin, diumycin, dnacin,dorrigocin, dynemycin, dynemycin triacetate, ecteinascidin, efrotomycin,endomycin, ensanchomycin, equisetin, ericamycin, esperamicin,ethylmonate, everninomicin, feldamycin, flambamycin, flavensomycin,florfenicol, fluvomycin, fosfomycin, fosfonochlorin, fredericamycin,frenolicin, fumagillin, fumifungin, funginon, fusacandin, fusafungin,gelbecidine, glidobactin, grahamimycin, granaticin, griseofulvin,griseoviridin, grisonomycin, hayumicin, hayumicin, hazymicin, hedamycin,heneicomycin, heptelicid acid, holomycin, humidin, isohematinic acid,karnatakin, kazusamycin, kristenin, L-dihydrophenylalanine, aL-isoleucyl-L-2-amino-4-(4′-amino-2′,5′-cyclohexadienyl) derivative,lanomycin, leinamycin, leptomycin, libanomycin, lincomycin, lomofungin,lysolipin, magnesidin, manumycin, melanomycin,methoxycarbonylmethylmonate, methoxycarbonylethylmonate,methoxycarbonylphenylmonate, methyl pseudomonate, methylmonate,microcin, mitomalcin, mocimycin, moenomycin, monoacetyl cladosporin,monomethyl cladosporin, mupirocin, mupirocin calcium, mycobacidin,myriocin, myxopyronin, pseudoaglycone, nanaomycin, nancimycin,nargenicin, neocarcinostatin, neoenactin, neothramycin, nifurtoinol,nocardicin, nogalamycin, novobiocin, octylmonate, olivomycin,orthosomycin, oudemansin, oxirapentyn, oxoglaucine methiodide, pactacin,pactamycin, papulacandin, paulomycin, phaeoramularia fungicide,phenelfamycin, phenyl, cerulenin, phenylmonate, pholipomycin,pirlimycin, pleuromutilin, a polylactone derivative, polynitroxin,polyoxin, porfiromycin, pradimicin, prenomycin, prop-2-enylmonate,protomycin, Pseudomonas antibiotic, pseudomonic acid, purpuromycin,pyrinodemin, pyrrolnitrin, pyrrolomycin, amino, chloro pentenedioicacid, rapamycin, rebeccamycin, resistomycin, reuterin, reveromycin,rhizocticin, roridin, rubiflavin, naphthyridinomycin, saframycin,saphenamycin, sarkomycin, sarkomycin, sclopularin, selenomycin,siccanin, spartanamicin, spectinomycin, spongistatin, stravidin,streptolydigin, Streptomyces arenae antibiotic complex, streptonigrin,streptothricins, streptovitacin, streptozotocine, a strobilurinderivative, stubomycin, sulfamethoxazol-trimethoprim, sakamycin,tejeramycin, terpentecin, tetrocarcin, thermorubin, thermozymocidin,thiamphenicol, thioaurin, thiolutin, thiomarinol, thiomarinol,tirandamycin, tolytoxin, trichodermin, trienomycin, trimethoprim,trioxacarcin, tyrissamycin, umbrinomycin, unphenelfamycin, urauchimycin,usnic acid, uredolysin, variotin, vermisporin, verrucarin and analogs,salts and derivatives thereof.

In one or more embodiments, the antibiotic agent is a naturallyoccurring antibiotic compound. As used herein, the term“naturally-occurring antibiotic agent” includes all antibiotics that areobtained, derived or extracted from plant or vertebrate sources.Non-limiting examples of families of naturally-occurring antibioticagents include phenol, resorcinol, antibiotic aminoglycosides, anamycin,quinines, anthraquinones, antibiotic glycopeptides, azoles, macrolides,avilamycin, agropyrene, cnicin, aucubin antibioticsaponin fractions,berberine (isoquinoline alkaloid), arctiopicrin (sesquiterpene lactone),lupulone, humulone (bitter acids), allicin, hyperforin, echinacoside,coniosetin, tetramic acid, imanine and novoimanine.

Ciclopirox and ciclopiroxolamine possess fungicidal, fungistatic andsporicidal activity. They are active against a broad spectrum ofdermatophytes, yeasts, moulds and other fungi, such as Trichophytonsspecies, Microsporum species, Epidermophyton species and yeasts (Candidaalbicans, Candida glabrata, other candida species and Cryptococcusneoformans). Some Aspergillus species are sensitive to ciclopirox as aresome Penicillium. Likewise, ciclopirox is effective against manyGram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli,Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus andStreptococcus species), as well as Mycoplasma species, Trichomonasvaginalis and Actinomyces.

Plant oils and extracts which contain antibiotic agents are also useful.Non-limiting examples of plants that contain agents include thyme,Perilla, lavender, tea tree, Terfezia clayeryi, Micromonospora,Putterlickia verrucosa, Putterlickia pyracantha, Putterlickiaretrospinosa, Maytenus ilicifolia, Maytenus evonymoides, Maytenusaquifolia, Faenia interjecta, Cordyceps sinensis, couchgrass, holythistle, plantain, burdock, hops, echinacea, buchu, chaparral, myrrh,red clover and yellow dock, garlic, and St. John's wort. Mixtures of theantibiotic agents as described herein may also be employed.

Combination Detection

Any combination of the analytes disclosed herein can be detected usingany of the methods described herein. In particular, any combinationdisclosed herein can be detected using any of the methods describedherein.

A “photosensitizer” as used herein refers to a sensitizer for generationof singlet oxygen usually by excitation with light. Exemplaryphotosensitizers suitable for use include those described in U.S. Pat.Nos. 6,251,581, 5,516,636, 8,907,081, 6,545,012, 6,331,530, 8,247,180,5,763,602, 5,705,622, 5,516,636, 7,217,531, and U.S. Patent PublicationNo. 2007/0059316, all of which are herein expressly incorporated byreference in their entireties.

The photosensitizer can be photoactivatable (e.g., dyes and aromaticcompounds) or chemiactivated (e.g., enzymes and metal salts). Whenexcited by light the photosensitizer is usually a compound comprised ofcovalently bonded atoms, usually with multiple conjugated double ortriple bonds. The compound should absorb light in the wavelength rangeof 200-1100 nm, usually 300-1000 nm, e.g., 450-950 nm, with anextinction coefficient at its absorbance maximum greater than 500 M⁻¹cm⁻¹, e.g., at least 5000 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹, or at least 50,000 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹ at theexcitation wavelength. The lifetime of an excited state producedfollowing absorption of light in the absence of oxygen will usually beat least 100 nsec, e.g., at least 1 μsec. In general, the lifetime mustbe sufficiently long to permit energy transfer to oxygen, which willnormally be present at concentrations in the range of 10⁻⁵ to 10³¹ ³Mdepending on the medium. The sensitizer excited state will usually havea different spin quantum number (s) than its ground state and willusually be a triplet (s=1) when, as is usually the case, the groundstate is a singlet (s=0). In some embodiments, the sensitizer will havea high intersystem crossing yield. That is, photoexcitation of asensitizer will produce the long lived state (usually triplet) with anefficiency of at least 10%, at least 40%, e.g., greater than 80%. Thephotosensitizer will usually be at most weakly fluorescent under theassay conditions (quantum yield usually less that 0.5, or less that0.1).

Photosensitizers that are to be excited by light will be relativelyphotostable and will not react efficiently with singlet oxygen. Severalstructural features are present in most useful sensitizers. Mostsensitizers have at least one and frequently three or more conjugateddouble or triple bonds held in a rigid, frequently aromatic structure.They will frequently contain at least one group that acceleratesintersystem crossing such as a carbonyl or imine group or a heavy atomselected from rows 3-6 of the periodic table, especially iodine orbromine, or they may have extended aromatic structures. Typicalsensitizers include acetone, benzophenone, 9-thioxanthone, eosin,9,10-dibromoanthracene, methylene blue, metallo-porphyrins, such ashematoporphyrin, phthalocyanines, chlorophylls, rose bengal,buckminsterfullerene, etc., and derivatives of these compounds havingsubstituents of 1 to 50 atoms for rendering such compounds morelipophilic or more hydrophilic and/or as attaching groups forattachment. Examples of other photosensitizers that may be utilized arethose that have the above properties and are enumerated in N. J. Turro,“Molecular Photochemistry,” page 132, W. A. Benjamin Inc., N.Y. 1965.

In some embodiments, the photosensitizers are relatively non-polar toassure dissolution into a lipophilic member when the photosensitizer isincorporated in an oil droplet, liposome, latex particle, etc.

In some embodiments, the photosensitizers suitable for use hereininclude other substances and compositions that can produce singletoxygen with or without activation by an external light source. Thus, forexample, molybdate (MoO₄ ⁼) salts and chloroperoxidase andmyeloperoxidase plus bromide or chloride ion (Kanofsky, J. Biol. Chem.(1983) 259 5596) have been shown to catalyze the conversion of hydrogenperoxide to singlet oxygen and water. Either of these compositions can,for example, be included in particles and used in the assay methodwherein hydrogen peroxide is included as an ancillary reagebly,chloroperoxidase is bound to a surface and molybdate is incorporated inthe aqueous phase of a liposome. Also included within the scope of thedisclosure as photosensitizers are compounds that are not truesensitizers but which on excitation by heat, light, or chemicalactivation will release a molecule of singlet oxygen. The best knownmembers of this class of compounds includes the endoperoxides such as1,4-biscarboxyethyl-1,4-naphthalene endoperoxide,9,10-diphenylanthracene-9,10-endoperoxide and5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthalene 5,12-endoperoxide. Heating or directabsorption of light by these compounds releases singlet oxygen.

A “chemiluminescent compound” as used herein refers to a substance thatundergoes a chemical reaction with singlet oxygen to form a metastableintermediate that can decompose with the simultaneous or subsequentemission of light within the wavelength range of 250 to 1200 nm.Exemplary chemiluminescent compounds suitable for use include thosedescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,251,581 and 7,709,273, and PatentCooperation Treaty (PCT) International Application Publication No.WO1999/042838. Exemplary chemiluminescent compound includes thefollowing:

Chemiluminescent Half-Life Emission Max Thioxene + Diphenyl anthracence: 0.6 seconds 430 nm Thioxene + Umbelliferone derivative  0.6 seconds 500nm Thioxene + Europium chelate  0.6 seconds 615 nm Thioxene + SamariumChelate  0.6 seconds 648 nm Thioxene + terbium Chelate  0.6 seconds 540nm N-Phenyl Oxazine + Umbelliferone derivative   30 seconds 500 nmN-Phenyl Oxazine + Europium chelate   30 seconds 613 nm N-phenylOxazine + Samarium Chelate   30 seconds 648 nm N-phenyl Oxazine +terbium Chelate   30 seconds 540 nm Dioxene + Umbelliferone derivative 300 seconds 500 nm Dioxene + Europium chelate  300 seconds 613 nmDioxene + Samarium Chelate  300 seconds 648 nm N-phenyl Oxazine +terbium Chelate  300 seconds 540 nm

All of the above mentioned applications are hereby expresslyincorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Emission willusually occur without the presence of an energy acceptor or catalyst tocause decomposition and light emission. In some embodiments, theintermediate decomposes spontaneously without heating or addition ofancillary reagents following its formation. However, addition of areagent after formation of the intermediate or the use of elevatedtemperature to accelerate decomposition will be required for somechemiluminescent compounds. The chemiluminescent compounds are usuallyelectron rich compounds that react with singlet oxygen, frequently withformation of dioxetanes or dioxetanones. Exemplary of such compounds areenol ethers, enamines, 9-alkylidenexanthans,9-alkylidene-N-alkylacridans, aryl vinyl ethers, dioxenes,arylimidazoles and lucigenin. Other chemiluminescent compounds giveintermediates upon reaction with singlet oxygen, which subsequentlyreact with another reagent with light emission. Exemplary compounds arehydrazides such as luminol and oxalate esters.

The chemiluminescent compounds of interest will generally emit atwavelengths above 300 nanometers and usually above 400 nm. Compoundsthat alone or together with a fluorescent molecule emit light atwavelengths beyond the region where serum components absorb light willbe of particular use. The fluorescence of serum drops off rapidly above500 nm and becomes relatively unimportant above 550 nm. Therefore, whenthe analyte is in serum, chemiluminescent compounds that emit lightabove 550 nm, e.g., above 600 nm may be suitable for use. In order toavoid autosensitization of the chemiluminescent compound, in someembodiments, the chemiluminescent compounds do not absorb light used toexcite the photosensitizer. In some embodiments, the sensitizer isexcited with light wavelengths longer than 500 nm, it will therefore bedesirable that light absorption by the chemiluminescent compound be verylow above 500 nm.

Where long wave length emission from the chemiluminescent compound isdesired, a long wavelength emitter such as a pyrene, bound to thechemiluminescent compound can be used. Alternatively, a fluorescentmolecule can be included in the medium containing the chemiluminescentcompound. In some embodiments, fluorescent molecules will be excited bythe activated chemiluminescent compound and emit at a wavelength longerthan the emission wavelength of the chemiluminescent compound, usuallygreater that 550 nm. It is usually also desirable that the fluorescentmolecules do not absorb at the wavelengths of light used to activate thephotosensitizer. Examples of useful dyes include rhodamine, ethidium,dansyl, Eu(fod)₃, Eu(TTA)₃, Ru(bpy)₃ ⁺⁺ (wherein bpy=2,2′-dipyridyl,etc. In general these dyes act as acceptors in energy transfer processesand in some embodiments, have high fluorescent quantum yields and do notreact rapidly with singlet oxygen. They can be incorporated intoparticles simultaneously with the incorporation of the chemiluminescentcompound into the particles.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides diffractive opticsdetection technology that can be used with, for example, ingestibledevice technology. In certain embodiments, an ingestible device includesthe diffractive optics technology (e.g., diffractive optics detectionsystem). In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides diffractiveoptics technology (e.g., diffractive optics detection systems) that areused outside the body of subject. As an example, an ingestible devicecan be used to obtain one more samples in the body (e.g., in thegastrointestinal tract) of a subject, and the diffractive opticstechnology can be used to analyze the sample(s). Such analysis can beperformed in vivo (e.g., when the ingestible device contains thediffractive optics).

Diffraction is a phenomenon that occurs due to the wave nature of light.When light hits an edge or passes through a small aperture, it isscattered in different directions. But light waves can interfere to add(constructively) and subtract (destructively) from each other, so thatif light hits a non-random pattern of obstacles, the subsequentconstructive and destructive interference will result in a clear anddistinct diffraction pattern. A specific example is that of adiffraction grating, which is of uniformly spaced lines, typicallyprepared by ruling straight, parallel grooves on a surface. Lightincident on such a surface produces a pattern of evenly spaced spots ofhigh light intensity. This is called Bragg scattering, and the distancebetween spots (or ‘Bragg scattering peaks’) is a unique function of thediffraction pattern and the wavelength of the light source. Diffractiongratings, like focusing optics, can be operated in both transmission andreflection modes.

In general, the light used in the diffractive optics can be of anyappropriate wavelength. Exemplary wavelengths include visible light,infrared red (IR) and ultraviolet (UV). Optionally, the light can bemonochromatic or polychromatic. The light can be coherent or incoherent.The light can be collimated or non-collimated. In some embodiments, thelight is coherent and collimated. Generally, any appropriate lightsource may be used, such as, for example, a laser (e.g., a laser diode)or a light emitting diode. In some embodiments, the light source is alaser diode operating at 670 nm wavelength, e.g., at 3 mWatts power.Optionally, an operating wavelength of a laser diode can be 780 nm,e.g., when larger grating periods are used. In certain embodiments, thelight source is a laser, such as, for example, a He—Ne laser, a Nd:YVO4laser, or an argon-ion laser. In some embodiments, the light source is alow power, continuous waver laser.

The diffracted light can be detected using any appropriate lightdetector(s). Examples of light detectors include photodetectors, suchas, for example, position sensitive photodiodes, photomultiplier tubes(PMTs), photodiodes (PDs), avalanche photodiodes (APDs), charged-coupleddevice (CCD) arrays, and CMOS detectors. In some embodiments, thediffracted light is detected via one or more individual photodiodes.

In general, the diffraction grating is made of a material that istransparent in the wavelength of the radiation used to illuminate thesensor. Any appropriate material may be used for the diffraction gratingsubstrate, such as glass or a polymer. Exemplary polymers includepolystyrene polymers (PSEs), cyclo-olefin polymers (COPs), polycarbonatepolymers, polymethyl methacrylates, and methyl methacrylate styrenecopolymers. Exemplary COPs include Zeonex (e.g., Zeonex E48R, ZeonexF52R).

The light may be incident on the diffraction grating any appropriateangle. In some embodiments, the light is incident on the diffractiongrating with an angle of incidence of from 30° to 80° (e.g., from 40° to80°, from 50° to 70°, from 55° to 65°, 60°). Optionally, the system isconfigured so that that diffractive grating and light source can moverelative to each other

In general, the light detector can be positioned with respect to thediffractive grating so that the diffraction grating can be illuminatedat a desired angle of incidence and/or so that diffracted light can bedetected at a desired angle and/or so that diffracted light of a desiredorder can be detected.

The period P of the diffraction grating can be selected as desired. Insome embodiments, the period P is from 0.5 microns to 50 microns (e.g.,from one micron to 15 microns, from one micron to five microns). In someembodiments, the grating is a repeating patter of 1.5 micron and 4.5micron lines with a period of 15 microns.

The height h of the diffraction grating can be selected as desired. Incertain embodiments, the height h is from one nanometer to about 1000nanometers (e.g., from about five nanometers to about 250 nanometers,from five nanometers to 100 nanometers).

In general, the diffractive optics can be prepared using any appropriatemethod, such as, for example, surface ablation, photolithograph (e.g.,UV photolithography), laser etching, electron beam etching, nano-imprintmolding, or microcontact printing.

Optionally, the diffractive optics system can include one or moreadditional optical elements, such as, for example, one or more mirrors,filters and/or lenses. Such optical elements can, for example, bearranged between the light source and the diffractive grating and/orbetween the diffractive grating and the detector.

In some of the embodiments of the devices described herein, a primarybinding partner specifically binds to a secondary binding partnerthrough non-covalent interactions (e.g., electrostatic, van der Waals,hydrophobic effect). In some embodiments, a primary binding partnerspecifically binds to a secondary binding partner via a covalent bond(e.g., a polar covalent bond or a non-polar covalent bond). In someembodiments of any of the devices described herein, the primary and thesecondary binding partner can be interchanged. For example, the primarybinding partner can be biotin, or a derivative thereof, and thesecondary binding partner is avidin, or a derivative thereof. In otherexamples, the primary binding partner can be avidin, or a derivativethereof, and the secondary binding partner is biotin.

In some embodiments, the binding of the primary and the secondarybinding partner is essentially irreversible. In some embodiments, thebinding of the primary and the secondary binding partner is reversible.In some embodiments, the primary binding partner is CaptAvidin™biotin-binding protein and the secondary binding partner is biotin, orvice versa. In some embodiments, the primary binding partner is DSB-X™biotin and the secondary binding partner is avidin, or vice versa. Insome embodiments, the primary binding partner is desthiobiotin and thesecondary binding partner is avidin, or vice versa (Hirsch et al., AnalBiochem. 308(2):343-357, 2002). In some embodiments, the primary bindingpartner is glutathione (GSH) or a derivative thereof, and the secondarybinding partner is glutathione-S-transferase (GST).

In some embodiments, the primary binding partner can bind to a targetanalyte that is a nucleic acid (e.g., a DNA molecule, a RNA molecule).In some embodiments, the primary binding partner comprises a portion ofa nucleic acid that is complementary to the nucleic acid sequence of thetarget analyte.

In some embodiments of any of the devices described herein, the devicecan include a label that binds to the target analyte and does notprevent binding of the target analyte to the primary binding partner. Insome embodiments, the label can amplify the diffraction signal of thetarget analyte.

In some embodiments, the label is from about 1 nm to 200 nm (e.g., about50 nm to about 200 nm).

In some embodiments, the label (e.g., any of the labels describedherein) includes one or more antibodies (e.g., any of the antibodiesand/or antibody fragments described herein).

In some embodiments, the label is a nanoparticle (e.g., a goldnanoparticle) that includes the primary binding partner that has anucleic acid sequence that is complementary to the target analyte, andis covalently linked to the nanoparticle.

One or more additional steps can be performed in any of the methodsdescribed herein.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional steps are performed:prior to the binding of the primary binding partner to the secondarybinding partner, after the binding of the primary binding partner to thesecondary binding partner, prior to the binding of the primary bindingpartner to the target analyte, or after the binding of the primarybinding partner to the target analyte.

In some embodiments of any of the methods described herein, thedetermining step (during which the primary binding partner binds to thetarget analyte is detected) can occur in at least 15 seconds. In someembodiments, the binding of the primary binding partner to the targetanalyte can occur during a period of time of, for example, five at leastseconds.

In some embodiments, the one or more additional steps can include: ablocking of the sensors step, at least one wash step, a capturing step,and/or a filtering step. In some embodiments, the blocking step caninclude blocking a sensor within the ingestible device with a solutioncomprising at least 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a buffered solution(e.g., phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Tris buffered saline (TBS)). Insome embodiments, the at least one wash step can include washing with abuffered solution (e.g., phosphate buffered saline (PBS), Tris bufferedsaline (TBS)). In general, blocking is performed during capsulemanufacture, rather than in vivo.

In some embodiments, the capturing step includes enriching the targetanalyte. In some embodiments, the capturing step includes physicallyseparating the target analyte from the remaining sample using a filter,a pore, or a magnetic bead. In some embodiments, the target analyte iscaptured by size exclusion.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of obtaining,culturing, and/or detecting target cells and/or target analytes in vivowithin the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or reproductive tract of asubject. Associated devices are also disclosed. The methods and devicesdescribed provide a number of advantages for obtaining and/or analyzingfluid samples from a subject. In some embodiments, diluting the fluidsample increases the dynamic range of analyte detection and/or reducesbackground signals or interference within the sample. For example,interference may be caused by the presence of non-target analytes ornon-specific binding of a dye or label within the sample. In someembodiments, culturing the sample increases the concentration of targetcells and/or target analytes produced by the target cells therebyfacilitating their detection and/or characterization.

In certain embodiments, the methods and devices a described herein maybe used to obtain information regarding bacteria populations in the GItract of a subject. This has a number of advantages and is less invasivethan surgical procedures such as intubation or endoscopy to obtain fluidsamples from the GI tract. The use of an ingestible device as describedherein also allows for fluid samples to be obtained and data to begenerated on bacterial populations from specific regions of the GItract.

In some embodiments, the methods and devices described herein may beused to generate data such as by analyzing the fluid sample, dilutionsthereof or cultured samples for one or more target cells and/or targetanalytes. The data may include, but is not limited to, the types ofbacteria present in the fluid sample or the concentration of bacteria inspecific regions of the GI tract. Such data may be used to determinewhether a subject has an infection, such as Small Intestinal BacterialOvergrowth (SIBO), or to characterize bacterial populations within theGI tract for diagnostic or other purposes. Thus, in some embodiments,analytes disclosed herein are indicative of disorders of thegastrointestinal tract associated with anomalous bacterial populations.

For example, in one aspect, the data may include, but is not limited to,the concentration of bacteria in a specific region of the GI tract thatis one or more of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon,transverse colon or descending colon. In one aspect, the specific regionof the GI tract is the duodenum. In one aspect, the specific region ofthe GI tract is the jejunum.

In one aspect, the specific region of the GI tract is the ileum. In oneaspect, the specific region of the GI tract is the ascending colon. Inone aspect, the specific region of the GI tract is the transverse colon.In one aspect, the specific region of the GI tract is the descendingcolon. In a related embodiment, the data may be generated every one ormore days to monitor disease flare-ups, or response to the therapeuticagents disclosed herein.

Data may be generated after the device has exited the subject, or thedata may be generated in vivo and stored on the device and recovered exvivo. Alternatively, the data can be transmitted wirelessly from thedevice while the device is passing through the GI tract of the subjector in place within the reproductive tract of the subject.

In some embodiments, a method comprises: providing a device comprisingone or more dilution chambers and dilution fluid; transferring all orpart of a fluid sample obtained from the GI tract or reproductive tractof the subject into the one or more dilution chambers in vivo; andcombining the fluid sample and the dilution fluid to produce one or morediluted samples in the one or more dilution chambers.

In certain embodiments, a method comprises: providing an ingestibledevice comprising one or more dilution chambers; transferring all orpart of a fluid sample obtained from the GI tract into the one or moredilution chambers comprising sterile media; culturing the sample in vivowithin the one or more dilution chambers to produce one or more culturedsamples; and detecting bacteria in the one or more cultured samples.

In some embodiments, a method comprises: providing a device comprisingone or more dilution chambers; transferring all or part of a fluidsample obtained from the GI tract or reproductive tract into the one ormore dilution chambers; combining all or part of the fluid sample with adilution fluid in the one or more dilution chambers; and detecting thetarget analyte in the one or more diluted samples.

In certain embodiments, a device comprises: one or more dilutionchambers for diluting a fluid sample obtained from the GI tract orreproductive tract; and dilution fluid for diluting the sample withinthe one or more dilution chambers.

In some embodiments, the device comprises: one or more dilution chambersfor culturing a fluid sample obtained from the GI tract; sterile mediafor culturing the sample within the one or more dilution chambers; and adetection system for detecting bacteria.

In certain embodiments, a device comprises: one or more dilutionchambers for culturing a fluid sample obtained from the GI tract;sterile media for culturing the sample within the one or more dilutionchambers; and a detection system for detecting bacteria.

Also provided is the use of a device as described herein for dilutingone or more samples obtained from the GI tract or reproductive tract ofa subject. In one embodiment, there is provided the use of an ingestibledevice as described herein for detecting target cells and/or targetanalytes in vivo within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a subject.

Further provided is a system comprising a device as described herein anda base station. In one embodiment, the device transmits data to the basestation, such as data indicative of the concentration and/or types ofbacteria in the GI tract of the subject. In one embodiment, the devicereceives operating parameters from the base station. Some embodimentsdescribed herein provide an ingestible device for obtaining one or moresamples from the GI tract or reproductive tract of a subject anddiluting and/or culturing all or part of the one or more samples. Theingestible device includes a cylindrical rotatable element having a porton the wall of the cylindrical rotatable element. The ingestible devicefurther includes a shell element wrapping around the cylindricalrotatable element to form a first dilution chamber between thecylindrical rotatable element and the shell element. The shell elementhas an aperture that exposes a portion of the wall of the cylindricalrotatable element to an exterior of the ingestible device.

In certain embodiments, the medical device comprises one or moredilution chambers for receiving a fluid sample from the GI tract orreproductive tract of a subject or a dilution thereof. In someembodiments, one or more dilutions of the fluid sample are cultured inone or more dilution chambers. In certain embodiments, the dilutionchambers each define a known volume, optionally the same volume ordifferent volumes. In some embodiments, the dilution chambers define afluid volume ranging from about 10 μL to about 1 mL. The dilutionchambers may define a fluid volume less than or equal to about 500 μL,less than or equal to about 250 IL, less than or equal to about 100 μL,or less than or equal to about 50 μL. In certain embodiments, thedilution chambers define a fluid volume of greater than or equal toabout 10 μL, greater than or equal to about 20 μL, greater than or equalto about 30 μL, or greater than or equal to about 50 μL. In someembodiments, the dilution chambers define a fluid volume between about10 μL and 500 μL, between about 20 μL and 250 μL, between about 30 μLand 100 μL or about 50 μL.

In some embodiments, dilution fluid in the device is combined with allor part of the fluid sample, or dilution thereof, to produce one or moredilutions. In certain embodiments, the dilution fluid is sterile mediasuitable for culturing one or more target cells within the dilutionchambers.

In certain embodiments, the one or more dilution chambers may be filledwith the dilution fluid prior to a patient ingesting the ingestibledevice. In some embodiments, the dilution fluid may be added into theone or more dilution chambers in vivo from a reservoir of the ingestibledevice. Sampling and dilution of the GI fluid sample may take place invivo. For example, an actuator of the ingestible device may pump thedilution fluid from the reservoir into a dilution chamber when it isdetermined that the ingestible device is located at a predeterminedlocation within the GI tract. In some embodiments, the dilution chamberseach contain a volume of sterile media suitable for culturing a fluidsample from the GI tract or reproductive tract. In certain embodiments,the dilution chambers are at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% full of sterile media. In some embodiments, the dilutionchambers each contain oxygen to facilitate aerobic bacteria growth. Incertain embodiments, a non-dilution chamber comprises oxygen and isadded to one or more of the dilution chambers to facilitate aerobicbacteria growth.

In some embodiments, the culturing may take place in vivo immediatelyafter the GI fluid sample has been diluted. Or alternatively, theculturing may take place ex vivo, e.g., when the ingestible device hasbeen evacuated and recovered such that the dilution chamber containingthe diluted GI fluid sample may be extracted and the culturing may beperformed in a laboratory. The recovery of the ingestible device may beperformed in a similar manner as embodiments described in U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/434,188, filed on Dec. 14, 2016, which isherein expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As used herein “culturing” refers to maintaining target cells in anenvironment that allows a population of one or more target cells toincrease in number through cell division. For example, in someembodiments, “culturing” may include combining the cells with media inan dilution chamber at a temperature that permits cell growth,optionally a temperature found in vivo within the GI tract orreproductive tract of a subject. In certain embodiments, the cells arecultured at a temperature between about 35° C. and 42° C.

As used herein “dilution fluid” refers to a fluid within the device fordiluting a fluid sample from the GI tract or reproductive tract. In someembodiments, the dilution fluid is an aqueous solution. In certainembodiments, the dilution fluid comprises one or more agents thatpromote or inhibit the growth of an organism, such as a fungus orbacteria. In some embodiments, the dilution fluid comprises one or moreagents that facilitate the detection of a target analyte, such as dyesor binding agents for target analytes.

In some embodiments, the dilution fluid is a sterile media. As usedherein, “sterile media” refers to media that does not contain any viablebacteria or other cells that would grow and increase in number throughcell division. Media may be rendered sterile by various techniques knownin the art such as, but not limited to, autoclaving and/or preparing themedia using asceptic techniques. In certain embodiments, the media is aliquid media. Examples of media suitable for culturing bacteria includenutrient broth, Lysogeny Broth (LB) (also known as Luria Broth), Wilkinschalgren, and Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB), Other growth or culture mediaknown in the art may also be used in the methods and devices describedherein. In some embodiments, the media has a carbon source, such asglucose or glycerol, a nitrogen source such as ammonium salts ornitrates or amino acids, as well as salts and/or trace elements andvitamins required for microbial growth. In certain embodiments, themedia is suitable for maintaining eukaryotic cells. In some embodiments,the media comprises one or more agents that promote or inhibit thegrowth of bacteria, optionally agents that promote or inhibit the growthof specific types of bacteria.

In certain embodiments, the media is a selective media. As used herein,“selective media” refers to a media that allows certain types of targetcells to grow and inhibits the growth of other organisms. Accordingly,the growth of cells in a selective media indicates the presence ofcertain types of cells within the cultured sample. For example, in someembodiments, the media is selective for gram-positive or gram-negativebacteria. In certain embodiments, the media contains crystal violet andbile salts (such as found in MacConkey agar) that inhibit the growth ofgram-positive organisms and allows for the selection and isolation ofgram-negative bacteria. In some embodiments, the media contains a highconcentration of salt (NaCl) (such as found in Mannitol salt agar) andis selective for Gram-positive bacteria. In some embodiments, the mediaselectively kills eukaryotic cells or only grows prokaryotic cells, forexample, using a media comprising Triton™ X-100. In certain embodiments,the media selectively kills prokaryotic cells (or alternatively onlygrows eukaryotic cells), for example, using a media that comprisesantibiotics.

In some embodiments, the media is an indicator media. As used herein,“indicator media” refers to a media that contains specific nutrients orindicators (such as, but not limited to neutral red, phenol red, eosinY, or methylene blue) that produce a detectable signal when a certaintype of cells are cultured in the indicator media.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising adye and optionally a reagent for selective lysis of eukaryotic cells. Incertain embodiments, the composition comprises both a dye and a reagentfor selective lysis of eukaryotic cells. In some embodiments, thecomposition further comprises one or more reagents independentlyselected from the group consisting of: a second reagent for selectivelysis of eukaryotic cells (e.g., Triton X-100), an electrolyte (e.g.,MgCl₂), an anti-fungi reagent (e.g., amphotericin-B), and an antibiotic.In some embodiments, the composition comprises water and is in the formof an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the composition is a solidor semi-solid. In some embodiments, the compositions described here aresuitable for use in a kit or device for detecting or quantifying viablebacterial cells in a sample. In some embodiments, such a device is aningestible device for detecting or quantifying viable bacterial cells invivo (e.g., in the GI tract). In some embodiments, viable bacterialcells in a sample are detected or quantified in the presence of one ormore antibiotics to determine antibiotic resistance of the bacteria inthe sample. In some embodiments, anomalous bacterial populations in asample may be detected or quantified, for example through the use of onea composition comprising a dye as disclosed herein, to determine whethera subject has an infection, such as Small Intestinal BacterialOvergrowth (SIBO), or to characterize bacterial populations within theGI tract for diagnostic or other purposes.

In some embodiments, a method comprises: (a) contacting the sample witha composition as described herein; and (b) measuring total fluorescenceor rate of change of fluorescence as a function of time of said sample,thereby detecting viable bacterial cells in said sample. In someembodiments, a control as described herein may be employed in themethod. In some embodiments, the total fluorescence or the rate ofchange of fluorescence as a function of time of the sample is measuredover multiple time points for an extended period of time in step (b),thereby detecting viable bacterial cells in said sample. In someembodiments, the method further comprises correlating the totalfluorescence or the rate of change of fluorescence as a function of timedetermined in step (b) to the number of viable bacterial cells in thesample. In some embodiments, the rate of change of fluorescence as afunction of time of the sample measured over multiple time points isdetermined and compared to the rate of change of fluorescence as afunction of time of a control measured over the same time points todetermine the number of viable bacterial cells in the sample. In someembodiments, the method does not require ex vivo plating or culturing.In some embodiments, the method does not require aspiration. In someembodiments, the method is performed in vivo (e.g., in an ingestibledevice in vivo). In some embodiments, the method comprises communicatingthe results of the onboard assay(s) to an ex vivo receiver.

In certain embodiments, a kit comprises a composition as describedherein and instructions, e.g., for detecting or quantifying viablebacterial cells in a sample. In some embodiments, a device comprises acomposition as described herein, e.g., for detecting or quantifyingviable bacterial cells in a sample. The detection of live cells, asopposed to the detection of bacterial components (such as endotoxins)which can be present in the sample environment and lead to conflictingresults, is the gold standard of viable plate counting and representsone of the advantages of the compositions and methods described herein.

The systems employ methods, compositions and detection systems found toaccurately and reliably correlate fluorescence to total bacteria count(TBC) in an autonomous, ingestible device, or other similarly-sizeddevice. The compositions include novel combinations of dyes, buffers anddetergents that allow for the selective staining of viable bacterialcells in samples that comprise non-bacterial cells and other componentsthat otherwise make detecting or quantifying live bacterial cellschallenging. In some embodiments, the systems allow for bacteria to bequantified in near real-time and the results to be shared telemetricallyoutside of the device.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of assessing ormonitoring the need to treat a subject suffering from or at risk ofovergrowth of bacterial cells in the gastrointestinal tract, whichcomprises: (a) obtaining a sample from the gastrointestinal tract ofsaid subject; (b) contacting the sample with a composition as describedherein; (c) measuring total fluorescence or rate of change offluorescence as a function of time of said sample; and (d) correlatingthe total fluorescence or the rate of change of fluorescence as afunction of time measured in step (c) to the number of viable bacterialcells in the sample, wherein the number of the viable bacterial cellsdetermined in step (e) greater than about 105 CFU/mL indicates a needfor treatment, e.g., with an antibiotic agent as described herein. Insome embodiments, a control as described herein may be employed in themethod. In some embodiments, the total fluorescence or the rate ofchange of fluorescence as a function of time of the sample is measuredover multiple time points for an extended period of time in step (c). Insome embodiments, the rate of change of fluorescence as a function oftime of the sample measured over multiple time points is determined andcompared to the rate of change of fluorescence as a function of time ofa control measured over the same time points to determine the number ofviable bacterial cells in the sample. In some embodiments, the methoddoes not require ex vivo plating or culturing. In some embodiments, themethod does not require aspiration. In some embodiments, the method isperformed in vivo (e.g., in an ingestible device in vivo). In someembodiments, the method comprises communicating the results of theonboard assay(s) to an ex vivo receiver. In some embodiments, the methodmay be further used to monitor the subject after the treatment (e.g.,with an antibiotic). In some embodiments, the method may be used toassess the efficacy of the treatment. For example, efficacious treatmentmay be indicated by the decrease of the number of viable bacterial cellsin a sample from the GI tract of the subject post-treatment. Efficacy ofthe treatment may be evaluated by the rate of decrease of the number ofviable bacterial cells in a sample from the GI tract of the subjectpost-treatment. In some embodiments, the method may be used to detectinfection with antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in a subject.For instance, such infection may be indicated where the number of viablebacterial cells in a sample from the GI tract of the subject does notsubstantially decrease after antibiotic treatment.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an absorbable material,(e.g., absorbable sponge), having absorbed therein a composition asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the absorbable sponge is AhlstromGrade 6613H (Lot 150191) or Porex PSU-567, having absorbed therein acomposition as described herein. In some embodiments, the absorbablesponge may be prepared by injecting into the absorbable sponge anaqueous solution comprising a composition as described herein, andoptionally further comprising a step of drying the resulting absorbablesponge.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a method for detectingthe presence of viable bacterial cells in a sample, which comprises: (a)fully or partially saturating an absorbable sponge as described herein,or an absorbable sponge prepared as described herein, with the sample;and (b) measuring total fluorescence or rate of change of fluorescenceas a function of time of the fully or partially saturated spongeprepared in step (a), thereby detecting viable bacterial cells. In someembodiments, a control as described herein may be employed in themethod. In some embodiments, the total fluorescence or the rate ofchange of fluorescence as a function of time of the fully or partiallysaturated sponge is measured over multiple time points for an extendedperiod of time in step (b), thereby detecting viable bacterial cells insaid sample. In some embodiments, the method further comprisescorrelating the total fluorescence or the rate of change of fluorescenceas a function of time measured in step (b) to the number of viablebacterial cells in the sample. In some embodiments, the rate of changeof fluorescence as a function of time of the fully or partiallysaturated sponge measured over multiple time points is determined andcompared to the rate of change of fluorescence as a function of time ofa control measured over the same time points to determine the number ofviable bacterial cells in the sample. In some embodiments, the methoddoes not require ex vivo plating or culturing. In some embodiments, themethod does not require aspiration. In some embodiments, the method isperformed in vivo (e.g., in an ingestible device in vivo). In someembodiments, the method comprises communicating the results of theonboard assay(s) to an ex vivo receiver.

In one aspect, provided herein is a kit comprising an absorbable spongeas described herein and instructions, e.g., for detecting or quantifyingviable bacterial cells in a sample. In another aspect, provided hereinis a device comprising an absorbable sponge as described herein, e.g.,for detecting or quantifying viable bacterial cells in a sample.

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of assessing ormonitoring the need to treat a subject suffering from or at risk ofovergrowth of bacterial cells in the gastrointestinal tract, whichcomprises: (a) obtaining a sample from the gastrointestinal tract ofsaid subject; (b) fully or partially saturating an absorbable spongedescribed herein, or an absorbable sponge prepared as described herein,with the sample; (c) measuring total fluorescence or rate of change offluorescence as a function of time of the fully or partially saturatedsponge prepared in step (b); (d) correlating the total fluorescence orthe rate of change of fluorescence as a function of time measured instep (c) to the number of viable bacterial cells in the sample, whereinthe number of the viable bacterial cells as determined in step (e)greater than about 10⁵ CFU/mL indicates a need for treatment, e.g., withan antibiotic agent as described herein. In some embodiments, a controlas described herein may be employed in the method. In some embodiments,the total fluorescence or the rate of change of fluorescence as afunction of time of the fully or partially saturated sponge is measuredover multiple time points for an extended period of time in step (c). Insome embodiments, the rate of change of fluorescence as a function oftime of the fully or partially saturated sponge measured over multipletime points is determined and compared to the rate of change offluorescence as a function of time of a control measured over the sametime points to determine the number of viable bacterial cells in thesample. In some embodiments, the method does not require ex vivo platingor culturing. In some embodiments, the method does not requireaspiration. In some embodiments, the method is performed in vivo (e.g.,in an ingestible device in vivo). In some embodiments, the methodcomprises communicating the results of the onboard assay(s) to an exvivo receiver. In some embodiments, the method may be further used tomonitor the subject after the treatment (e.g., with an antibiotic). Insome embodiments, the method may be used to assess the efficacy of thetreatment. For example, efficacious treatment may be indicated by thedecrease of the number of viable bacterial cells in a sample from the GItract of the subject post-treatment. Efficacy of the treatment may beevaluated by the rate of decrease of the number of viable bacterialcells in a sample from the GI tract of the subject post-treatment. Insome embodiments, the method may be used to detect infection withantibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in a subject. For instance,such infection may be indicated where the number of viable bacterialcells in a sample from the GI tract of the subject does notsubstantially decrease after antibiotic treatment

In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides and ingestible devicecomprising a housing; a first opening in the wall of the housing; asecond opening in the first end of the housing; and a chamber connectingthe first opening and the second opening, wherein at least a portion ofthe chamber forms a sampling chamber within the ingestible device. Insome embodiments, the sampling chamber is configured to hold anabsorbable sponge described herein. In some embodiments, the samplingchamber is configured to hold a sample obtained from a gastrointestinal(GI) tract of a body. In some embodiments, the ingestible device isindividually calibrated (for example, by comparing to a positive ornegative control as described herein), wherein the fluorescentproperties of the absorbable sponge held in the sampling chamber of thedevice are determined prior to the introduction of the sample. Theingestible device as described herein is useful for detecting orquantifying viable bacterial cells in vivo. In some embodiments,provided herein is a method for detecting or quantifying viablebacterial cells in a GI tract sample in vivo using an ingestible deviceas described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein is a method ofassessing or monitoring the need to treat a subject suffering from or atrisk of overgrowth of bacterial cells in the GI tract in vivo using aningestible device as described herein. In some embodiments, providedherein is a method of altering the treatment regimen of a subjectsuffering from or at risk of overgrowth of bacterial cells in the GItract in vivo using an ingestible device as described herein. In oneaspect, the subject is a subject suffering from or at risk of overgrowthof bacterial cells in the duodenum. In one aspect, the subject is asubject suffering from or at risk of overgrowth of bacterial cells inthe jejunum. In one aspect, the subject is a subject suffering from orat risk of overgrowth of bacterial cells in the ileum. In one aspect,the subject is a subject suffering from or at risk of overgrowth ofbacterial cells in the ascending colon. In one aspect, the subject is asubject suffering from or at risk of overgrowth of bacterial cells inthe transverse colon. In one aspect, the subject is a subject sufferingfrom or at risk of overgrowth of bacterial cells in the descendingcolon. In some embodiments, the method may be further used to monitorthe subject after the treatment (e.g., with an antibiotic). In someembodiments, the method may be used to assess the efficacy of thetreatment. For example, efficacious treatment may be indicated by thedecrease of the number of viable bacterial cells in a sample from the GItract of the subject post-treatment. Efficacy of the treatment may beevaluated by the rate of decrease of the number of viable bacterialcells in a sample from the GI tract of the subject post-treatment. Insome embodiments, the method may be used to detect infection withantibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in a subject. For instance,such infection may be indicated where the number of viable bacterialcells in a sample from the GI tract of the subject does notsubstantially decrease after antibiotic treatment. In some embodiments,the method is performed autonomously and does not require instructions,triggers or other inputs from outside the body after the device has beeningested.

“Eukaryotic” as recited herein relates to any type of eukaryoticorganism excluding fungi, such as animals, in particular animalscontaining blood, and comprises invertebrate animals such as crustaceansand vertebrates. Vertebrates comprise both cold-blooded (fish, reptiles,amphibians) and warm blooded animal (birds and mammals). Mammalscomprise in particular primates and more particularly humans

“Selective lysis” as used herein is obtained in a sample when thepercentage of bacterial cells in that sample that remain intact issignificantly higher (e.g. 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1,000times more) than the percentage of the eukaryotic cells in that samplethat remain intact, upon treatment of or contact with a composition ordevice as described herein.

In some embodiments, the dye suitable for use herein is a dye that iscapable of being internalized by a viable cell, binding to or reactingwith a target component of the viable cell, and having fluorescenceproperties that are measurably altered when the dye is bound to orreacted with the target component of the viable cell. In someembodiments, the dye herein is actively internalized by penetratingviable cells through a process other than passible diffusion across cellmembranes. Such internalization includes, but is not limited to,internalization through cell receptors on cell surfaces or throughchannels in cell membranes. In some embodiments, the target component ofa viable cell to which the dye is bound to or reacted with is selectedfrom the group consisting of: nucleic acids, actin, tubulin, enzymes,nucleotide-binding proteins, ion-transport proteins, mitochondria,cytoplasmic components, and membrane components. In some embodiments,the dye suitable for use herein is a fluorogenic dye that is capable ofbeing internalized and metabolized by a viable cell, and wherein saiddye fluoresces when metabolized by the viable cell. In some embodiments,the dye is a chemiluminescent dye that is capable of being internalizedand metabolized by a viable cell, and wherein said dye becomeschemiluminescent when metabolized by the viable cell.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a dye that fluoresceswhen bond to nucleic acids. Examples of such dyes include, but are notlimited to, acridine orange (U.S. Pat. No. 4,190,328); calcein-AM (U.S.Pat. No. 5,314,805); DAPI; Hoechst 33342; Hoechst 33258; PicoGreen™;SYTO® 16; SYBR® Green I; Texas Red®; Redmond Red™; Bodipy® Dyes; OregonGreen™; ethidium bromide; and propidium iodide.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a lipophilic dye thatfluoresces when metabolized by a cell. In some embodiments, the dyefluoresces when reduced by a cell or a cell component. Examples of dyesthat fluoresce when reduced include, but are not limited to, resazurin;C¹²-resazurin; 7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-ol)N-oxide;6-chloro-9-nitro-5-oxo-5H-benzo[a]phenoxazine; and tetrazolium salts. Insome embodiment, the dye fluoresces when oxidized by a cell or a cellcomponent. Examples of such dyes include, but are not limited to,dihydrocalcein AM; dihydrorhodamine 123; dihydroethidium;2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorotetramethyldihydrorosamine; and 3′-(p-aminophenyl)fluorescein.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a dye that becomeschemiluminescent when oxidized by a cell or a cell component, such asluminol.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a dye that fluoresceswhen de-acetylated and/or oxidized by a cell or a cell component.Examples of such dyes include, but are not limited to,dihydrorhodamines; dihydrofluoresceins; 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluoresceindiacetate; 5-(and 6-)carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate;and chloromethyl-2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate acetylester.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a dye that fluoresceswhen reacted with a peptidase. Examples of such dyes include, but arenot limited to, (CBZ-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala)2-R110 elastase 2;(CBZ-Ala-Ala-Asp)2-R110 granzyme B; and 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin,N-CBZ-L-aspartyl-L-glutamyl-L-valyl-L-aspartic acid amide.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises a dye selected from thegroup consisting of resazurin, FDA, Calcein AM, and SYTO® 9. In someembodiments, the dye is FDA or SYTO® 9.

SYTO® 9, when used alone, labels the nucleic acid of bacteria cells. Theexcitation/emission wavelengths for SYTO® 9 is 480/500 nm, with thebackground remaining non-fluorescent. See, e.g., J. Appl. Bacteriol. 72,410 (1992); Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 13, 58 (1991); Curr. Microbiol. 4,321 (1980); J. Microbiol. Methods 13, 87 (1991); and Microbiol. Rev. 51,365 (1987); and J. Med. Microbiol. 39, 147 (1993).

FDA is a non-polar, non-fluorescent compound that can cross themembranes of mammalian and bacterial cells. The acetyl esterases(present only within viable cells) hydrolyze the FDA into thefluorescent compound fluorescein. Fluorescein is a fluorescent polarcompound that is retained within these cells. Living cells can bevisualized in a photospectrometer when assayed with an excitationwavelength of 494 nm and an emission wavelength of 518 nm. See, e.g.,Brunius, G. (1980). Technical aspects of the use of 3′,6′-Diacetylfluorescein for vital fluorescent staining of bacteria. CurrentMicrobiol. 4: 321-323; Jones, K. H. and Senft, J. A. (1985). An improvedmethod to determine cellviability by simultaneous stainingwithfluorescein diacetate-propidium iodide. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33:77-79; Ross, R. D., Joneckis, C. C., Ordonez, J. V., Sisk, A. M., Wu, R.K., Hamburger, A. W., and Nora, R. E. (1989). Estimation of cellsurvival by flow cytometric quantification of fluoresceindiacetate/propidium iodide viable cell number. Cancer Research. 49:3776-3782.

Calcein-AM, which is an acetoxylmethyl ester of calcein, is highlylipophilic and cell permeable. Calcein-AM in itself is not fluorescent,but the calcein generated by esterase in a viable cell emits a greenfluorescence with an excitation wavelength of 490 nm and an emission of515 nm. Therefore, Calcein-AM can only stain viable cells. See, e.g.,Kimura, K., et al., Neurosci. Lett., 208, 53 (1998); Shimokawa, I., etal., J. Geronto., 51a, b49 (1998); Yoshida, S., et al., Clin. Nephrol.,49, 273 (1998); and Tominaga, H., et al., Anal. Commun., 36, 47 (1999).

Resazuirn (also known as Alamar Blue) is a blue compound that can bereduced to pink resorufin which is fluorescent. This dye is mainly usedin viability assays for mammalian cells. C¹²-resazurin has better cellpermeability than resazurin. When lipohilic C¹²-resazurin crosses thecell membranes, it is subsequently reduced by living cells to make a redfluorescent resorufin. The adsorption/emission of C¹²-resazurin is563/587 nm. See, e.g., Appl Environ Microbiol 56, 3785 (1990); J DairyRes 57, 239 (1990); J Neurosci Methods 70, 195 (1996); J Immunol Methods210, 25 (1997); J Immunol Methods 213, 157 (1998); Antimicrob AgentsChemother 41, 1004 (1997).

In some embodiments, the composition optionally further comprises areagent for selective lysis of eukaryotic cells. In some embodiments,the composition comprises a dye as described herein and a reagent forselective lysis of eukaryotic cells. In some embodiments, the reagentfor selective lysis of eukaryotic cells is a detergent, such as anon-ionic or an ionic detergent. Examples of the reagent for selectivelysis of eukaryotic cells include, but are not limited to,alkylglycosides, Brij 35 (C12E23 Polyoxyethyleneglycol dodecyl ether),Brij 58 (C16E20 Polyoxyethyleneglycol dodecyl ether), Genapol, glucanidssuch as MEGA-8, -9, -10, octylglucoside, Pluronic F127, Triton X-100(C₁₄H₂₂O(C₂H₄O)_(n)), Triton X-114 (C₂₄H₄₂O₆), Tween 20 (Polysorbate 20)and Tween 80 (Polysorbate 80), Nonidet P40, deoxycholate, reduced TritonX-100 and/or Igepal CA 630. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises a dye as described herein and deoxycholate (e.g., sodiumdeoxycholate) as a reagent for selective lysis of eukaryotic cells. Insome embodiments, the composition comprises deoxycholate at aconcentration selected from 0.0001% to 1 wt %. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises deoxycholate at a concentration of 0.005 wt %. Insome embodiments, the composition may comprise more than one reagent forselective lysis of eukaryotic cells.

In some embodiments, the composition may comprise two different reagentsfor selective lysis of eukaryotic cells. In some instances, when morethan one selective lysis reagents are used, more effective and/orcomplete selective lysis of eukaryotic cells in a sample may beachieved. For example, the composition may comprise deoxycholate (e.g.,sodium deoxycholate) and Triton X-100 as two different reagents forselective lysis of eukaryotic cells. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises deoxycholate (e.g., sodium deoxycholate) at aconcentration selected from 0.0001% to 1 wt % (e.g., 0.005 wt %) andTriton X-100 at a concentration selected from 0.1 to 0.05 wt %.

In some embodiments, after a sample (e.g., a biological sample) istreated or contacted with a composition comprising a dye and one or morereagents for selective lysis of eukaryotic cells as described herein,the eukaryotic cells (e.g., animal cells) in the sample are selectivelylysed whereby a substantial percentage (e.g., more than 20%, 40%, 60%,80%, 90% or even more that 95%) of the bacterial cells in the samesample remains intact or alive.

In some embodiments, the composition does not comprise a reagent forselective lysis of eukaryotic cells, and such a composition is usefulfor detecting or quantifying viable bacterial cells in a sample (e.g.,an environmental sample such as a water sample) that does not containany eukaryotic cells.

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an electrolyte,such as a divalent electrolyte (e.g., MgCl₂). In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises MgCl₂ at a concentration selected from 0.1 mM to100 mM (e.g., a concentration selected from 0.5 mM to 50 mM).

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises water and is in aform of an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the composition has apH selected from 5-8 (e.g., a pH selected from 6-7.8, such as pH being6.0). In some embodiments, the composition is a solid or a semi-solid.

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an anti-fungalagent. Suitable anti-fungal agents for use herein include, but are notlimited to, fungicidal and fungistatic agents including terbinafine,itraconazole, micronazole nitrate, thiapendazole, tolnaftate,clotrimazole and griseofulvin. In some embodiments, the anti-fungalagent is a polyene anti-fungal agent, such as amphotericin-B, nystatin,and pimaricin.

In some embodiments, the composition does not contain any anti-fungalagent. In some embodiments, the composition contains broad spectrumantibiotics but not any anti-fungal agent. Such compositions that do notcontain anti-fungal agents but contain broad spectrum antibiotics may beuseful in detecting or quantifying fungi (e.g., yeast) in a sample.

In some embodiments, the composition does not contain any anti-fungalagent, any antibiotics or any anti-mammalian agent. Such compositionsthat do not selectively lyse mammalian cells may be useful in detectingor quantifying mammalian cells (e.g., cells from the GI tract) in asample since many dyes have a higher affinity for mammalian as comparedto bacteria or fungi cells. In some embodiments, the compositioncontains broad spectrum antibiotics and one or more anti-fungal agents.Such compositions that contain anti-fungal agents and broad spectrumantibiotics may be useful in detecting or quantifying mammalian cells(e.g., cells from the GI tract) in a sample. The detection orquantification of mammalian cells may be useful for determining cellturnover in a subject. High cell turnover is sometimes associated with aGI injury (e.g., lesion), the presence of a tumor(s), orradiation-induced colitis or radiation enteropathy.

In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an antibioticagent as described herein. Such a composition may be useful in detectingor quantifying antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in a sample.

In certain embodiments, the composition comprises Triton X-100,deoxycholate, resazurin, and MgCl₂. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises Triton X-100, deoxycholate, resazurin, amphotericin-B andMgCl₂. In some embodiments, the composition comprises 0.1 wt % or 0.05wt % Triton X-100; 0.005 wt % deoxycholate; 10 mM resazurin; 2.5 mg/Lamphotericin-B and 50 mM MgCl₂. In some embodiments, the composition hasa pH of 6.0.

In certain embodiments, the compositions are suitable for use in a kitor device, e.g., for detecting or quantifying viable bacterial cells ina sample. In some embodiments, such a device is an ingestible device fordetecting or quantifying viable bacterial cells in vivo (e.g., in the GItract).

FIG. 62 illustrates a nonlimiting example of a system for collecting,communicating and/or analyzing data about a subject, using an ingestibledevice as disclosed herein. For example, an ingestible device may beconfigured to communicate with an external base station. As an example,an ingestible device can have a communications unit that communicateswith an external base station which itself has a communications unit.FIG. 62 illustrates exemplary implementation of such an ingestibledevice. As shown in FIG. 62, a subject ingests an ingestible device asdisclosed herein. Certain data about the subject (e.g., based on acollected sample) and/or the location of the ingestible device in the GItract of the subject is collected or otherwise available and provided toa mobile device, which then forwards the data via the internet and aserver/data store to a physician's office computer. The informationcollected by the ingestible device is communicated to a receiver, suchas, for example, a watch or other object worn by the subject. Theinformation is then communicated from the receiver to the mobile devicewhich then forwards the data via the internet and a server/data store toa physician's office computer. The physician is then able to analyzesome or all of the data about the subject to provide recommendations,such as, for example, delivery a therapeutic agent. While FIG. 62 showsa particular approach to collecting and transferring data about asubject, the disclosure is not limited. As an example, one or more ofthe receiver, mobile device, internet, and/or server/data store can beexcluded from the data communication channel. For example, a mobiledevice can be used as the receiver of the device data, e.g., by using adongle. In such embodiments, the item worn by the subject need not bepart of the communication chain. As another example, one or more of theitems in the data communication channel can be replaced with analternative item. For example, rather than be provided to a physician'soffice computer, data may be provided to a service provider network,such as a hospital network, an HMO network, or the like. In someembodiments, subject data may be collected and/or stored in one location(e.g., a server/data store) while device data may be collected and/orstored in a different location (e.g., a different server/data store).

Locations of Treatment

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thelarge intestine of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is inthe proximal portion of the large intestine. In some embodiments, thelocation is in the distal portion of the large intestine.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in theascending colon of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is inthe proximal portion of the ascending colon. In some embodiments, thelocation is in the distal portion of the ascending colon.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thececum of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is in theproximal portion of the cecum. In some embodiments, the location is inthe distal portion of the cecum.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thesigmoid colon of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is inthe proximal portion of the sigmoid colon. In some embodiments, thelocation is in the distal portion of the sigmoid colon.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thetransverse colon of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is inthe proximal portion of the transverse colon. In some embodiments, thelocation is in the distal portion of the transverse colon.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thedescending colon of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is inthe proximal portion of the descending colon. In some embodiments, thelocation is in the distal portion of the descending colon.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thesmall intestine of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is inthe proximal portion of the small intestine. In some embodiments, thelocation is in the distal portion of the small intestine.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in theduodenum of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is in theproximal portion of the duodenum. In some embodiments, the location isin the distal portion of the duodenum.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thejejunum of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is in theproximal portion of the jejunum. In some embodiments, the location is inthe distal portion of the jejunum.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in theduodenum of the subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered at a location in the duodenum of the subject and is notdelivered at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein asite of disease is in the duodenum and no site of disease is present atother locations in the gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in theduodenum of the subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract, wherein a first site of disease is in theduodenum and a second site of disease is in the stomach and no site ofdisease is present at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in theproximal duodenum of the subject and is not delivered at other locationsin the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered at a location in the proximal duodenum of the subject and isnot delivered at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, whereina site of disease is in the duodenum and no site of disease is presentat other locations in the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments,the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in the proximal duodenum ofthe subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract, wherein a first site of disease is in theduodenum and a second site of disease is in the stomach and no site ofdisease is present at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thejejunum of the subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered at a location in the jejunum of the subject and is notdelivered at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein asite of disease is in the jejunum and no site of disease is present atother locations in the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in the jejunum of the subjectand is not delivered at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract,wherein a first site of disease is in the jejunum and a second site ofdisease is in the ileum and no site of disease is present at otherlocations in the gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in theproximal portion of the jejunum of the subject and is not delivered atother locations in the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in the proximal portion of thejejunum of the subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract, wherein a site of disease is in the jejunum andno site of disease is present at other locations in the gastrointestinaltract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a locationin the proximal portion of the jejunum of the subject and is notdelivered at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein afirst site of disease is in the jejunum and a second site of disease isin the ileum and no site of disease is present at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thedistal portion of the jejunum of the subject and is not delivered atother locations in the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in the distal portion of thejejunum of the subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract, wherein a site of disease is in the jejunum andno site of disease is present at other locations in the gastrointestinaltract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a locationin the distal portion of the jejunum of the subject and is not deliveredat other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein a first siteof disease is in the jejunum and a second site of disease is in theileum and no site of disease is present at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in theileum of the subject. In some embodiments, the location is in theproximal portion of the ileum. In some embodiments, the location is inthe distal portion of the ileum.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in theileum of the subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered at a location in the ileum of the subject and is not deliveredat other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein a site ofdisease is in the ileum and no site of disease is present at otherlocations in the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is delivered at a location in the ileum of the subject and isnot delivered at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, whereina first site of disease is in the ileum and a second site of disease isin the cecum and no site of disease is present at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered at a location in the ileum of the subject and is not deliveredat other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein a first siteof disease is in the ileum and a second site of disease is in the cecumand/or ascending colon, and no site of disease is present at otherlocations in the gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in theproximal portion of the ileum of the subject and is not delivered atother locations in the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, theJAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in the proximal portion of theileum of the subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract, wherein a site of disease is in the ileum and nosite of disease is present at other locations in the gastrointestinaltract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a locationin the proximal portion of the ileum of the subject and is not deliveredat other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein a first siteof disease is in the ileum and a second site of disease is in the cecumand no site of disease is present at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered at a location in the proximal portion of the ileum of thesubject and is not delivered at other locations in the gastrointestinaltract, wherein a first site of disease is in the ileum and a second siteof disease is in the cecum and/or ascending colon, and no site ofdisease is present at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thedistal portion of the ileum of the subject and is not delivered at otherlocations in the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is delivered at a location in the distal portion of the ileumof the subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract, wherein a site of disease is in the ileum and nosite of disease is present at other locations in the gastrointestinaltract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a locationin the distal portion of the ileum of the subject and is not deliveredat other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein a first siteof disease is in the ileum and a second site of disease is in the cecumand no site of disease is present at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered at a location in the distal portion of the ileum of thesubject and is not delivered at other locations in the gastrointestinaltract, wherein a first site of disease is in the ileum and a second siteof disease is in the cecum and/or ascending colon, and no site ofdisease is present at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered at a location in thececum of the subject and is not delivered at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered at a location in the distal portion of the cecum of thesubject and is not delivered at other locations in the gastrointestinaltract, wherein a site of disease is in the cecum and/or ascending colon,and no site of disease is present at other locations in thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered at a location in the distal portion of the ileum or theproximal portion of the ascending colon of the subject and is notdelivered at other locations in the gastrointestinal tract, wherein afirst site of disease is in the cecum and a second site of disease is inthe ascending colon, and no site of disease is present at otherlocations in the gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, a site of disease is in the colon and the JAKinhibitor is released in the colon, such as in the cecum. In someembodiments, a site of disease is in the ascending colon and the JAKinhibitor is released in the ascending colon, such as in the cecum. Insome embodiments, a site of disease is in the ileum and the JAKinhibitor is released in the ileum.

In some embodiments the subject is diagnosed with ileal Crohn's diseaseand the JAK inhibitor is released in the ileum.

In some embodiments the subject is diagnosed with ileal colonic Crohn'sdisease and the JAK inhibitor is released in both the ileum and thecolon. In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isreleased in both the ileum and the colon from the same ingestble device.In some more particular embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is released inthe ileum from a first ingestble device and in the colon from a secondingestible device, wherein the first ingestble device and the secondingestible device are ingested at substantially the same time or atdifferent times.

In some embodiments the subject is diagnosed with colitis throughout thecolon and the JAK inhibitor is released (a) in the cecum, (b) in thececum and in the transverse colon, and/or release (c) in the descendingcolon.

In some embodiments the subject is diagnosed with right sided colitisand the JAK inhibitor is released in the transverse colon or in thedescending colon.

In some embodiments the subject is diagnosed with rectosigmoidal colitisand the JAK inhibitor is released in the descending colon.

In some embodiments, the location at which the JAK inhibitor isdelivered is proximate to a site of disease. The site of disease may be,for example, an injury, inflamed tissue, or one or more lesions. In someembodiments, the location at which the JAK inhibitor is delivered isproximate to one or more sites of disease. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is delivered 150 cm or less from the one or more sites ofdisease. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered 125 cm orless from the one or more sites of disease. In some embodiments, the JAKinhibitor is delivered 100 cm or less from the one or more sites ofdisease. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered 50 cm orless from the one or more sites of disease.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered 40 cm or less fromthe one or more sites of disease. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitoris delivered 30 cm or less from the one or more sites of disease. Insome embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered 20 cm or less from theone or more sites of disease. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered 10 cm or less from the one or more sites of disease. In someembodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered 5 cm or less from the one ormore sites of disease. In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor isdelivered 2 cm or less from the one or more sites of disease. In someembodiments, the proximate location for drug release is the same sectionor subsection of the gastrointestinal tract containing the one or moredisease site. In some embodiments, the proximate location for drugrelease is a different section or subsection of the GI tract than thatcontaining the disease site; for example, the drug release may beproximal to the disease site. In some embodiments, the method furthercomprises using an ingestible device to deliver the JAK inhibitor andusing localization methods disclosed herein (e.g., such as discussed inExample 13 below) to determine the location of the ingestible devicewithin the GI tract (e.g., relative to the site of disease). In someembodiments, the method further comprises using an ingestible device todeliver the JAK inhibitor and determining the period of time since theingestible device was ingested to determine the location of theingestible device within the GI tract (e.g., relative to the site ofdisease). In some embodiments, the method further comprises identifyingthe one or more sites of disease by a method comprising imaging of thegastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, imaging of thegastrointestinal tract comprises video imaging. In some embodiments,imaging of the gastrointestinal tract comprises thermal imaging. In someembodiments, imaging of the gastrointestinal tract comprises ultrasoundimaging. In some embodiments, imaging of the gastrointestinal tractcomprises Doppler imaging.

In some embodiments the method does not comprise releasing more than 20%of the JAK inhibitor at a location that is not proximate to a site ofdisease. In some embodiments the method does not comprise releasing morethan 10% of the JAK inhibitor at a location that is not proximate to asite of disease. In some embodiments the method does not comprisereleasing more than 5% of the JAK inhibitor at a location that is notproximate to a site of disease. In some embodiments the method does notcomprise releasing more than 4% of the JAK inhibitor at a location thatis not proximate to a site of disease. In some embodiments the methoddoes not comprise releasing more than 3% of the JAK inhibitor at alocation that is not proximate to a site of disease. In some embodimentsthe method does not comprise releasing more than 2% of the JAK inhibitorat a location that is not proximate to a site of disease.

In some embodiments the method comprises releasing at least 80% of theJAK inhibitor at a location proximate to a site of disease. In someembodiments the method comprise releasing at least 90% of the JAKinhibitor at a location proximate to a site of disease. In someembodiments the method comprises releasing at least 95% of the JAKinhibitor at a location proximate to a site of disease. In someembodiments the method comprises releasing at least 96% of the JAKinhibitor at a location proximate to a site of disease. In someembodiments the method comprises releasing at least 97% of the JAKinhibitor at a location proximate to a site of disease. In someembodiments the method comprises releasing at least 98% of the JAKinhibitor at a location proximate to a site of disease. In someembodiments, the at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%,at least 97%, or at least 98% of the JAK inhibitor is delivered 150 cmor less from the one or more sites of disease. In some embodiments, theat least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, orat least 98% of the JAK inhibitor is delivered 125 cm or less from theone or more sites of disease. In some embodiments, the at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, or at least 98% ofthe JAK inhibitor is delivered 100 cm or less from the one or more sitesof disease. In some embodiments, the at least 80%, at least 90%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, or at least 98% of the JAKinhibitor is delivered 50 cm or less from the one or more sites ofdisease. In some embodiments, the at least 80%, at least 90%, at least95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, or at least 98% of the JAK inhibitor isdelivered 40 cm or less from the one or more sites of disease. In someembodiments, the at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%,at least 97%, or at least 98% of the JAK inhibitor is delivered 30 cm orless from the one or more sites of disease. In some embodiments, the atleast 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, or atleast 98% of the JAK inhibitor is delivered 20 cm or less from the oneor more sites of disease. In some embodiments, the at least 80%, atleast 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, or at least 98% ofthe JAK inhibitor is delivered 10 cm or less from the one or more sitesof disease. In some embodiments, the at least 80%, at least 90%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, or at least 98% of the JAKinhibitor is delivered 5 cm or less from the one or more sites ofdisease. In some embodiments, the at least 80%, at least 90%, at least95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, or at least 98% of the JAK inhibitor isdelivered 2 cm or less from the one or more sites of disease. In someembodiments, the method further comprises using an ingestible device todeliver the JAK inhibitor and using localization methods disclosedherein (e.g., such as discussed in Example 13 below) to determine thelocation of the ingestible device within the GI tract (e.g., relative tothe site of disease). In some embodiments, the method further comprisesusing an ingestible device to deliver the JAK inhibitor and determiningthe period of time since the ingestible device was ingested to determinethe location of the ingestible device within the GI tract (e.g.,relative to the site of disease).

In some embodiments, the amount of JAK inhibitor that is delivered is aHuman Equivalent Dose.

In some embodiments the method comprises releasing the JAK inhibitor ata location that is proximate to a site of disease, wherein the JAKinhibitor and, if applicable, any carriers, excipients or stabilizersadmixed with the JAK inhibitor, are substantially unchanged, at the timeof release of the JAK inhibitor at the location, relatively to the timeof administration of the composition to the subject.

In some embodiments the method comprises releasing the JAK inhibitor ata location that is proximate to a site of disease, wherein the JAKinhibitor and, if applicable, any carriers, excipients or stabilizersadmixed with the JAK inhibitor, are substantially unchanged by anyphysiological process (such as, but not limited to, degradation in thestomach), at the time of release of the JAK inhibitor at the location,relatively to the time of administration of the composition to thesubject.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered to the location bymucosal contact.

In some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed herein includesdetermining the level of JAK inhibitor at a site of disease or alocation in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximateto one or more sites of disease. In some examples, a method of treatmentas described herein can include determining the level of JAK inhibitorat a site of disease or a location in the gastrointestinal tract of thesubject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease within a timeperiod of about 10 minutes to about 10 hours following administration ofthe device.

In some examples, a method of treatment disclosed herein includesdetermining the level of the JAK inhibitor at a site of disease or alocation in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximateto one or more sites of disease at a time point following administrationof the device that is elevated as compared to a level of the JAKinhibitor at the same site of disease or location at substantially thesame time point in a subject following systemic administration of anequal amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some examples where the JAK inhibitor is administered to a subjectusing any of the compositions or devices described herein, the JAKinhibitor can penetrate the GI tissue of the subject. As used herein,“GI tissue” refers to tissue in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such astissue in one or more of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascendingcolon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. Inone particular embodiment, GI tissue refers to tissue in the proximalportion of one or more of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascendingcolon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. In oneparticular embodiment, GI tissue refers to tissue in the distal portionof one or more of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon,transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The GI tissue maybe, for example, GI tissue proximate to one or more sites of disease.Accordingly, in some embodiments the JAK inhibitor can penetrate thedudodenum tissue proximate to one or more sites of disease. In someembodiments the JAK inhibitor can penetrate the jejunum tissue proximateto one or more sites of disease. In some embodiments the JAK inhibitorcan penetrate the ileum tissue proximate to one or more sites ofdisease. In some embodiments the JAK inhibitor can penetrate the cecumtissue proximate to one or more sites of disease. In some embodimentsthe JAK inhibitor can penetrate the ascending colon tissue proximate toone or more sites of disease. In some embodiments the JAK inhibitor canpenetrate the transverse colon tissue proximate to one or more sites ofdisease. In some embodiments the JAK inhibitor can penetrate thedescending colon tissue proximate to one or more sites of disease. Insome embodiments the JAK inhibitor can penetrate the sigmoid colontissue proximate to one or more sites of disease. For example, a JAKinhibitor can penetrate one or more (e.g., two, three, or four) of thelumen/superficial mucosa, the lamina propria, the submucosa, and thetunica muscularis/serosa.

In some examples, administration of a JAK inhibitor using any of thecompositions or devices described herein results in penetration (e.g., adetectable level of penetration) of GI tissue (e.g., one or more (e.g.,two, three, or four) of the lumen/superficial mucosa, the laminapropria, the submucosa, and the tunica muscularis/serosa) within a timeperiod of about 10 minutes to about 10 hours, about 10 minutes to about9 hours, about 10 minutes to about 8 hours, about 10 minutes to about 7hours, about 10 minutes to about 6 hours, about 10 minutes to about 5hours, about 10 minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 10 minutes to about 4hours, about 10 minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 10 minutes to about 3hours, about 10 minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 10 minutes to about 2hours, about 10 minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 10 minutes to about 1hour, about 10 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 50minutes, about 10 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 10 minutes to about40 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 10 minutes toabout 30 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 10 minutesto about 20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 15minutes to about 10 hours, about 15 minutes to about 9 hours, about 15minutes to about 8 hours, about 15 minutes to about 7 hours, about 15minutes to about 6 hours, about 15 minutes to about 5 hours, about 15minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 15 minutes to about 4 hours, about 15minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 15 minutes to about 3 hours, about 15minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 15 minutes to about 2 hours, about 15minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 15 minutes to about 1 hour, about 15minutes to about 55 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 50 minutes, about15 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 40 minutes,about 15 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 30minutes, about 15 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 15 minutes to about20 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 10 hours, about 20 minutes toabout 9 hours, about 20 minutes to about 8 hours, about 20 minutes toabout 7 hours, about 20 minutes to about 6 hours, about 20 minutes toabout 5 hours, about 20 minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 20 minutes toabout 4 hours, about 20 minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 20 minutes toabout 3 hours, about 20 minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 20 minutes toabout 2 hours, about 20 minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 20 minutes toabout 1 hour, about 20 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 20 minutes toabout 50 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 20 minutesto about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 20minutes to about 30 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 25 minutes, about25 minutes to about 10 hours, about 25 minutes to about 9 hours, about25 minutes to about 8 hours, about 25 minutes to about 7 hours, about 25minutes to about 6 hours, about 25 minutes to about 5 hours, about 25minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 25 minutes to about 4 hours, about 25minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 25 minutes to about 3 hours, about 25minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 25 minutes to about 2 hours, about 25minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 25 minutes to about 1 hour, about 25minutes to about 55 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 50 minutes, about25 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 40 minutes,about 25 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 30minutes, about 30 minutes to about 10 hours, about 30 minutes to about 9hours, about 30 minutes to about 8 hours, about 30 minutes to about 7hours, about 30 minutes to about 6 hours, about 30 minutes to about 5hours, about 30 minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 30 minutes to about 4hours, about 30 minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 30 minutes to about 3hours, about 30 minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 30 minutes to about 2hours, about 30 minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 30 minutes to about 1hour, about 30 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50minutes, about 30 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 30 minutes to about40 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 35 minutes toabout 10 hours, about 35 minutes to about 9 hours, about 35 minutes toabout 8 hours, about 35 minutes to about 7 hours, about 35 minutes toabout 6 hours, about 35 minutes to about 5 hours, about 35 minutes toabout 4.5 hours, about 35 minutes to about 4 hours, about 35 minutes toabout 3.5 hours, about 35 minutes to about 3 hours, about 35 minutes toabout 2.5 hours, about 35 minutes to about 2 hours, about 35 minutes toabout 1.5 hours, about 35 minutes to about 1 hour, about 35 minutes toabout 55 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 35 minutesto about 45 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 40minutes to about 10 hours, about 40 minutes to about 9 hours, about 40minutes to about 8 hours, about 40 minutes to about 7 hours, about 40minutes to about 6 hours, about 40 minutes to about 5 hours, about 40minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 40 minutes to about 4 hours, about 40minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 40 minutes to about 3 hours, about 40minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 40 minutes to about 2 hours, about 40minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 40 minutes to about 1 hour, about 40minutes to about 55 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 50 minutes, about40 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 10 hours,about 45 minutes to about 9 hours, about 45 minutes to about 8 hours,about 45 minutes to about 7 hours, about 45 minutes to about 6 hours,about 45 minutes to about 5 hours, about 45 minutes to about 4.5 hours,about 45 minutes to about 4 hours, about 45 minutes to about 3.5 hours,about 45 minutes to about 3 hours, about 45 minutes to about 2.5 hours,about 45 minutes to about 2 hours, about 45 minutes to about 1.5 hours,about 45 minutes to about 1 hour, about 45 minutes to about 55 minutes,about 45 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 10hours, about 50 minutes to about 9 hours, about 50 minutes to about 8hours, about 50 minutes to about 7 hours, about 50 minutes to about 6hours, about 50 minutes to about 5 hours, about 50 minutes to about 4.5hours, about 50 minutes to about 4 hours, about 50 minutes to about 3.5hours, about 50 minutes to about 3 hours, about 50 minutes to about 2.5hours, about 50 minutes to about 2 hours, about 50 minutes to about 1.5hours, about 50 minutes to about 1 hour, about 50 minutes to about 55minutes, about 55 minutes to about 10 hours, about 55 minutes to about 9hours, about 55 minutes to about 8 hours, about 55 minutes to about 7hours, about 55 minutes to about 6 hours, about 55 minutes to about 5hours, about 55 minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 55 minutes to about 4hours, about 55 minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 55 minutes to about 3hours, about 55 minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 55 minutes to about 2hours, about 55 minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 55 minutes to about 1hour, about 1 hour to about 10 hours, about 1 hour to about 9 hours,about 1 hour to about 8 hours, about 1 hour to about 7 hours, about 1hour to about 6 hours, about 1 hour to about 5 hours, about 1 hour toabout 4.5 hours, about 1 hour to about 4 hours, about 1 hour to about3.5 hours, about 1 hour to about 3 hours, about 1 hour to about 2.5hours, about 1 hour to about 2 hours, about 1 hour to about 1.5 hours,about 1.5 hours to about 10 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 9 hours,about 1.5 hours to about 8 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 7 hours,about 1.5 hours to about 6 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 5 hours,about 1.5 hours to about 4.5 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 4 hours,about 1.5 hours to about 3.5 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 3 hours,about 1.5 hours to about 2.5 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 2 hours,about 2 hours to about 10 hours, about 2 hours to about 9 hours, about 2hours to about 8 hours, about 2 hours to about 7 hours, about 2 hours toabout 6 hours, about 2 hours to about 5 hours, about 2 hours to about4.5 hours, about 2 hours to about 4 hours, about 2 hours to about 3.5hours, about 2 hours to about 3 hours, about 2 hours to about 2.5 hours,about 2.5 hours to about 10 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 9 hours,about 2.5 hours to about 8 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 7 hours,about 2.5 hours to about 6 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 5 hours,about 2.5 hours to about 4.5 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 4 hours,about 2.5 hours to about 3.5 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 3 hours,about 3 hours to about 10 hours, about 3 hours to about 9 hours, about 3hours to about 8 hours, about 3 hours to about 7 hours, about 3 hours toabout 6 hours, about 3 hours to about 5 hours, about 3 hours to about4.5 hours, about 3 hours to about 4 hours, about 3 hours to about 3.5hours, about 3.5 hours to about 10 hours, about 3.5 hours to about 9hours, about 3.5 hours to about 8 hours, about 3.5 hours to about 7hours, about 3.5 hours to about 6 hours, about 3.5 hours to about 5hours, about 3.5 hours to about 4.5 hours, about 3.5 hours to about 4hours, about 4 hours to about 10 hours, about 4 hours to about 9 hours,about 4 hours to about 8 hours, about 4 hours to about 7 hours, about 4hours to about 6 hours, about 4 hours to about 5 hours, about 4 hours toabout 4.5 hours, about 4.5 hours to about 10 hours, about 4.5 hours toabout 9 hours, about 4.5 hours to about 8 hours, about 4.5 hours toabout 7 hours, about 4.5 hours to about 6 hours, about 4.5 hours toabout 5 hours, about 5 hours to about 10 hours, about 5 hours to about 9hours, about 5 hours to about 8 hours, about 5 hours to about 7 hours,about 5 hours to about 6 hours, about 6 hours to about 10 hours, about 6hours to about 9 hours, about 6 hours to about 8 hours, about 6 hours toabout 7 hours, about 7 hours to about 10 hours, about 7 hours to about 9hours, about 7 hours to about 8 hours, about 8 hours to about 10 hours,about 8 hours to about 9 hours, or about 9 hours to about 10 hours.Penetration of GI tissue by a JAK inhibitor can be detected byadministering a labeled JAK inhibitor, and performing imaging on thesubject (e.g., ultrasound, computed tomography, or magnetic resonanceimaging). For example, the label can be a radioisotope, a heavy metal, afluorophore, or a luminescent agent (e.g., any suitable radioisotopes,heavy metals, fluorophores, or luminescent agents used for imaging knownin the art).

While not wishing to be bound to a particular theory, the inventorscontemplate that at or near the site of release a concentration gradientof the JAK inhibitor is generated in the mucosa, and that administrationof a JAK inhibitor using a device as described herein advantageouslyresults in a “reverse” concentration gradient when compared to theconcentration gradient resulting from systemic administration. In such“reverse” concentration gradient, the drug concentration is highest fromsuperficial to deep with respect to the mucosal surface. Systemicadministration instead typically results in concentrations of the drugbeing highest from deep to superficial. A “reverse” concentrationgradient as described above aligns more favorably with thepathophysiology of IBD.

In some embodiments, administration of a JAK inhibitor can provide fortreatment (e.g., a reduction in the number, severity, and/or duration ofone or more symptoms of any of the disorders described herein in asubject) for a time period of between about 1 hour to about 30 days,about 1 hour to about 28 days, about 1 hour to about 26 days, about 1hour to about 24 days, about 1 hour to about 22 days, about 1 hour toabout 20 days, about 1 hour to about 18 days, about 1 hour to about 16days, about 1 hour to about 14 days, about 1 hour to about 12 days,about 1 hour to about 10 days, about 1 hour to about 8 days, about 1hour to about 6 days, about 1 hour to about 5 days, about 1 hour toabout 4 days, about 1 hour to about 3 days, about 1 hour to about 2days, about 1 hour to about 1 day, about 1 hour to about 12 hours, about1 hour to about 6 hours, about 1 hour to about 3 hours, about 3 hours toabout 30 days, about 3 hours to about 28 days, about 3 hours to about 26days, about 3 hours to about 24 days, about 3 hours to about 22 days,about 3 hours to about 20 days, about 3 hours to about 18 days, about 3hours to about 16 days, about 3 hours to about 14 days, about 3 hours toabout 12 days, about 3 hours to about 10 days, about 3 hours to about 8days, about 3 hours to about 6 days, about 3 hours to about 5 days,about 3 hours to about 4 days, about 3 hours to about 3 days, about 3hours to about 2 days, about 3 hours to about 1 day, about 3 hours toabout 12 hours, about 3 hours to about 6 hours, about 6 hours to about30 days, about 6 hours to about 28 days, about 6 hours to about 26 days,about 6 hours to about 24 days, about 6 hours to about 22 days, about 6hours to about 20 days, about 6 hours to about 18 days, about 6 hours toabout 16 days, about 6 hours to about 14 days, about 6 hours to about 12days, about 6 hours to about 10 days, about 6 hours to about 8 days,about 6 hours to about 6 days, about 6 hours to about 5 days, about 6hours to about 4 days, about 6 hours to about 3 days, about 6 hours toabout 2 days, about 6 hours to about 1 day, about 6 hours to about 12hours, about 12 hours to about 30 days, about 12 hours to about 28 days,about 12 hours to about 26 days, about 12 hours to about 24 days, about12 hours to about 22 days, about 12 hours to about 20 days, about 12hours to about 18 days, about 12 hours to about 16 days, about 12 hoursto about 14 days, about 12 hours to about 12 days, about 12 hours toabout 10 days, about 12 hours to about 8 days, about 12 hours to about 6days, about 12 hours to about 5 days, about 12 hours to about 4 days,about 12 hours to about 3 days, about 12 hours to about 2 days, about 12hours to about 1 day, about 1 day to about 30 days, about 1 day to about28 days, about 1 day to about 26 days, about 1 day to about 24 days,about 1 day to about 22 days, about 1 day to about 20 days, about 1 dayto about 18 days, about 1 day to about 16 days, about 1 day to about 14days, about 1 day to about 12 days, about 1 day to about 10 days, about1 day to about 8 days, about 1 day to about 6 days, about 1 day to about5 days, about 1 day to about 4 days, about 1 day to about 3 days, about1 day to about 2 days, about 2 days to about 30 days, about 2 days toabout 28 days, about 2 days to about 26 days, about 2 days to about 24days, about 2 days to about 22 days, about 2 days to about 20 days,about 2 days to about 18 days, about 2 days to about 16 days, about 2days to about 14 days, about 2 days to about 12 days, about 2 days toabout 10 days, about 2 days to about 8 days, about 2 days to about 6days, about 2 days to about 5 days, about 2 days to about 4 days, about2 days to about 3 days, about 3 days to about 30 days, about 3 days toabout 28 days, about 3 days to about 26 days, about 3 days to about 24days, about 3 days to about 22 days, about 3 days to about 20 days,about 3 days to about 18 days, about 3 days to about 16 days, about 3days to about 14 days, about 3 days to about 12 days, about 3 days toabout 10 days, about 3 days to about 8 days, about 3 days to about 6days, about 3 days to about 5 days, about 3 days to about 4 days, about4 days to about 30 days, about 4 days to about 28 days, about 4 days toabout 26 days, about 4 days to about 24 days, about 4 days to about 22days, about 4 days to about 20 days, about 4 days to about 18 days,about 4 days to about 16 days, about 4 days to about 14 days, about 4days to about 12 days, about 4 days to about 10 days, about 4 days toabout 8 days, about 4 days to about 6 days, about 4 days to about 5days, about 5 days to about 30 days, about 5 days to about 28 days,about 5 days to about 26 days, about 5 days to about 24 days, about 5days to about 22 days, about 5 days to about 20 days, about 5 days toabout 18 days, about 5 days to about 16 days, about 5 days to about 14days, about 5 days to about 12 days, about 5 days to about 10 days,about 5 days to about 8 days, about 5 days to about 6 days, about 6 daysto about 30 days, about 6 days to about 28 days, about 6 days to about26 days, about 6 days to about 24 days, about 6 days to about 22 days,about 6 days to about 20 days, about 6 days to about 18 days, about 6days to about 16 days, about 6 days to about 14 days, about 6 days toabout 12 days, about 6 days to about 10 days, about 6 days to about 8days, about 8 days to about 30 days, about 8 days to about 28 days,about 8 days to about 26 days, about 8 days to about 24 days, about 8days to about 22 days, about 8 days to about 20 days, about 8 days toabout 18 days, about 8 days to about 16 days, about 8 days to about 14days, about 8 days to about 12 days, about 8 days to about 10 days,about 10 days to about 30 days, about 10 days to about 28 days, about 10days to about 26 days, about 10 days to about 24 days, about 10 days toabout 22 days, about 10 days to about 20 days, about 10 days to about 18days, about 10 days to about 16 days, about 10 days to about 14 days,about 10 days to about 12 days, about 12 days to about 30 days, about 12days to about 28 days, about 12 days to about 26 days, about 12 days toabout 24 days, about 12 days to about 22 days, about 12 days to about 20days, about 12 days to about 18 days, about 12 days to about 16 days,about 12 days to about 14 days, about 14 days to about 30 days, about 14days to about 28 days, about 14 days to about 26 days, about 14 days toabout 24 days, about 14 days to about 22 days, about 14 days to about 20days, about 14 days to about 18 days, about 14 days to about 16 days,about 16 days to about 30 days, about 16 days to about 28 days, about 16days to about 26 days, about 16 days to about 24 days, about 16 days toabout 22 days, about 16 days to about 20 days, about 16 days to about 18days, about 18 days to about 30 days, about 18 days to about 28 days,about 18 days to about 26 days, about 18 days to about 24 days, about 18days to about 22 days, about 18 days to about 20 days, about 20 days toabout 30 days, about 20 days to about 28 days, about 20 days to about 26days, about 20 days to about 24 days, about 20 days to about 22 days,about 22 days to about 30 days, about 22 days to about 28 days, about 22days to about 26 days, about 22 days to about 24 days, about 24 days toabout 30 days, about 24 days to about 28 days, about 24 days to about 26days, about 26 days to about 30 days, about 26 days to about 28 days, orabout 28 days to about 30 days in a subject following firstadministration of a JAK inhibitor using any of the compositions ordevices described herein. Non-limiting examples of symptoms of a diseasedescribed herein are described below.

For example, treatment can result in a decrease (e.g., about 1% to about99% decrease, about 1% to about 95% decrease, about 1% to about 90%decrease, about 1% to about 85% decrease, about 1% to about 80%decrease, about 1% to about 75% decrease, about 1% to about 70%decrease, about 1% to about 65% decrease, about 1% to about 60%decrease, about 1% to about 55% decrease, about 1% to about 50%decrease, about 1% to about 45% decrease, about 1% to about 40%decrease, about 1% to about 35% decrease, about 1% to about 30%decrease, about 1% to about 25% decrease, about 1% to about 20%decrease, about 1% to about 15% decrease, about 1% to about 10%decrease, about 1% to about 5% decrease, about 5% to about 99% decrease,about 5% to about 95% decrease, about 5% to about 90% decrease, about 5%to about 85% decrease, about 5% to about 80% decrease, about 5% to about75% decrease, about 5% to about 70% decrease, about 5% to about 65%decrease, about 5% to about 60% decrease, about 5% to about 55%decrease, about 5% to about 50% decrease, about 5% to about 45%decrease, about 5% to about 40% decrease, about 5% to about 35%decrease, about 5% to about 30% decrease, about 5% to about 25%decrease, about 5% to about 20% decrease, about 5% to about 15%decrease, about 5% to about 10% decrease, about 10% to about 99%decrease, about 10% to about 95% decrease, about 10% to about 90%decrease, about 10% to about 85% decrease, about 10% to about 80%decrease, about 10% to about 75% decrease, about 10% to about 70%decrease, about 10% to about 65% decrease, about 10% to about 60%decrease, about 10% to about 55% decrease, about 10% to about 50%decrease, about 10% to about 45% decrease, about 10% to about 40%decrease, about 10% to about 35% decrease, about 10% to about 30%decrease, about 10% to about 25% decrease, about 10% to about 20%decrease, about 10% to about 15% decrease, about 15% to about 99%decrease, about 15% to about 95% decrease, about 15% to about 90%decrease, about 15% to about 85% decrease, about 15% to about 80%decrease, about 15% to about 75% decrease, about 15% to about 70%decrease, about 15% to about 65% decrease, about 15% to about 60%decrease, about 15% to about 55% decrease, about 15% to about 50%decrease, about 15% to about 45% decrease, about 15% to about 40%decrease, about 15% to about 35% decrease, about 15% to about 30%decrease, about 15% to about 25% decrease, about 15% to about 20%decrease, about 20% to about 99% decrease, about 20% to about 95%decrease, about 20% to about 90% decrease, about 20% to about 85%decrease, about 20% to about 80% decrease, about 20% to about 75%decrease, about 20% to about 70% decrease, about 20% to about 65%decrease, about 20% to about 60% decrease, about 20% to about 55%decrease, about 20% to about 50% decrease, about 20% to about 45%decrease, about 20% to about 40% decrease, about 20% to about 35%decrease, about 20% to about 30% decrease, about 20% to about 25%decrease, about 25% to about 99% decrease, about 25% to about 95%decrease, about 25% to about 90% decrease, about 25% to about 85%decrease, about 25% to about 80% decrease, about 25% to about 75%decrease, about 25% to about 70% decrease, about 25% to about 65%decrease, about 25% to about 60% decrease, about 25% to about 55%decrease, about 25% to about 50% decrease, about 25% to about 45%decrease, about 25% to about 40% decrease, about 25% to about 35%decrease, about 25% to about 30% decrease, about 30% to about 99%decrease, about 30% to about 95% decrease, about 30% to about 90%decrease, about 30% to about 85% decrease, about 30% to about 80%decrease, about 30% to about 75% decrease, about 30% to about 70%decrease, about 30% to about 65% decrease, about 30% to about 60%decrease, about 30% to about 55% decrease, about 30% to about 50%decrease, about 30% to about 45% decrease, about 30% to about 40%decrease, about 30% to about 35% decrease, about 35% to about 99%decrease, about 35% to about 95% decrease, about 35% to about 90%decrease, about 35% to about 85% decrease, about 35% to about 80%decrease, about 35% to about 75% decrease, about 35% to about 70%decrease, about 35% to about 65% decrease, about 35% to about 60%decrease, about 35% to about 55% decrease, about 35% to about 50%decrease, about 35% to about 45% decrease, about 35% to about 40%decrease, about 40% to about 99% decrease, about 40% to about 95%decrease, about 40% to about 90% decrease, about 40% to about 85%decrease, about 40% to about 80% decrease, about 40% to about 75%decrease, about 40% to about 70% decrease, about 40% to about 65%decrease, about 40% to about 60% decrease, about 40% to about 55%decrease, about 40% to about 50% decrease, about 40% to about 45%decrease, about 45% to about 99% decrease, about 45% to about 95%decrease, about 45% to about 90% decrease, about 45% to about 85%decrease, about 45% to about 80% decrease, about 45% to about 75%decrease, about 45% to about 70% decrease, about 45% to about 65%decrease, about 45% to about 60% decrease, about 45% to about 55%decrease, about 45% to about 50% decrease, about 50% to about 99%decrease, about 50% to about 95% decrease, about 50% to about 90%decrease, about 50% to about 85% decrease, about 50% to about 80%decrease, about 50% to about 75% decrease, about 50% to about 70%decrease, about 50% to about 65% decrease, about 50% to about 60%decrease, about 50% to about 55% decrease, about 55% to about 99%decrease, about 55% to about 95% decrease, about 55% to about 90%decrease, about 55% to about 85% decrease, about 55% to about 80%decrease, about 55% to about 75% decrease, about 55% to about 70%decrease, about 55% to about 65% decrease, about 55% to about 60%decrease, about 60% to about 99% decrease, about 60% to about 95%decrease, about 60% to about 90% decrease, about 60% to about 85%decrease, about 60% to about 80% decrease, about 60% to about 75%decrease, about 60% to about 70% decrease, about 60% to about 65%decrease, about 65% to about 99% decrease, about 65% to about 95%decrease, about 65% to about 90% decrease, about 65% to about 85%decrease, about 65% to about 80% decrease, about 65% to about 75%decrease, about 65% to about 70% decrease, about 70% to about 99%decrease, about 70% to about 95% decrease, about 70% to about 90%decrease, about 70% to about 85% decrease, about 70% to about 80%decrease, about 70% to about 75% decrease, about 75% to about 99%decrease, about 75% to about 95% decrease, about 75% to about 90%decrease, about 75% to about 85% decrease, about 75% to about 80%decrease, about 80% to about 99% decrease, about 80% to about 95%decrease, about 80% to about 90% decrease, about 80% to about 85%decrease, about 85% to about 99% decrease, about 85% to about 95%decrease, about 85% to about 90% decrease, about 90% to about 99%decrease, about 90% to about 95% decrease, or about 95% to about 99%decrease) in one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven,eight, or nine) of: the level of interferon-K in GI tissue, the level ofIL-1β in GI tissue, the level of IL-6 in GI tissue, the level of IL-22in GI tissue, the level of IL-17A in the GI tissue, the level of TNFI inGI tissue, the level of IL-2 in GI tissue, the number of Th memory cellsin Peyer's patches, and the number of Th memory cells in mesentery lymphnodes, and endoscopy score in a subject (e.g., as compared to the levelin the subject prior to treatment or compared to a subject or populationof subjects having a similar disease but receiving a placebo or adifferent treatment) (e.g., for a time period of between about 1 hour toabout 30 days (e.g., or any of the subranges herein) following the firstadministration of a JAK inhibitor using any of the compositions ordevices described herein. Exemplary methods for determining theendoscopy score are described herein and other methods for determiningthe endoscopy score are known in the art. Exemplary methods fordetermining the levels of interferon-K, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-22, IL-17A,TNFI, and IL-2 are described herein. Additional methods for determiningthe levels of these cytokines are known in the art. Exemplary methodsfor determining the number of Th memory cells in Peyer's patches andmesentery lymph nodes are described herein. Additional methods fordetermining the number of Th memory cells in Peyer's patches andmesentery lymph nodes are known in the art.

In some examples, treatment can result in an increase (e.g., about 1% toabout 500% increase, about 1% to about 400% increase, about 1% to about300% increase, about 1% to about 200% increase, about 1% to about 150%increase, about 1% to about 100% increase, about 1% to about 90%increase, about 1% to about 80% increase, about 1% to about 70%increase, about 1% to about 60% increase, about 1% to about 50%increase, about 1% to about 40% increase, about 1% to about 30%increase, about 1% to about 20% increase, about 1% to about 10%increase, a 10% to about 500% increase, about 10% to about 400%increase, about 10% to about 300% increase, about 10% to about 200%increase, about 10% to about 150% increase, about 10% to about 100%increase, about 10% to about 90% increase, about 10% to about 80%increase, about 10% to about 70% increase, about 10% to about 60%increase, about 10% to about 50% increase, about 10% to about 40%increase, about 10% to about 30% increase, about 10% to about 20%increase, about 20% to about 500% increase, about 20% to about 400%increase, about 20% to about 300% increase, about 20% to about 200%increase, about 20% to about 150% increase, about 20% to about 100%increase, about 20% to about 90% increase, about 20% to about 80%increase, about 20% to about 70% increase, about 20% to about 60%increase, about 20% to about 50% increase, about 20% to about 40%increase, about 20% to about 30% increase, about 30% to about 500%increase, about 30% to about 400% increase, about 30% to about 300%increase, about 30% to about 200% increase, about 30% to about 150%increase, about 30% to about 100% increase, about 30% to about 90%increase, about 30% to about 80% increase, about 30% to about 70%increase, about 30% to about 60% increase, about 30% to about 50%increase, about 30% to about 40% increase, about 40% to about 500%increase, about 40% to about 400% increase, about 40% to about 300%increase, about 40% to about 200% increase, about 40% to about 150%increase, about 40% to about 100% increase, about 40% to about 90%increase, about 40% to about 80% increase, about 40% to about 70%increase, about 40% to about 60% increase, about 40% to about 50%increase, about 50% to about 500% increase, about 50% to about 400%increase, about 50% to about 300% increase, about 50% to about 200%increase, about 50% to about 150% increase, about 50% to about 100%increase, about 50% to about 90% increase, about 50% to about 80%increase, about 50% to about 70% increase, about 50% to about 60%increase, about 60% to about 500% increase, about 60% to about 400%increase, about 60% to about 300% increase, about 60% to about 200%increase, about 60% to about 150% increase, about 60% to about 100%increase, about 60% to about 90% increase, about 60% to about 80%increase, about 60% to about 70% increase, about 70% to about 500%increase, about 70% to about 400% increase, about 70% to about 300%increase, about 70% to about 200% increase, about 70% to about 150%increase, about 70% to about 100% increase, about 70% to about 90%increase, about 70% to about 80% increase, about 80% to about 500%increase, about 80% to about 400% increase, about 80% to about 300%increase, about 80% to about 200% increase, about 80% to about 150%increase, about 80% to about 100% increase, about 80% to about 90%increase, about 90% to about 500% increase, about 90% to about 400%increase, about 90% to about 300% increase, about 90% to about 200%increase, about 90% to about 150% increase, about 90% to about 100%increase, about 100% to about 500% increase, about 100% to about 400%increase, about 100% to about 300% increase, about 100% to about 200%increase, about 100% to about 150% increase, about 150% to about 500%increase, about 150% to about 400% increase, about 150% to about 300%increase, about 150% to about 200% increase, about 200% to about 500%increase, about 200% to about 400% increase, about 200% to about 300%increase, about 300% to about 500% increase, about 300% to about 400%increase, or about 400% to about 500% increase) in one or both of stoolconsistency score and weight of a subject (e.g., as compared to thelevel in the subject prior to treatment or compared to a subject orpopulation of subjects having a similar disease but receiving a placeboor a different treatment) (e.g., for a time period of between about 1hour to about 30 days (e.g., or any of the subranges herein) followingthe first administration of a JAK inhibitor using any of thecompositions or devices described herein. Exemplary methods fordetermining stool consistency score are described herein. Additionalmethods for determining a stool consistency score are known in the art.

In some embodiments, administration of a JAK inhibitor using any of thedevices or compositions described herein can result in a ratio of GItissue concentration of the JAK inhibitor to the blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor that is higher than the same ratiowhen the JAK inhibitor is administered by traditional means (e.g.,systemically or orally). Examples of a ratio of GI tissue concentrationof the JAK inhibitor to the blood, serum, or plasma concentration of theJAK inhibitor include about 2 to about 600, about 2 to about 580, about2 to about 560, about 2 to about 540, about 2 to about 520, about 2 toabout 500, about 2 to about 480, about 2 to about 460, about 4 to about440, about 2 to about 420, about 2 to about 400, about 2 to about 380,about 2 to about 360, about 2 to about 340, about 2 to about 320, about2 to about 300, about 2 to about 280, about 2 to about 260, about 2 toabout 240, about 2 to about 220, about 2 to about 200, about 2 to about190, about 2 to about 180, about 2 to about 170, about 2 to about 160,about 2 to about 150, about 2 to about 140, about 2 to about 130, about2 to about 120, about 2 to about 110, about 2 to about 100, about 2 toabout 90, about 2 to about 80, about 2 to about 70, about 2 to about 60,about 2 to about 50, about 2 to about 40, about 2 to about 30, about 2to about 20, about 2 to about 15, about 2 to about 10, about 2 to about5, about 5 to about 600, about 5 to about 580, about 5 to about 560,about 5 to about 540, about 5 to about 520, about 5 to about 500, about5 to about 480, about 5 to about 460, about 5 to about 440, about 5 toabout 420, about 5 to about 400, about 5 to about 380, about 5 to about360, about 5 to about 340, about 5 to about 320, about 5 to about 300,about 5 to about 280, about 5 to about 260, about 5 to about 240, about5 to about 220, about 5 to about 200, about 5 to about 190, about 5 toabout 180, about 5 to about 170, about 5 to about 160, about 5 to about150, about 5 to about 140, about 5 to about 130, about 5 to about 120,about 5 to about 110, about 5 to about 100, about 5 to about 90, about 5to about 80, about 5 to about 70, about 5 to about 60, about 5 to about50, about 5 to about 40, about 5 to about 30, about 5 to about 20, about5 to about 15, about 5 to about 10, about 10 to about 600, about 10 toabout 580, about 10 to about 560, about 10 to about 540, about 10 toabout 520, about 10 to about 500, about 10 to about 480, about 10 toabout 460, about 10 to about 440, about 10 to about 420, about 10 toabout 400, about 10 to about 380, about 10 to about 360, about 10 toabout 340, about 10 to about 320, about 10 to about 300, about 10 toabout 280, about 10 to about 260, about 10 to about 240, about 10 toabout 220, about 10 to about 200, about 10 to about 190, about 10 toabout 180, about 10 to about 170, about 10 to about 160, about 10 toabout 150, about 10 to about 140, about 10 to about 130, about 10 toabout 120, about 10 to about 110, about 10 to about 100, about 10 toabout 90, about 10 to about 80, about 10 to about 70, about 10 to about60, about 10 to about 50, about 10 to about 40, about 10 to about 30,about 10 to about 20, about 10 to about 15, about 15 to about 600, about15 to about 580, about 15 to about 560, about 15 to about 540, about 15to about 520, about 15 to about 500, about 15 to about 480, about 15 toabout 460, about 15 to about 440, about 15 to about 420, about 15 toabout 400, about 15 to about 380, about 15 to about 360, about 15 toabout 340, about 15 to about 320, about 15 to about 300, about 15 toabout 280, about 15 to about 260, about 15 to about 240, about 15 toabout 220, about 15 to about 200, about 15 to about 190, about 15 toabout 180, about 15 to about 170, about 15 to about 160, about 15 toabout 150, about 15 to about 140, about 15 to about 130, about 15 toabout 120, about 15 to about 110, about 15 to about 100, about 15 toabout 90, about 15 to about 80, about 15 to about 70, about 15 to about60, about 15 to about 50, about 15 to about 40, about 15 to about 30,about 15 to about 20, about 20 to about 600, about 20 to about 580,about 20 to about 560, about 20 to about 540, about 20 to about 520,about 20 to about 500, about 20 to about 480, about 20 to about 460,about 20 to about 440, about 20 to about 420, about 20 to about 400,about 20 to about 380, about 20 to about 360, about 20 to about 340,about 20 to about 320, about 20 to about 300, about 20 to about 280,about 20 to about 260, about 20 to about 240, about 20 to about 220,about 20 to about 200, about 20 to about 190, about 20 to about 180,about 20 to about 170, about 20 to about 160, about 20 to about 150,about 20 to about 140, about 20 to about 130, about 20 to about 120,about 20 to about 110, about 20 to about 100, about 20 to about 90,about 20 to about 80, about 20 to about 70, about 20 to about 60, about20 to about 50, about 20 to about 40, about 20 to about 30, about 30 toabout 600, about 30 to about 580, about 30 to about 560, about 30 toabout 540, about 30 to about 520, about 30 to about 500, about 30 toabout 480, about 30 to about 460, about 30 to about 440, about 30 toabout 420, about 30 to about 400, about 30 to about 380, about 30 toabout 360, about 30 to about 340, about 30 to about 320, about 30 toabout 300, about 30 to about 280, about 30 to about 260, about 30 toabout 240, about 30 to about 220, about 30 to about 200, about 30 toabout 190, about 30 to about 180, about 30 to about 170, about 30 toabout 160, about 30 to about 150, about 30 to about 140, about 30 toabout 130, about 30 to about 120, about 30 to about 110, about 30 toabout 100, about 30 to about 90, about 30 to about 80, about 30 to about70, about 30 to about 60, about 30 to about 50, about 30 to about 40,about 40 to about 600, about 40 to about 580, about 40 to about 560,about 40 to about 540, about 40 to about 520, about 40 to about 500,about 40 to about 480, about 40 to about 460, about 40 to about 440,about 40 to about 420, about 40 to about 400, about 40 to about 380,about 40 to about 360, about 40 to about 340, about 40 to about 320,about 40 to about 300, about 40 to about 280, about 40 to about 260,about 40 to about 240, about 40 to about 220, about 40 to about 200,about 40 to about 190, about 40 to about 180, about 40 to about 170,about 40 to about 160, about 40 to about 150, about 40 to about 140,about 40 to about 130, about 40 to about 120, about 40 to about 110,about 40 to about 100, about 40 to about 90, about 40 to about 80, about40 to about 70, about 40 to about 60, about 40 to about 50, about 50 toabout 600, about 50 to about 580, about 50 to about 560, about 50 toabout 540, about 50 to about 520, about 50 to about 500, about 50 toabout 480, about 50 to about 460, about 50 to about 440, about 50 toabout 420, about 50 to about 400, about 50 to about 380, about 50 toabout 360, about 50 to about 340, about 50 to about 320, about 50 toabout 300, about 50 to about 280, about 50 to about 260, about 50 toabout 240, about 50 to about 220, about 50 to about 200, about 50 toabout 190, about 50 to about 180, about 50 to about 170, about 50 toabout 160, about 50 to about 150, about 50 to about 140, about 50 toabout 130, about 50 to about 120, about 50 to about 110, about 50 toabout 100, about 50 to about 90, about 50 to about 80, about 50 to about70, about 50 to about 60, about 60 to about 600, about 60 to about 580,about 60 to about 560, about 60 to about 540, about 60 to about 520,about 60 to about 500, about 60 to about 480, about 60 to about 460,about 60 to about 440, about 60 to about 420, about 60 to about 400,about 60 to about 380, about 60 to about 360, about 60 to about 340,about 60 to about 320, about 60 to about 300, about 60 to about 280,about 60 to about 260, about 60 to about 240, about 60 to about 220,about 60 to about 200, about 60 to about 190, about 60 to about 180,about 60 to about 170, about 60 to about 160, about 60 to about 150,about 60 to about 140, about 60 to about 130, about 60 to about 120,about 60 to about 110, about 60 to about 100, about 60 to about 90,about 60 to about 80, about 60 to about 70, about 70 to about 600, about70 to about 580, about 70 to about 560, about 70 to about 540, about 70to about 520, about 70 to about 500, about 70 to about 480, about 70 toabout 460, about 70 to about 440, about 70 to about 420, about 70 toabout 400, about 70 to about 380, about 70 to about 360, about 70 toabout 340, about 70 to about 320, about 70 to about 300, about 70 toabout 280, about 70 to about 260, about 70 to about 240, about 70 toabout 220, about 70 to about 200, about 70 to about 190, about 70 toabout 180, about 70 to about 170, about 70 to about 160, about 70 toabout 150, about 70 to about 140, about 70 to about 130, about 70 toabout 120, about 70 to about 110, about 70 to about 100, about 70 toabout 90, about 70 to about 80, about 80 to about 600, about 80 to about580, about 80 to about 560, about 80 to about 540, about 80 to about520, about 80 to about 500, about 80 to about 480, about 80 to about460, about 80 to about 440, about 80 to about 420, about 80 to about400, about 80 to about 380, about 80 to about 360, about 80 to about340, about 80 to about 320, about 80 to about 300, about 80 to about280, about 80 to about 260, about 80 to about 240, about 80 to about220, about 80 to about 200, about 80 to about 190, about 80 to about180, about 80 to about 170, about 80 to about 160, about 80 to about150, about 80 to about 140, about 80 to about 130, about 80 to about120, about 80 to about 110, about 80 to about 100, about 80 to about 90,about 90 to about 600, about 90 to about 580, about 90 to about 560,about 90 to about 540, about 90 to about 520, about 90 to about 500,about 90 to about 480, about 90 to about 460, about 90 to about 440,about 90 to about 420, about 90 to about 400, about 90 to about 380,about 90 to about 360, about 90 to about 340, about 90 to about 320,about 90 to about 300, about 90 to about 280, about 90 to about 260,about 90 to about 240, about 90 to about 220, about 90 to about 200,about 90 to about 190, about 90 to about 180, about 90 to about 170,about 90 to about 160, about 90 to about 150, about 90 to about 140,about 90 to about 130, about 90 to about 120, about 90 to about 110,about 90 to about 100, about 100 to about 600, about 100 to about 580,about 100 to about 560, about 100 to about 540, about 100 to about 520,about 100 to about 500, about 100 to about 480, about 100 to about 460,about 100 to about 440, about 100 to about 420, about 100 to about 400,about 100 to about 380, about 100 to about 360, about 100 to about 340,about 100 to about 320, about 100 to about 300, about 100 to about 280,about 100 to about 260, about 100 to about 240, about 100 to about 220,about 100 to about 200, about 100 to about 190, about 100 to about 180,about 100 to about 170, about 100 to about 160, about 100 to about 150,about 100 to about 140, about 100 to about 130, about 100 to about 120,about 100 to about 110, about 110 to about 600, about 110 to about 580,about 110 to about 560, about 110 to about 540, about 110 to about 520,about 110 to about 500, about 110 to about 480, about 110 to about 460,about 110 to about 440, about 110 to about 420, about 110 to about 400,about 110 to about 380, about 110 to about 360, about 110 to about 340,about 110 to about 320, about 110 to about 300, about 110 to about 280,about 110 to about 260, about 110 to about 240, about 110 to about 220,about 110 to about 200, about 110 to about 190, about 110 to about 180,about 110 to about 170, about 110 to about 160, about 110 to about 150,about 110 to about 140, about 110 to about 130, about 110 to about 120,about 120 to about 600, about 120 to about 580, about 120 to about 560,about 120 to about 540, about 120 to about 520, about 120 to about 500,about 120 to about 480, about 120 to about 460, about 120 to about 440,about 120 to about 420, about 120 to about 400, about 120 to about 380,about 120 to about 360, about 120 to about 340, about 120 to about 320,about 120 to about 300, about 120 to about 280, about 120 to about 260,about 120 to about 240, about 120 to about 220, about 120 to about 200,about 120 to about 190, about 120 to about 180, about 120 to about 170,about 120 to about 160, about 120 to about 150, about 120 to about 140,about 120 to about 130, about 130 to about 600, about 130 to about 580,about 130 to about 560, about 130 to about 540, about 130 to about 520,about 130 to about 500, about 130 to about 480, about 130 to about 460,about 130 to about 440, about 130 to about 420, about 130 to about 400,about 130 to about 380, about 130 to about 360, about 130 to about 340,about 130 to about 320, about 130 to about 300, about 130 to about 280,about 130 to about 260, about 130 to about 240, about 130 to about 220,about 130 to about 200, about 130 to about 190, about 130 to about 180,about 130 to about 170, about 130 to about 160, about 130 to about 150,about 130 to about 140, about 140 to about 600, about 140 to about 580,about 140 to about 560, about 140 to about 540, about 140 to about 520,about 140 to about 500, about 140 to about 480, about 140 to about 460,about 140 to about 440, about 140 to about 420, about 140 to about 400,about 140 to about 380, about 140 to about 360, about 140 to about 340,about 140 to about 320, about 140 to about 300, about 140 to about 280,about 140 to about 260, about 140 to about 240, about 140 to about 220,about 140 to about 200, about 140 to about 190, about 140 to about 180,about 140 to about 170, about 140 to about 160, about 140 to about 150,about 150 to about 600, about 150 to about 580, about 150 to about 560,about 150 to about 540, about 150 to about 520, about 150 to about 500,about 150 to about 480, about 150 to about 460, about 150 to about 440,about 150 to about 420, about 150 to about 400, about 150 to about 380,about 150 to about 360, about 150 to about 340, about 150 to about 320,about 150 to about 300, about 150 to about 280, about 150 to about 260,about 150 to about 240, about 150 to about 220, about 150 to about 200,about 150 to about 190, about 150 to about 180, about 150 to about 170,about 150 to about 160, about 160 to about 600, about 160 to about 580,about 160 to about 560, about 160 to about 540, about 160 to about 520,about 160 to about 500, about 160 to about 480, about 160 to about 460,about 160 to about 440, about 160 to about 420, about 160 to about 400,about 160 to about 380, about 160 to about 360, about 160 to about 340,about 160 to about 320, about 160 to about 300, about 160 to about 280,about 160 to about 260, about 160 to about 240, about 160 to about 220,about 160 to about 200, about 160 to about 190, about 160 to about 180,about 160 to about 170, about 170 to about 600, about 170 to about 580,about 170 to about 560, about 170 to about 540, about 170 to about 520,about 170 to about 500, about 170 to about 480, about 170 to about 460,about 170 to about 440, about 170 to about 420, about 170 to about 400,about 170 to about 380, about 170 to about 360, about 170 to about 340,about 170 to about 320, about 170 to about 300, about 170 to about 280,about 170 to about 260, about 170 to about 240, about 170 to about 220,about 170 to about 200, about 170 to about 190, about 170 to about 180,about 180 to about 600, about 180 to about 580, about 180 to about 560,about 180 to about 540, about 180 to about 520, about 180 to about 500,about 180 to about 480, about 180 to about 460, about 180 to about 440,about 180 to about 420, about 180 to about 400, about 180 to about 380,about 180 to about 360, about 180 to about 340, about 180 to about 320,about 180 to about 300, about 180 to about 280, about 180 to about 260,about 180 to about 240, about 180 to about 220, about 180 to about 200,about 180 to about 190, about 190 to about 600, about 190 to about 580,about 190 to about 560, about 190 to about 540, about 190 to about 520,about 190 to about 500, about 190 to about 480, about 190 to about 460,about 190 to about 440, about 190 to about 420, about 190 to about 400,about 190 to about 380, about 190 to about 360, about 190 to about 340,about 190 to about 320, about 190 to about 300, about 190 to about 280,about 190 to about 260, about 190 to about 240, about 190 to about 220,about 190 to about 200, about 200 to about 600, about 200 to about 580,about 200 to about 560, about 200 to about 540, about 200 to about 520,about 200 to about 500, about 200 to about 480, about 200 to about 460,about 200 to about 440, about 200 to about 420, about 200 to about 400,about 200 to about 380, about 200 to about 360, about 200 to about 340,about 200 to about 320, about 200 to about 300, about 200 to about 280,about 200 to about 260, about 200 to about 240, about 200 to about 220,about 220 to about 600, about 220 to about 580, about 220 to about 560,about 220 to about 540, about 220 to about 520, about 220 to about 500,about 220 to about 480, about 220 to about 460, about 220 to about 440,about 220 to about 420, about 220 to about 400, about 220 to about 380,about 220 to about 360, about 220 to about 340, about 220 to about 320,about 220 to about 300, about 220 to about 280, about 220 to about 260,about 220 to about 240, about 240 to about 600, about 240 to about 580,about 240 to about 560, about 240 to about 540, about 240 to about 520,about 240 to about 500, about 240 to about 480, about 240 to about 460,about 240 to about 440, about 240 to about 420, about 240 to about 400,about 240 to about 380, about 240 to about 360, about 240 to about 340,about 240 to about 320, about 240 to about 300, about 240 to about 280,about 240 to about 260, about 260 to about 600, about 260 to about 580,about 260 to about 560, about 260 to about 540, about 260 to about 520,about 260 to about 500, about 260 to about 480, about 260 to about 460,about 260 to about 440, about 260 to about 420, about 260 to about 400,about 260 to about 380, about 260 to about 360, about 260 to about 340,about 260 to about 320, about 260 to about 300, about 260 to about 280,about 280 to about 600, about 280 to about 580, about 280 to about 560,about 280 to about 540, about 280 to about 520, about 280 to about 500,about 280 to about 480, about 280 to about 460, about 280 to about 440,about 280 to about 420, about 280 to about 400, about 280 to about 380,about 280 to about 360, about 280 to about 340, about 280 to about 320,about 280 to about 300, about 300 to about 600, about 300 to about 580,about 300 to about 560, about 300 to about 540, about 300 to about 520,about 300 to about 500, about 300 to about 480, about 300 to about 460,about 300 to about 440, about 300 to about 420, about 300 to about 400,about 300 to about 380, about 300 to about 360, about 300 to about 340,about 300 to about 320, about 320 to about 600, about 320 to about 580,about 320 to about 560, about 320 to about 540, about 320 to about 520,about 320 to about 500, about 320 to about 480, about 320 to about 460,about 320 to about 440, about 320 to about 420, about 320 to about 400,about 320 to about 380, about 320 to about 360, about 320 to about 340,about 340 to about 600, about 340 to about 580, about 340 to about 560,about 340 to about 540, about 340 to about 520, about 340 to about 500,about 340 to about 480, about 340 to about 460, about 340 to about 440,about 340 to about 420, about 340 to about 400, about 340 to about 380,about 340 to about 360, about 360 to about 600, about 360 to about 580,about 360 to about 560, about 360 to about 540, about 360 to about 520,about 360 to about 500, about 360 to about 480, about 360 to about 460,about 360 to about 440, about 360 to about 420, about 360 to about 400,about 360 to about 380, about 380 to about 600, about 380 to about 580,about 380 to about 560, about 380 to about 540, about 380 to about 520,about 380 to about 500, about 380 to about 480, about 380 to about 460,about 380 to about 440, about 380 to about 420, about 380 to about 400,about 400 to about 600, about 400 to about 580, about 400 to about 560,about 400 to about 540, about 400 to about 520, about 400 to about 500,about 400 to about 480, about 400 to about 460, about 400 to about 440,about 400 to about 420, about 420 to about 600, about 420 to about 580,about 420 to about 560, about 420 to about 540, about 420 to about 520,about 420 to about 500, about 420 to about 480, about 420 to about 460,about 420 to about 440, about 440 to about 600, about 440 to about 580,about 440 to about 560, about 440 to about 540, about 440 to about 520,about 440 to about 500, about 440 to about 480, about 440 to about 460,about 460 to about 600, about 460 to about 580, about 460 to about 560,about 460 to about 540, about 460 to about 520, about 460 to about 500,about 460 to about 480, about 480 to about 600, about 480 to about 580,about 480 to about 560, about 480 to about 540, about 480 to about 520,about 480 to about 500, about 500 to about 600, about 500 to about 580,about 500 to about 560, about 500 to about 540, about 500 to about 520,about 520 to about 600, about 520 to about 580, about 520 to about 560,about 520 to about 540, about 540 to about 600, about 540 to about 580,about 540 to about 560, about 560 to about 600, about 560 to about 580,or about 580 to about 600.

Additional examples of a ratio of GI tissue concentration of the JAKinhibitor to the blood, serum, or plasma concentration of the JAKinhibitor include to 1.1 to 600, 1.2 to 600, 1.3 to 600, 1.4 to 600, 1.5to 600, 1.6 to 600, 1.7 to 600, 1.8 to 600, or 1.9 to 600, such as 1.1,1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, or 1.9.

In some examples, administration of a JAK inhibitor using any of thedevices or compositions described herein can result in a ratio of GItissue concentration of the JAK inhibitor to the blood, serum, or plasmaconcentration of the JAK inhibitor of, e.g., about 2.8 to about 6.0,about 2.8 to about 5.8, about 2.8 to about 5.6, about 2.8 to about 5.4,about 2.8 to about 5.2, about 2.8 to about 5.0, about 2.8 to about 4.8,about 2.8 to about 4.6, about 2.8 to about 4.4, about 2.8 to about 4.2,about 2.8 to about 4.0, about 2.8 to about 3.8, about 2.8 to about 3.6,about 2.8 to about 3.4, about 2.8 to about 3.2, about 2.8 to about 3.0,about 3.0 to about 6.0, about 3.0 to about 5.8, about 3.0 to about 5.6,about 3.0 to about 5.4, about 3.0 to about 5.2, about 3.0 to about 5.0,about 3.0 to about 4.8, about 3.0 to about 4.6, about 3.0 to about 4.4,about 3.0 to about 4.2, about 3.0 to about 4.0, about 3.0 to about 3.8,about 3.0 to about 3.6, about 3.0 to about 3.4, about 3.0 to about 3.2,about 3.2 to about 6.0, about 3.2 to about 5.8, about 3.2 to about 5.6,about 3.2 to about 5.4, about 3.2 to about 5.2, about 3.2 to about 5.0,about 3.2 to about 4.8, about 3.2 to about 4.6, about 3.2 to about 4.4,about 3.2 to about 4.2, about 3.2 to about 4.0, about 3.2 to about 3.8,about 3.2 to about 3.6, about 3.2 to about 3.4, about 3.4 to about 6.0,about 3.4 to about 5.8, about 3.4 to about 5.6, about 3.4 to about 5.4,about 3.4 to about 5.2, about 3.4 to about 5.0, about 3.4 to about 4.8,about 3.4 to about 4.6, about 3.4 to about 4.4, about 3.4 to about 4.2,about 3.4 to about 4.0, about 3.4 to about 3.8, about 3.4 to about 3.6,about 3.6 to about 6.0, about 3.6 to about 5.8, about 3.6 to about 5.6,about 3.6 to about 5.4, about 3.6 to about 5.2, about 3.6 to about 5.0,about 3.6 to about 4.8, about 3.6 to about 4.6, about 3.6 to about 4.4,about 3.6 to about 4.2, about 3.6 to about 4.0, about 3.6 to about 3.8,about 3.8 to about 6.0, about 3.8 to about 5.8, about 3.8 to about 5.6,about 3.8 to about 5.4, about 3.8 to about 5.2, about 3.8 to about 5.0,about 3.8 to about 4.8, about 3.8 to about 4.6, about 3.8 to about 4.4,about 3.8 to about 4.2, about 3.8 to about 4.0, about 4.0 to about 6.0,about 4.0 to about 5.8, about 4.0 to about 5.6, about 4.0 to about 5.4,about 4.0 to about 5.2, about 4.0 to about 5.0, about 4.0 to about 4.8,about 4.0 to about 4.6, about 4.0 to about 4.4, about 4.0 to about 4.2,about 4.2 to about 6.0, about 4.2 to about 5.8, about 4.2 to about 5.6,about 4.2 to about 5.4, about 4.2 to about 5.2, about 4.2 to about 5.0,about 4.2 to about 4.8, about 4.2 to about 4.6, about 4.2 to about 4.4,about 4.4 to about 6.0, about 4.4 to about 5.8, about 4.4 to about 5.6,about 4.4 to about 5.4, about 4.4 to about 5.2, about 4.4 to about 5.0,about 4.4 to about 4.8, about 4.4 to about 4.6, about 4.6 to about 6.0,about 4.6 to about 5.8, about 4.6 to about 5.6, about 4.6 to about 5.4,about 4.6 to about 5.2, about 4.6 to about 5.0, about 4.6 to about 4.8,about 4.8 to about 6.0, about 4.8 to about 5.8, about 4.8 to about 5.6,about 4.8 to about 5.4, about 4.8 to about 5.2, about 4.8 to about 5.0,about 5.0 to about 6.0, about 5.0 to about 5.8, about 5.0 to about 5.6,about 5.0 to about 5.4, about 5.0 to about 5.2, about 5.2 to about 6.0,about 5.2 to about 5.8, about 5.2 to about 5.6, about 5.2 to about 5.4,about 5.4 to about 6.0, about 5.4 to about 5.8, about 5.4 to about 5.6,about 5.6 to about 6.0, about 5.6 to about 5.8, or about 5.8 to about6.0. Accordingly, in some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosedherein can include determining the ratio of the level of the JAKinhibitor in the GI tissue to the level of the JAK inhibitor in theblood, serum, or plasma of a subject at substantially the same timepoint following administration of the device is about 2.8 to about 6.0.Exemplary methods for measuring the concentration of a JAK inhibitor inthe plasma or the GI tissue of a subject are described herein.Additional methods for measuring the concentration of a JAK inhibitor inthe plasma or the GI tissue of a subject are known in the art.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed hereinincludes determining the level of the JAK inhibitor in the GI tissue(e.g., one or more of any of the exemplary GI tissues described herein).In some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed herein can includedetermining the level of JAK inhibitor in one or more (e.g., two, three,or four) of the lumen/superficial mucosa, the lamina propria, thesubmucosa, and the tunica muscularis/serosa.

In some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed herein includesdetermining that the level of the JAK inhibitor in the GI tissue (e.g.,one or more of any of the exemplary types of GI tissues describedherein) at a time point following administration of the device is higherthan the level of JAK inhibitor in the GI tissue at substantially thesame time point following systemic administration of an equal amount ofthe JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosedherein can include determining that the level of the JAK inhibitor inone or more (e.g., two, three, or four) of the lumen/superficial mucosa,the lamina propria, the submucosa, and the tunica muscularis/serosa at atime point following administration of the device is higher than thelevel of the JAK inhibitor in one or more (e.g., two, three, or four) ofthe lumen/superficial mucosa, the lamina propria, the submucosa, and thetunica muscularis/serosa at substantially the same time point followingsystemic administration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed herein includesdetermining the level of JAK inhibitor in the feces of the subject. Insome embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed herein includesdetermining the level of JAK inhibitor in the GI tissue, e.g., in one ormore (e.g., two, three, or four) of the lumen/superficial mucosa, thelamina propria, the submucosa, and the tunica muscularis/serosa within atime period of about 10 minutes to about 10 hours followingadministration of the device.

In some embodiments, a method of treatment as disclosed herein comprisesdetermining the level of the JAK inhibitor at the location of diseasefollowing administration of the device.

In some embodiments, a method of treatment as disclosed herein comprisesdetermining that the level of JAK inhibitor at the location of diseaseat a time point following administration of the device is higher thanthe level of the JAK inhibitor at the same location of disease atsubstantially the same time point following systemic administration ofan equal amount of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, a method of treatment as disclosed herein comprisesdetermining that the level of JAK inhibitor in plasma in a subject at atime point following administration of the device is lower than thelevel of the JAK inhibitor in plasma in a subject at substantially thesame time point following systemic administration of an equal amount ofthe JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, a method of treatment as disclosed herein comprisesdetermining the level of the JAK inhibitor in the tissue of the subjectwithin a time period of about 10 minutes to 10 hours followingadministration of the device.

Some examples of any of the methods described herein can, e.g., resultin a selective suppression of a local inflammatory response (e.g., aninflammatory response in local GI tissue), while maintaining thesystemic immune response (e.g., blood). The GI tissue may be, forexample, GI tissue proximate to one or more sites of disease. FAs usedherein, “GI content” refers to the content of the gastrointestinal (GI)tract, such as the content of one or more of duodenum, jejunum, ileum,cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoidcolon, and rectum, more particularly of the proximal portion of one ormore of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transversecolon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon, or of the distal portion ofone or more of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon,transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. Accordingly, insome embodiments, the methods described herein can result in a selectivesuppression of the inflammatory response in the dudodenum tissueproximate to one or more sites of disease, while maintaining thesystemic immune response. In some embodiments, the methods describedherein can result in a selective suppression of the inflammatoryresponse in the jejunum tissue proximate to one or more sites ofdisease, while maintaining the systemic immune response. In someembodiments, the methods described herein can result in a selectivesuppression of the inflammatory response in the ileum tissue proximateto one or more sites of disease, while maintaining the systemic immuneresponse. In some embodiments, the methods described herein can resultin a selective suppression of the inflammatory response in the cecumtissue proximate to one or more sites of disease, while maintaining thesystemic immune response. In some embodiments, the methods describedherein can result in a selective suppression of the inflammatoryresponse in the ascending colon tissue proximate to one or more sites ofdisease, while maintaining the systemic immune response. In someembodiments, the methods described herein can result in a selectivesuppression of the inflammatory response in the transverse colon tissueproximate to one or more sites of disease, while maintaining thesystemic immune response. In some embodiments, the methods describedherein can result in a selective suppression of the inflammatoryresponse in the descending colon tissue proximate to one or more sitesof disease, while maintaining the systemic immune response. In someembodiments, the methods described herein can result in a selectivesuppression of the inflammatory response in the sigmoid colon tissueproximate to one or more sites of disease, while maintaining thesystemic immune response. In some examples, the methods described hereincan result in a 1% increase to 500% increase (e.g., a 1% increase to450% increase, a 1% increase to 400% increase, a 1% increase to 350%increase, a 1% increase to 300% increase, a 1% increase to 250%increase, a 1% increase to 200% increase, a 1% increase to 190%increase, a 1% increase to 180% increase, a 1% increase to 170%increase, a 1% increase to 160% increase, a 1% increase to 150%increase, a 1% increase to 140% increase, a 1% increase to 130%increase, a 1% increase to 120% increase, a 1% increase to 110%increase, a 1% increase to 100% increase, a 1% increase to 90% increase,a 1% increase to 80% increase, a 1% increase to 70% increase, a 1%increase to 60% increase, a 1% increase to 50% increase, a 1% increaseto 40% increase, a 1% increase to 30% increase, a 1% increase to 25%increase, a 1% increase to 20% increase, a 1% increase to 15% increase,a 1% increase to 10% increase, a 1% increase to 5% increase, a 5%increase to 500% increase, a 5% increase to 450% increase, a 5% increaseto 400% increase, a 5% increase to 350% increase, a 5% increase to 300%increase, a 5% increase to 250% increase, a 5% increase to 200%increase, a 5% increase to 190% increase, a 5% increase to 180%increase, a 5% increase to 170% increase, a 5% increase to 160%increase, a 5% increase to 150% increase, a 5% increase to 140%increase, a 5% increase to 130% increase, a 5% increase to 120%increase, a 5% increase to 110% increase, a 5% increase to 100%increase, a 5% increase to 90% increase, a 5% increase to 80% increase,a 5% increase to 70% increase, a 5% increase to 60% increase, a 5%increase to 50% increase, a 5% increase to 40% increase, a 5% increaseto 30% increase, a 5% increase to 25% increase, a 5% increase to 20%increase, a 5% increase to 15% increase, a 5% increase to 10% increase,a 10% increase to 500% increase, a 10% increase to 450% increase, a 10%increase to 400% increase, a 10% increase to 350% increase, a 10%increase to 300% increase, a 10% increase to 250% increase, a 10%increase to 200% increase, a 10% increase to 190% increase, a 10%increase to 180% increase, a 10% increase to 170% increase, a 10%increase to 160% increase, a 10% increase to 150% increase, a 10%increase to 140% increase, a 10% increase to 130% increase, a 10%increase to 120% increase, a 10% increase to 110% increase, a 10%increase to 100% increase, a 10% increase to 90% increase, a 10%increase to 80% increase, a 10% increase to 70% increase, a 10% increaseto 60% increase, a 10% increase to 50% increase, a 10% increase to 40%increase, a 10% increase to 30% increase, a 10% increase to 25%increase, a 10% increase to 20% increase, a 10% increase to 15%increase, a 15% increase to 500% increase, a 15% increase to 450%increase, a 15% increase to 400% increase, a 15% increase to 350%increase, a 15% increase to 300% increase, a 15% increase to 250%increase, a 15% increase to 200% increase, a 15% increase to 190%increase, a 15% increase to 180% increase, a 15% increase to 170%increase, a 15% increase to 160% increase, a 15% increase to 150%increase, a 15% increase to 140% increase, a 15% increase to 130%increase, a 15% increase to 120% increase, a 15% increase to 110%increase, a 15% increase to 100% increase, a 15% increase to 90%increase, a 15% increase to 80% increase, a 15% increase to 70%increase, a 15% increase to 60% increase, a 15% increase to 50%increase, a 15% increase to 40% increase, a 15% increase to 30%increase, a 15% increase to 25% increase, a 15% increase to 20%increase, a 20% increase to 500% increase, a 20% increase to 450%increase, a 20% increase to 400% increase, a 20% increase to 350%increase, a 20% increase to 300% increase, a 20% increase to 250%increase, a 20% increase to 200% increase, a 20% increase to 190%increase, a 20% increase to 180% increase, a 20% increase to 170%increase, a 20% increase to 160% increase, a 20% increase to 150%increase, a 20% increase to 140% increase, a 20% increase to 130%increase, a 20% increase to 120% increase, a 20% increase to 110%increase, a 20% increase to 100% increase, a 20% increase to 90%increase, a 20% increase to 80% increase, a 20% increase to 70%increase, a 20% increase to 60% increase, a 20% increase to 50%increase, a 20% increase to 40% increase, a 20% increase to 30%increase, a 20% increase to 25% increase, a 25% increase to 500%increase, a 25% increase to 450% increase, a 25% increase to 400%increase, a 25% increase to 350% increase, a 25% increase to 300%increase, a 25% increase to 250% increase, a 25% increase to 200%increase, a 25% increase to 190% increase, a 25% increase to 180%increase, a 25% increase to 170% increase, a 25% increase to 160%increase, a 25% increase to 150% increase, a 25% increase to 140%increase, a 25% increase to 130% increase, a 25% increase to 120%increase, a 25% increase to 110% increase, a 25% increase to 100%increase, a 25% increase to 90% increase, a 25% increase to 80%increase, a 25% increase to 70% increase, a 25% increase to 60%increase, a 25% increase to 50% increase, a 25% increase to 40%increase, a 25% increase to 30% increase, a 30% increase to 500%increase, a 30% increase to 450% increase, a 30% increase to 400%increase, a 30% increase to 350% increase, a 30% increase to 300%increase, a 30% increase to 250% increase, a 30% increase to 200%increase, a 30% increase to 190% increase, a 30% increase to 180%increase, a 30% increase to 170% increase, a 30% increase to 160%increase, a 30% increase to 150% increase, a 30% increase to 140%increase, a 30% increase to 130% increase, a 30% increase to 120%increase, a 30% increase to 110% increase, a 30% increase to 100%increase, a 30% increase to 90% increase, a 30% increase to 80%increase, a 30% increase to 70% increase, a 30% increase to 60%increase, a 30% increase to 50% increase, a 30% increase to 40%increase, a 40% increase to 500% increase, a 40% increase to 450%increase, a 40% increase to 400% increase, a 40% increase to 350%increase, a 40% increase to 300% increase, a 40% increase to 250%increase, a 40% increase to 200% increase, a 40% increase to 190%increase, a 40% increase to 180% increase, a 40% increase to 170%increase, a 40% increase to 160% increase, a 40% increase to 150%increase, a 40% increase to 140% increase, a 40% increase to 130%increase, a 40% increase to 120% increase, a 40% increase to 110%increase, a 40% increase to 100% increase, a 40% increase to 90%increase, a 40% increase to 80% increase, a 40% increase to 70%increase, a 40% increase to 60% increase, a 40% increase to 50%increase, a 50% increase to 500% increase, a 50% increase to 450%increase, a 50% increase to 400% increase, a 50% increase to 350%increase, a 50% increase to 300% increase, a 50% increase to 250%increase, a 50% increase to 200% increase, a 50% increase to 190%increase, a 50% increase to 180% increase, a 50% increase to 170%increase, a 50% increase to 160% increase, a 50% increase to 150%increase, a 50% increase to 140% increase, a 50% increase to 130%increase, a 50% increase to 120% increase, a 50% increase to 110%increase, a 50% increase to 100% increase, a 50% increase to 90%increase, a 50% increase to 80% increase, a 50% increase to 70%increase, a 50% increase to 60% increase, a 60% increase to 500%increase, a 60% increase to 450% increase, a 60% increase to 400%increase, a 60% increase to 350% increase, a 60% increase to 300%increase, a 60% increase to 250% increase, a 60% increase to 200%increase, a 60% increase to 190% increase, a 60% increase to 180%increase, a 60% increase to 170% increase, a 60% increase to 160%increase, a 60% increase to 150% increase, a 60% increase to 140%increase, a 60% increase to 130% increase, a 60% increase to 120%increase, a 60% increase to 110% increase, a 60% increase to 100%increase, a 60% increase to 90% increase, a 60% increase to 80%increase, a 60% increase to 70% increase, a 70% increase to 500%increase, a 70% increase to 450% increase, a 70% increase to 400%increase, a 70% increase to 350% increase, a 70% increase to 300%increase, a 70% increase to 250% increase, a 70% increase to 200%increase, a 70% increase to 190% increase, a 70% increase to 180%increase, a 70% increase to 170% increase, a 70% increase to 160%increase, a 70% increase to 150% increase, a 70% increase to 140%increase, a 70% increase to 130% increase, a 70% increase to 120%increase, a 70% increase to 110% increase, a 70% increase to 100%increase, a 70% increase to 90% increase, a 70% increase to 80%increase, a 80% increase to 500% increase, a 80% increase to 450%increase, a 80% increase to 400% increase, a 80% increase to 350%increase, a 80% increase to 300% increase, a 80% increase to 250%increase, a 80% increase to 200% increase, a 80% increase to 190%increase, a 80% increase to 180% increase, a 80% increase to 170%increase, a 80% increase to 160% increase, a 80% increase to 150%increase, a 80% increase to 140% increase, a 80% increase to 130%increase, a 80% increase to 120% increase, a 80% increase to 110%increase, a 80% increase to 100% increase, a 80% increase to 90%increase, a 90% increase to 500% increase, a 90% increase to 450%increase, a 90% increase to 400% increase, a 90% increase to 350%increase, a 90% increase to 300% increase, a 90% increase to 250%increase, a 90% increase to 200% increase, a 90% increase to 190%increase, a 90% increase to 180% increase, a 90% increase to 170%increase, a 90% increase to 160% increase, a 90% increase to 150%increase, a 90% increase to 140% increase, a 90% increase to 130%increase, a 90% increase to 120% increase, a 90% increase to 110%increase, a 90% increase to 100% increase, a 100% increase to 500%increase, a 100% increase to 450% increase, a 100% increase to 400%increase, a 100% increase to 350% increase, a 100% increase to 300%increase, a 100% increase to 250% increase, a 100% increase to 200%increase, a 100% increase to 190% increase, a 100% increase to 180%increase, a 100% increase to 170% increase, a 100% increase to 160%increase, a 100% increase to 150% increase, a 100% increase to 140%increase, a 100% increase to 130% increase, a 100% increase to 120%increase, a 100% increase to 110% increase, a 110% increase to 500%increase, a 110% increase to 450% increase, a 110% increase to 400%increase, a 110% increase to 350% increase, a 110% increase to 300%increase, a 110% increase to 250% increase, a 110% increase to 200%increase, a 110% increase to 190% increase, a 110% increase to 180%increase, a 110% increase to 170% increase, a 110% increase to 160%increase, a 110% increase to 150% increase, a 110% increase to 140%increase, a 110% increase to 130% increase, a 110% increase to 120%increase, a 120% increase to 500% increase, a 120% increase to 450%increase, a 120% increase to 400% increase, a 120% increase to 350%increase, a 120% increase to 300% increase, a 120% increase to 250%increase, a 120% increase to 200% increase, a 120% increase to 190%increase, a 120% increase to 180% increase, a 120% increase to 170%increase, a 120% increase to 160% increase, a 120% increase to 150%increase, a 120% increase to 140% increase, a 120% increase to 130%increase, a 130% increase to 500% increase, a 130% increase to 450%increase, a 130% increase to 400% increase, a 130% increase to 350%increase, a 130% increase to 300% increase, a 130% increase to 250%increase, a 130% increase to 200% increase, a 130% increase to 190%increase, a 130% increase to 180% increase, a 130% increase to 170%increase, a 130% increase to 160% increase, a 130% increase to 150%increase, a 130% increase to 140% increase, a 140% increase to 500%increase, a 140% increase to 450% increase, a 140% increase to 400%increase, a 140% increase to 350% increase, a 140% increase to 300%increase, a 140% increase to 250% increase, a 140% increase to 200%increase, a 140% increase to 190% increase, a 140% increase to 180%increase, a 140% increase to 170% increase, a 140% increase to 160%increase, a 140% increase to 150% increase, a 150% increase to 500%increase, a 150% increase to 450% increase, a 150% increase to 400%increase, a 150% increase to 350% increase, a 150% increase to 300%increase, a 150% increase to 250% increase, a 150% increase to 200%increase, a 150% increase to 190% increase, a 150% increase to 180%increase, a 150% increase to 170% increase, a 150% increase to 160%increase, a 160% increase to 500% increase, a 160% increase to 450%increase, a 160% increase to 400% increase, a 160% increase to 350%increase, a 160% increase to 300% increase, a 160% increase to 250%increase, a 160% increase to 200% increase, a 160% increase to 190%increase, a 160% increase to 180% increase, a 160% increase to 170%increase, a 170% increase to 500% increase, a 170% increase to 450%increase, a 170% increase to 400% increase, a 170% increase to 350%increase, a 170% increase to 300% increase, a 170% increase to 250%increase, a 170% increase to 200% increase, a 170% increase to 190%increase, a 170% increase to 180% increase, a 180% increase to 500%increase, a 180% increase to 450% increase, a 180% increase to 400%increase, a 180% increase to 350% increase, a 180% increase to 300%increase, a 180% increase to 250% increase, a 180% increase to 200%increase, a 180% increase to 190% increase, a 190% increase to 500%increase, a 190% increase to 450% increase, a 190% increase to 400%increase, a 190% increase to 350% increase, a 190% increase to 300%increase, a 190% increase to 250% increase, a 190% increase to 200%increase, a 200% increase to 500% increase, a 200% increase to 450%increase, a 200% increase to 400% increase, a 200% increase to 350%increase, a 200% increase to 300% increase, a 200% increase to 250%increase, a 250% increase to 500% increase, a 250% increase to 450%increase, a 250% increase to 400% increase, a 250% increase to 350%increase, a 250% increase to 300% increase, a 300% increase to 500%increase, a 300% increase to 450% increase, a 300% increase to 400%increase, a 300% increase to 350% increase, a 350% increase to 500%increase, a 350% increase to 450% increase, a 350% increase to 400%increase, a 400% increase to 500% increase, a 400% increase to 450%increase, or a 450% increase to 500% increase) in one or more (e.g.,two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten) of: the plasma,serum, or blood level of IL-6; the plasma, serum, or blood level ofIL-2; the plasma, serum, or blood level of IL-1β; the plasma, serum, orblood level of TNFα; the plasma, serum, or blood level of IL-17A; theplasma, serum, or blood level of IL-22; the plasma, serum, or bloodlevel of interferon-K; the level of blood Th memory cells(CD44⁺CD45RB⁻CD4⁺ cells); and the level of α4β7 expression in bloodcells; e.g., each as compared to the corresponding level in a subjectsystemically administered the same dose of the same JAK inhibitor.Methods for determining the plasma, serum, or blood level of IL-6; theplasma, serum, or blood level of IL-2; the plasma, serum, or blood levelof IL-1β; the plasma, serum, or blood level of TNFα; the plasma, serum,or blood level of IL-17A; the plasma, serum, or blood level of IL-22;the plasma, serum, or blood level of interferon-K; the level of blood Thmemory cells (CD44⁺CD45RB⁻CD4⁺ cells); and the level of α4β7 expressionin blood cells are known in the art.

In some examples of any of the methods described herein can result,e.g., in a 1% to 99% decrease (or any of the subranges of this rangedescribed herein) in one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, orseven) of: the level of interferon-K in GI tissue or GI content; thelevel of IL-1β in GI tissue or GI content; the level of IL-6 in GItissue or GI content; the level of IL-22 in GI tissue or GI content; thelevel of IL-17A in GI tissue or GI content; the level of TNFα in GItissue or GI content; and the level of IL-2 in GI tissue or GI content,e.g., as compared to the corresponding level in a subject notadministered a treatment, or not administered a JAK inhibitor locally asdisclosed herein. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the methodsdescribed herein can result, e.g., in a 1% to 99% decrease (or any ofthe subranges of this range described herein) in one or more (e.g., two,three, four, five, six, or seven) of the level of interferon-K; thelevel of IL-1β; the level of IL-6; the level of IL-22; the level ofIL-17A; the level of TNFα; and the level of IL-2, in the duodenum tissueproximate to one or more sites of disease. Accordingly, in someembodiments, the methods described herein can result, e.g., in a 1% to99% decrease (or any of the subranges of this range described herein) inone or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, or seven) of the levelof interferon-K; the level of IL-1β; the level of IL-6; the level ofIL-22; the level of IL-17A; the level of TNFα; and the level of IL-2, inthe ileum tissue proximate to one or more sites of disease. Accordingly,in some embodiments, the methods described herein can result, e.g., in a1% to 99% decrease (or any of the subranges of this range describedherein) in one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, or seven) ofthe level of interferon-K; the level of IL-1β; the level of IL-6; thelevel of IL-22; the level of IL-17A; the level of TNFα; and the level ofIL-2, in the jejunum tissue proximate to one or more sites of disease.Accordingly, in some embodiments, the methods described herein canresult, e.g., in a 1% to 99% decrease (or any of the subranges of thisrange described herein) in one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five,six, or seven) of the level of interferon-K; the level of IL-1β; thelevel of IL-6; the level of IL-22; the level of IL-17A; the level ofTNFα; and the level of IL-2, in the cecum tissue proximate to one ormore sites of disease. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the methodsdescribed herein can result, e.g., in a 1% to 99% decrease (or any ofthe subranges of this range described herein) in one or more (e.g., two,three, four, five, six, or seven) of the level of interferon-K; thelevel of IL-1β; the level of IL-6; the level of IL-22; the level ofIL-17A; the level of TNFα; and the level of IL-2, in the ascending colontissue proximate to one or more sites of disease. Accordingly, in someembodiments, the methods described herein can result, e.g., in a 1% to99% decrease (or any of the subranges of this range described herein) inone or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, or seven) of the levelof interferon-K; the level of IL-1β; the level of IL-6; the level ofIL-22; the level of IL-17A; the level of TNFα; and the level of IL-2, inthe transverse colon tissue proximate to one or more sites of disease.Accordingly, in some embodiments, the methods described herein canresult, e.g., in a 1% to 99% decrease (or any of the subranges of thisrange described herein) in one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five,six, or seven) of the level of interferon-K; the level of IL-1β; thelevel of IL-6; the level of IL-22; the level of IL-17A; the level ofTNFα; and the level of IL-2, in the decending colon tissue proximate toone or more sites of disease. Accordingly, in some embodiments, themethods described herein can result, e.g., in a 1% to 99% decrease (orany of the subranges of this range described herein) in one or more(e.g., two, three, four, five, six, or seven) of the level ofinterferon-K; the level of IL-1β; the level of IL-6; the level of IL-22;the level of IL-17A; the level of TNFα; and the level of IL-2, in thesigmoid colon tissue proximate to one or more sites of disease.

In some embodiments, the JAK inhibitor is delivered to the location by aprocess that does not comprise systemic transport of the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the amount of the JAK inhibitor that isadministered is from about 1 mg to about 500 mg. In some embodiments,the amount of the JAK inhibitor that is administered is from about 1 mgto about 100 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of the JAK inhibitorthat is administered is from about 10 mg to about 300 mg. In someembodiments, the amount of the JAK inhibitor that is administered isfrom about 5 mg to about 50 mg. In some embodiments, the amount of theJAK inhibitor that is administered is from about 10 mg to about 50 mg.In some embodiments, the amount of the JAK inhibitor that isadministered is from about 5 mg to about 40 mg.

In some embodiments, the amount of the JAK inhibitor is administered asan escalating dose of 10 mg, followed by 20 mg, followed by 30 mg; or anescalating dose of 20 mg, followed by 30 mg, followed by 50 mg.

In some embodiments, the amount of the JAK inhibitor is administered ina dose of, e.g., about 1 mg to about 300 mg, about 1 mg to about 250 mg,about 1 mg to about 200 mg, about 1 mg to about 195 mg, about 1 mg toabout 190 mg, about 1 mg to about 185 mg, about 1 mg to about 180 mg,about 1 mg to about 175 mg, about 1 mg to about 170 mg, about 1 mg toabout 165 mg, about 1 mg to about 160 mg, about 1 mg to about 155 mg,about 1 mg to about 150 mg, about 1 mg to about 145 mg, about 1 mg toabout 140 mg, about 1 mg to about 135 mg, about 1 mg to about 130 mg,about 1 mg to about 125 mg, about 1 mg to about 120 mg, about 1 mg toabout 115 mg, about 1 mg to about 110 mg, about 1 mg to about 105 mg,about 1 mg to about 100 mg, about 1 mg to about 95 mg, about 1 mg toabout 90 mg, about 1 mg to about 85 mg, about 1 mg to about 80 mg, about1 mg to about 75 mg, about 1 mg to about 70 mg, about 1 mg to about 65mg, about 1 mg to about 60 mg, about 1 mg to about 55 mg, about 1 mg toabout 50 mg, about 1 mg to about 45 mg, about 1 mg to about 40 mg, about1 mg to about 35 mg, about 1 mg to about 30 mg, about 1 mg to about 25mg, about 1 mg to about 20 mg, about 1 mg to about 15 mg, about 1 mg toabout 10 mg, about 1 mg to about 5 mg, about 5 mg to about 200 mg, about5 mg to about 195 mg, about 5 mg to about 190 mg, about 5 mg to about185 mg, about 5 mg to about 180 mg, about 5 mg to about 175 mg, about 5mg to about 170 mg, about 5 mg to about 165 mg, about 5 mg to about 160mg, about 5 mg to about 155 mg, about 5 mg to about 150 mg, about 5 mgto about 145 mg, about 5 mg to about 140 mg, about 5 mg to about 135 mg,about 5 mg to about 130 mg, about 5 mg to about 125 mg, about 5 mg toabout 120 mg, about 5 mg to about 115 mg, about 5 mg to about 110 mg,about 5 mg to about 105 mg, about 5 mg to about 100 mg, about 5 mg toabout 95 mg, about 5 mg to about 90 mg, about 5 mg to about 85 mg, about5 mg to about 80 mg, about 5 mg to about 75 mg, about 5 mg to about 70mg, about 5 mg to about 65 mg, about 5 mg to about 60 mg, about 5 mg toabout 55 mg, about 5 mg to about 50 mg, about 5 mg to about 45 mg, about5 mg to about 40 mg, about 5 mg to about 35 mg, about 5 mg to about 30mg, about 5 mg to about 25 mg, about 5 mg to about 20 mg, about 5 mg toabout 15 mg, about 5 mg to about 10 mg, about 10 mg to about 200 mg,about 10 mg to about 195 mg, about 10 mg to about 190 mg, about 10 mg toabout 185 mg, about 10 mg to about 180 mg, about 10 mg to about 175 mg,about 10 mg to about 170 mg, about 10 mg to about 165 mg, about 10 mg toabout 160 mg, about 10 mg to about 155 mg, about 10 mg to about 150 mg,about 10 mg to about 145 mg, about 10 mg to about 140 mg, about 10 mg toabout 135 mg, about 10 mg to about 130 mg, about 10 mg to about 125 mg,about 10 mg to about 120 mg, about 10 mg to about 115 mg, about 10 mg toabout 110 mg, about 10 mg to about 105 mg, about 10 mg to about 100 mg,about 10 mg to about 95 mg, about 10 mg to about 90 mg, about 10 mg toabout 85 mg, about 10 mg to about 80 mg, about 10 mg to about 75 mg,about 10 mg to about 70 mg, about 10 mg to about 65 mg, about 10 mg toabout 60 mg, about 10 mg to about 55 mg, about 10 mg to about 50 mg,about 10 mg to about 45 mg, about 10 mg to about 40 mg, about 10 mg toabout 35 mg, about 10 mg to about 30 mg, about 10 mg to about 25 mg,about 10 mg to about 20 mg, about 10 mg to about 15 mg, about 15 mg toabout 200 mg, about 15 mg to about 195 mg, about 15 mg to about 190 mg,about 15 mg to about 185 mg, about 15 mg to about 180 mg, about 15 mg toabout 175 mg, about 15 mg to about 170 mg, about 15 mg to about 165 mg,about 15 mg to about 160 mg, about 15 mg to about 155 mg, about 15 mg toabout 150 mg, about 15 mg to about 145 mg, about 15 mg to about 140 mg,about 15 mg to about 135 mg, about 15 mg to about 130 mg, about 15 mg toabout 125 mg, about 15 mg to about 120 mg, about 15 mg to about 115 mg,about 15 mg to about 110 mg, about 15 mg to about 105 mg, about 15 mg toabout 100 mg, about 15 mg to about 95 mg, about 15 mg to about 90 mg,about 15 mg to about 85 mg, about 15 mg to about 80 mg, about 15 mg toabout 75 mg, about 15 mg to about 70 mg, about 15 mg to about 65 mg,about 15 mg to about 60 mg, about 15 mg to about 55 mg, about 15 mg toabout 50 mg, about 15 mg to about 45 mg, about 15 mg to about 40 mg,about 15 mg to about 35 mg, about 15 mg to about 30 mg, about 15 mg toabout 25 mg, about 15 mg to about 20 mg, about 20 mg to about 200 mg,about 20 mg to about 195 mg, about 20 mg to about 190 mg, about 20 mg toabout 185 mg, about 20 mg to about 180 mg, about 20 mg to about 175 mg,about 20 mg to about 170 mg, about 20 mg to about 165 mg, about 20 mg toabout 160 mg, about 20 mg to about 155 mg, about 20 mg to about 150 mg,about 20 mg to about 145 mg, about 20 mg to about 140 mg, about 20 mg toabout 135 mg, about 20 mg to about 130 mg, about 20 mg to about 125 mg,about 20 mg to about 120 mg, about 20 mg to about 115 mg, about 20 mg toabout 110 mg, about 20 mg to about 105 mg, about 20 mg to about 100 mg,about 20 mg to about 95 mg, about 20 mg to about 90 mg, about 20 mg toabout 85 mg, about 20 mg to about 80 mg, about 20 mg to about 75 mg,about 20 mg to about 70 mg, about 20 mg to about 65 mg, about 20 mg toabout 60 mg, about 20 mg to about 55 mg, about 20 mg to about 50 mg,about 20 mg to about 45 mg, about 20 mg to about 40 mg, about 20 mg toabout 35 mg, about 20 mg to about 30 mg, about 20 mg to about 25 mg,about 25 mg to about 200 mg, about 25 mg to about 195 mg, about 25 mg toabout 190 mg, about 25 mg to about 185 mg, about 25 mg to about 180 mg,about 25 mg to about 175 mg, about 25 mg to about 170 mg, about 25 mg toabout 165 mg, about 25 mg to about 160 mg, about 25 mg to about 155 mg,about 25 mg to about 150 mg, about 25 mg to about 145 mg, about 25 mg toabout 140 mg, about 25 mg to about 135 mg, about 25 mg to about 130 mg,about 25 mg to about 125 mg, about 25 mg to about 120 mg, about 25 mg toabout 115 mg, about 25 mg to about 110 mg, about 25 mg to about 105 mg,about 25 mg to about 100 mg, about 25 mg to about 95 mg, about 25 mg toabout 90 mg, about 25 mg to about 85 mg, about 25 mg to about 80 mg,about 25 mg to about 75 mg, about 25 mg to about 70 mg, about 25 mg toabout 65 mg, about 25 mg to about 60 mg, about 25 mg to about 55 mg,about 25 mg to about 50 mg, about 25 mg to about 45 mg, about 25 mg toabout 40 mg, about 25 mg to about 35 mg, about 25 mg to about 30 mg,about 30 mg to about 200 mg, about 30 mg to about 195 mg, about 30 mg toabout 190 mg, about 30 mg to about 185 mg, about 30 mg to about 180 mg,about 30 mg to about 175 mg, about 30 mg to about 170 mg, about 30 mg toabout 165 mg, about 30 mg to about 160 mg, about 30 mg to about 155 mg,about 30 mg to about 150 mg, about 30 mg to about 145 mg, about 30 mg toabout 140 mg, about 30 mg to about 135 mg, about 30 mg to about 130 mg,about 30 mg to about 125 mg, about 30 mg to about 120 mg, about 30 mg toabout 115 mg, about 30 mg to about 110 mg, about 30 mg to about 105 mg,about 30 mg to about 100 mg, about 30 mg to about 95 mg, about 30 mg toabout 90 mg, about 30 mg to about 85 mg, about 30 mg to about 80 mg,about 30 mg to about 75 mg, about 30 mg to about 70 mg, about 30 mg toabout 65 mg, about 30 mg to about 60 mg, about 30 mg to about 55 mg,about 30 mg to about 50 mg, about 30 mg to about 45 mg, about 30 mg toabout 40 mg, about 30 mg to about 35 mg, about 35 mg to about 200 mg,about 35 mg to about 195 mg, about 35 mg to about 190 mg, about 35 mg toabout 185 mg, about 35 mg to about 180 mg, about 35 mg to about 175 mg,about 35 mg to about 170 mg, about 35 mg to about 165 mg, about 35 mg toabout 160 mg, about 35 mg to about 155 mg, about 35 mg to about 150 mg,about 35 mg to about 145 mg, about 35 mg to about 140 mg, about 35 mg toabout 135 mg, about 35 mg to about 130 mg, about 35 mg to about 125 mg,about 35 mg to about 120 mg, about 35 mg to about 115 mg, about 35 mg toabout 110 mg, about 35 mg to about 105 mg, about 35 mg to about 100 mg,about 35 mg to about 95 mg, about 35 mg to about 90 mg, about 35 mg toabout 85 mg, about 35 mg to about 80 mg, about 35 mg to about 75 mg,about 35 mg to about 70 mg, about 35 mg to about 65 mg, about 35 mg toabout 60 mg, about 35 mg to about 55 mg, about 35 mg to about 50 mg,about 35 mg to about 45 mg, about 35 mg to about 40 mg, about 40 mg toabout 200 mg, about 40 mg to about 195 mg, about 40 mg to about 190 mg,about 40 mg to about 185 mg, about 40 mg to about 180 mg, about 40 mg toabout 175 mg, about 40 mg to about 170 mg, about 40 mg to about 165 mg,about 40 mg to about 160 mg, about 40 mg to about 155 mg, about 40 mg toabout 150 mg, about 40 mg to about 145 mg, about 40 mg to about 140 mg,about 40 mg to about 135 mg, about 40 mg to about 130 mg, about 40 mg toabout 125 mg, about 40 mg to about 120 mg, about 40 mg to about 115 mg,about 40 mg to about 110 mg, about 40 mg to about 105 mg, about 40 mg toabout 100 mg, about 40 mg to about 95 mg, about 40 mg to about 90 mg,about 40 mg to about 85 mg, about 40 mg to about 80 mg, about 40 mg toabout 75 mg, about 40 mg to about 70 mg, about 40 mg to about 65 mg,about 40 mg to about 60 mg, about 40 mg to about 55 mg, about 40 mg toabout 50 mg, about 40 mg to about 45 mg, about 45 mg to about 200 mg,about 45 mg to about 195 mg, about 45 mg to about 190 mg, about 45 mg toabout 185 mg, about 45 mg to about 180 mg, about 45 mg to about 175 mg,about 45 mg to about 170 mg, about 45 mg to about 165 mg, about 45 mg toabout 160 mg, about 45 mg to about 155 mg, about 45 mg to about 150 mg,about 45 mg to about 145 mg, about 45 mg to about 140 mg, about 45 mg toabout 135 mg, about 45 mg to about 130 mg, about 45 mg to about 125 mg,about 45 mg to about 120 mg, about 45 mg to about 115 mg, about 45 mg toabout 110 mg, about 45 mg to about 105 mg, about 45 mg to about 100 mg,about 45 mg to about 95 mg, about 45 mg to about 90 mg, about 45 mg toabout 85 mg, about 45 mg to about 80 mg, about 45 mg to about 75 mg,about 45 mg to about 70 mg, about 45 mg to about 65 mg, about 45 mg toabout 60 mg, about 45 mg to about 55 mg, about 45 mg to about 50 mg,about 50 mg to about 200 mg, about 50 mg to about 195 mg, about 50 mg toabout 190 mg, about 50 mg to about 185 mg, about 50 mg to about 180 mg,about 50 mg to about 175 mg, about 50 mg to about 170 mg, about 50 mg toabout 165 mg, about 50 mg to about 160 mg, about 50 mg to about 155 mg,about 50 mg to about 150 mg, about 50 mg to about 145 mg, about 50 mg toabout 140 mg, about 50 mg to about 135 mg, about 50 mg to about 130 mg,about 50 mg to about 125 mg, about 50 mg to about 120 mg, about 50 mg toabout 115 mg, about 50 mg to about 110 mg, about 50 mg to about 105 mg,about 50 mg to about 100 mg, about 50 mg to about 95 mg, about 50 mg toabout 90 mg, about 50 mg to about 85 mg, about 50 mg to about 80 mg,about 50 mg to about 75 mg, about 50 mg to about 70 mg, about 50 mg toabout 65 mg, about 50 mg to about 60 mg, about 50 mg to about 55 mg,about 55 mg to about 200 mg, about 55 mg to about 195 mg, about 55 mg toabout 190 mg, about 55 mg to about 185 mg, about 55 mg to about 180 mg,about 55 mg to about 175 mg, about 55 mg to about 170 mg, about 55 mg toabout 165 mg, about 55 mg to about 160 mg, about 55 mg to about 155 mg,about 55 mg to about 150 mg, about 55 mg to about 145 mg, about 55 mg toabout 140 mg, about 55 mg to about 135 mg, about 55 mg to about 130 mg,about 55 mg to about 125 mg, about 55 mg to about 120 mg, about 55 mg toabout 115 mg, about 55 mg to about 110 mg, about 55 mg to about 105 mg,about 55 mg to about 100 mg, about 55 mg to about 95 mg, about 55 mg toabout 90 mg, about 55 mg to about 85 mg, about 55 mg to about 80 mg,about 55 mg to about 75 mg, about 55 mg to about 70 mg, about 55 mg toabout 65 mg, about 55 mg to about 60 mg, about 60 mg to about 200 mg,about 60 mg to about 195 mg, about 60 mg to about 190 mg, about 60 mg toabout 185 mg, about 60 mg to about 180 mg, about 60 mg to about 175 mg,about 60 mg to about 170 mg, about 60 mg to about 165 mg, about 60 mg toabout 160 mg, about 60 mg to about 155 mg, about 60 mg to about 150 mg,about 60 mg to about 145 mg, about 60 mg to about 140 mg, about 60 mg toabout 135 mg, about 60 mg to about 130 mg, about 60 mg to about 125 mg,about 60 mg to about 120 mg, about 60 mg to about 115 mg, about 60 mg toabout 110 mg, about 60 mg to about 105 mg, about 60 mg to about 100 mg,about 60 mg to about 95 mg, about 60 mg to about 90 mg, about 60 mg toabout 85 mg, about 60 mg to about 80 mg, about 60 mg to about 75 mg,about 60 mg to about 70 mg, about 60 mg to about 65 mg, about 65 mg toabout 200 mg, about 65 mg to about 195 mg, about 65 mg to about 190 mg,about 65 mg to about 185 mg, about 65 mg to about 180 mg, about 65 mg toabout 175 mg, about 65 mg to about 170 mg, about 65 mg to about 165 mg,about 65 mg to about 160 mg, about 65 mg to about 155 mg, about 65 mg toabout 150 mg, about 65 mg to about 145 mg, about 65 mg to about 140 mg,about 65 mg to about 135 mg, about 65 mg to about 130 mg, about 65 mg toabout 125 mg, about 65 mg to about 120 mg, about 65 mg to about 115 mg,about 65 mg to about 110 mg, about 65 mg to about 105 mg, about 65 mg toabout 100 mg, about 65 mg to about 95 mg, about 65 mg to about 90 mg,about 65 mg to about 85 mg, about 65 mg to about 80 mg, about 65 mg toabout 75 mg, about 65 mg to about 70 mg, about 70 mg to about 200 mg,about 70 mg to about 195 mg, about 70 mg to about 190 mg, about 70 mg toabout 185 mg, about 70 mg to about 180 mg, about 70 mg to about 175 mg,about 70 mg to about 170 mg, about 70 mg to about 165 mg, about 70 mg toabout 160 mg, about 70 mg to about 155 mg, about 70 mg to about 150 mg,about 70 mg to about 145 mg, about 70 mg to about 140 mg, about 70 mg toabout 135 mg, about 70 mg to about 130 mg, about 70 mg to about 125 mg,about 70 mg to about 120 mg, about 70 mg to about 115 mg, about 70 mg toabout 110 mg, about 70 mg to about 105 mg, about 70 mg to about 100 mg,about 70 mg to about 95 mg, about 70 mg to about 90 mg, about 70 mg toabout 85 mg, about 70 mg to about 80 mg, about 70 mg to about 75 mg,about 75 mg to about 200 mg, about 75 mg to about 195 mg, about 75 mg toabout 190 mg, about 75 mg to about 185 mg, about 75 mg to about 180 mg,about 75 mg to about 175 mg, about 75 mg to about 170 mg, about 75 mg toabout 165 mg, about 75 mg to about 160 mg, about 75 mg to about 155 mg,about 75 mg to about 150 mg, about 75 mg to about 145 mg, about 75 mg toabout 140 mg, about 75 mg to about 135 mg, about 75 mg to about 130 mg,about 75 mg to about 125 mg, about 75 mg to about 120 mg, about 75 mg toabout 115 mg, about 75 mg to about 110 mg, about 75 mg to about 105 mg,about 75 mg to about 100 mg, about 75 mg to about 95 mg, about 75 mg toabout 90 mg, about 75 mg to about 85 mg, about 75 mg to about 80 mg,about 80 mg to about 200 mg, about 80 mg to about 195 mg, about 80 mg toabout 190 mg, about 80 mg to about 185 mg, about 80 mg to about 180 mg,about 80 mg to about 175 mg, about 80 mg to about 170 mg, about 80 mg toabout 165 mg, about 80 mg to about 160 mg, about 80 mg to about 155 mg,about 80 mg to about 150 mg, about 80 mg to about 145 mg, about 80 mg toabout 140 mg, about 80 mg to about 135 mg, about 80 mg to about 130 mg,about 80 mg to about 125 mg, about 80 mg to about 120 mg, about 80 mg toabout 115 mg, about 80 mg to about 110 mg, about 80 mg to about 105 mg,about 80 mg to about 100 mg, about 80 mg to about 95 mg, about 80 mg toabout 90 mg, about 80 mg to about 85 mg, about 85 mg to about 200 mg,about 85 mg to about 195 mg, about 85 mg to about 190 mg, about 85 mg toabout 185 mg, about 85 mg to about 180 mg, about 85 mg to about 175 mg,about 85 mg to about 170 mg, about 85 mg to about 165 mg, about 85 mg toabout 160 mg, about 85 mg to about 155 mg, about 85 mg to about 150 mg,about 85 mg to about 145 mg, about 85 mg to about 140 mg, about 85 mg toabout 135 mg, about 85 mg to about 130 mg, about 85 mg to about 125 mg,about 85 mg to about 120 mg, about 85 mg to about 115 mg, about 85 mg toabout 110 mg, about 85 mg to about 105 mg, about 85 mg to about 100 mg,about 85 mg to about 95 mg, about 85 mg to about 90 mg, about 90 mg toabout 200 mg, about 90 mg to about 195 mg, about 90 mg to about 190 mg,about 90 mg to about 185 mg, about 90 mg to about 180 mg, about 90 mg toabout 175 mg, about 90 mg to about 170 mg, about 90 mg to about 165 mg,about 90 mg to about 160 mg, about 90 mg to about 155 mg, about 90 mg toabout 150 mg, about 90 mg to about 145 mg, about 90 mg to about 140 mg,about 90 mg to about 135 mg, about 90 mg to about 130 mg, about 90 mg toabout 125 mg, about 90 mg to about 120 mg, about 90 mg to about 115 mg,about 90 mg to about 110 mg, about 90 mg to about 105 mg, about 90 mg toabout 100 mg, about 90 mg to about 95 mg, about 95 mg to about 200 mg,about 95 mg to about 195 mg, about 95 mg to about 190 mg, about 95 mg toabout 185 mg, about 95 mg to about 180 mg, about 95 mg to about 175 mg,about 95 mg to about 170 mg, about 95 mg to about 165 mg, about 95 mg toabout 160 mg, about 95 mg to about 155 mg, about 95 mg to about 150 mg,about 95 mg to about 145 mg, about 95 mg to about 140 mg, about 95 mg toabout 135 mg, about 95 mg to about 130 mg, about 95 mg to about 125 mg,about 95 mg to about 120 mg, about 95 mg to about 115 mg, about 95 mg toabout 110 mg, about 95 mg to about 105 mg, about 95 mg to about 100 mg,about 100 mg to about 200 mg, about 100 mg to about 195 mg, about 100 mgto about 190 mg, about 100 mg to about 185 mg, about 100 mg to about 180mg, about 100 mg to about 175 mg, about 100 mg to about 170 mg, about100 mg to about 165 mg, about 100 mg to about 160 mg, about 100 mg toabout 155 mg, about 100 mg to about 150 mg, about 100 mg to about 145mg, about 100 mg to about 140 mg, about 100 mg to about 135 mg, about100 mg to about 130 mg, about 100 mg to about 125 mg, about 100 mg toabout 120 mg, about 100 mg to about 115 mg, about 100 mg to about 110mg, about 100 mg to about 105 mg, about 105 mg to about 200 mg, about105 mg to about 195 mg, about 105 mg to about 190 mg, about 105 mg toabout 185 mg, about 105 mg to about 180 mg, about 105 mg to about 175mg, about 105 mg to about 170 mg, about 105 mg to about 165 mg, about105 mg to about 160 mg, about 105 mg to about 155 mg, about 105 mg toabout 150 mg, about 105 mg to about 145 mg, about 105 mg to about 140mg, about 105 mg to about 135 mg, about 105 mg to about 130 mg, about105 mg to about 125 mg, about 105 mg to about 120 mg, about 105 mg toabout 115 mg, about 105 mg to about 110 mg, about 110 mg to about 200mg, about 110 mg to about 195 mg, about 110 mg to about 190 mg, about110 mg to about 185 mg, about 110 mg to about 180 mg, about 110 mg toabout 175 mg, about 110 mg to about 170 mg, about 110 mg to about 165mg, about 110 mg to about 160 mg, about 110 mg to about 155 mg, about110 mg to about 150 mg, about 110 mg to about 145 mg, about 110 mg toabout 140 mg, about 110 mg to about 135 mg, about 110 mg to about 130mg, about 110 mg to about 125 mg, about 110 mg to about 120 mg, about110 mg to about 115 mg, about 115 mg to about 200 mg, about 115 mg toabout 195 mg, about 115 mg to about 190 mg, about 115 mg to about 185mg, about 115 mg to about 180 mg, about 115 mg to about 175 mg, about115 mg to about 170 mg, about 115 mg to about 165 mg, about 115 mg toabout 160 mg, about 115 mg to about 155 mg, about 115 mg to about 150mg, about 115 mg to about 145 mg, about 115 mg to about 140 mg, about115 mg to about 135 mg, about 115 mg to about 130 mg, about 115 mg toabout 125 mg, about 115 mg to about 120 mg, about 120 mg to about 200mg, about 120 mg to about 195 mg, about 120 mg to about 190 mg, about120 mg to about 185 mg, about 120 mg to about 180 mg, about 120 mg toabout 175 mg, about 120 mg to about 170 mg, about 120 mg to about 165mg, about 120 mg to about 160 mg, about 120 mg to about 155 mg, about120 mg to about 150 mg, about 120 mg to about 145 mg, about 120 mg toabout 140 mg, about 120 mg to about 135 mg, about 120 mg to about 130mg, about 120 mg to about 125 mg, about 125 mg to about 200 mg, about125 mg to about 195 mg, about 125 mg to about 190 mg, about 125 mg toabout 185 mg, about 125 mg to about 180 mg, about 125 mg to about 175mg, about 125 mg to about 170 mg, about 125 mg to about 165 mg, about125 mg to about 160 mg, about 125 mg to about 155 mg, about 125 mg toabout 150 mg, about 125 mg to about 145 mg, about 125 mg to about 140mg, about 125 mg to about 135 mg, about 125 mg to about 130 mg, about130 mg to about 200 mg, about 130 mg to about 195 mg, about 130 mg toabout 190 mg, about 130 mg to about 185 mg, about 130 mg to about 180mg, about 130 mg to about 175 mg, about 130 mg to about 170 mg, about130 mg to about 165 mg, about 130 mg to about 160 mg, about 130 mg toabout 155 mg, about 130 mg to about 150 mg, about 130 mg to about 145mg, about 130 mg to about 140 mg, about 130 mg to about 135 mg, about135 mg to about 200 mg, about 135 mg to about 195 mg, about 135 mg toabout 190 mg, about 135 mg to about 185 mg, about 135 mg to about 180mg, about 135 mg to about 175 mg, about 135 mg to about 170 mg, about135 mg to about 165 mg, about 135 mg to about 160 mg, about 135 mg toabout 155 mg, about 135 mg to about 150 mg, about 135 mg to about 145mg, about 135 mg to about 140 mg, about 140 mg to about 200 mg, about140 mg to about 195 mg, about 140 mg to about 190 mg, about 140 mg toabout 185 mg, about 140 mg to about 180 mg, about 140 mg to about 175mg, about 140 mg to about 170 mg, about 140 mg to about 165 mg, about140 mg to about 160 mg, about 140 mg to about 155 mg, about 140 mg toabout 150 mg, about 140 mg to about 145 mg, about 145 mg to about 200mg, about 145 mg to about 195 mg, about 145 mg to about 190 mg, about145 mg to about 185 mg, about 145 mg to about 180 mg, about 145 mg toabout 175 mg, about 145 mg to about 170 mg, about 145 mg to about 165mg, about 145 mg to about 160 mg, about 145 mg to about 155 mg, about145 mg to about 150 mg, about 150 mg to about 200 mg, about 150 mg toabout 195 mg, about 150 mg to about 190 mg, about 150 mg to about 185mg, about 150 mg to about 180 mg, about 150 mg to about 175 mg, about150 mg to about 170 mg, about 150 mg to about 165 mg, about 150 mg toabout 160 mg, about 150 mg to about 155 mg, about 155 mg to about 200mg, about 155 mg to about 195 mg, about 155 mg to about 190 mg, about155 mg to about 185 mg, about 155 mg to about 180 mg, about 155 mg toabout 175 mg, about 155 mg to about 170 mg, about 155 mg to about 165mg, about 155 mg to about 160 mg, about 160 mg to about 200 mg, about160 mg to about 195 mg, about 160 mg to about 190 mg, about 160 mg toabout 185 mg, about 160 mg to about 180 mg, about 160 mg to about 175mg, about 160 mg to about 170 mg, about 160 mg to about 165 mg, about165 mg to about 200 mg, about 165 mg to about 195 mg, about 165 mg toabout 190 mg, about 165 mg to about 185 mg, about 165 mg to about 180mg, about 165 mg to about 175 mg, about 165 mg to about 170 mg, about170 mg to about 200 mg, about 170 mg to about 195 mg, about 170 mg toabout 190 mg, about 170 mg to about 185 mg, about 170 mg to about 180mg, about 170 mg to about 175 mg, about 175 mg to about 200 mg, about175 mg to about 195 mg, about 175 mg to about 190 mg, about 175 mg toabout 185 mg, about 175 mg to about 180 mg, about 180 mg to about 200mg, about 180 mg to about 195 mg, about 180 mg to about 190 mg, about180 mg to about 185 mg, about 185 mg to about 200 mg, about 185 mg toabout 195 mg, about 185 mg to about 190 mg, about 190 mg to about 200mg, about 190 mg to about 195 mg, or about 195 mg to about 200 mg.

In some embodiments the amount of the JAK inhibitor that is administeredcorresponds to a concentration as disclosed in US patent publication20170260533A1, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In someembodiments the amount of the JAK inhibitor that is administeredcorresponds to a concentration of 25 nM per volume of mouse largeintestine, 250 nM per volume of mouse large intestine, or 2500 nM pervolume of mouse large intestine. For example, the amount of the JAKinhibitor that, when administered, is calculated to result in, orresults in, a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in one of the followingranges of concentrations in a human large intestine (e.g., an averageadult human large intestine) of, e.g., about 5 nM to about 5000 nM,about 5 nM to about 4500 nM, about 5 nM to about 4,000 nM, about 5 nM toabout 3,500 nM, about 5 nM to about 3,000 nM, about 5 nM to about 2,500nM, about 5 nM to about 2,000 nM, about 5 nM to about 1,500 nM, about 5nM to about 1,000 nM, about 5 nM to about 750 nM, about 5 nM to about500 nM, about 5 nM to about 450 nM, about 5 nM to about 400 nM, about 5nM to about 350 nM, about 5 nM to about 300 nM, about 5 nM to about 250nM, about 5 nM to about 200 nM, about 5 nM to about 150 nM, about 5 nMto about 100 nM, about 5 nM to about 50 nM, about 5 nM to about 25 nM,about 25 nM to about 5000 nM, about 25 nM to about 4500 nM, about 25 nMto about 4,000 nM, about 25 nM to about 3,500 nM, about 25 nM to about3,000 nM, about 25 nM to about 2,500 nM, about 25 nM to about 2,000 nM,about 25 nM to about 1,500 nM, about 25 nM to about 1,000 nM, about 25nM to about 750 nM, about 25 nM to about 500 nM, about 25 nM to about450 nM, about 25 nM to about 400 nM, about 25 nM to about 350 nM, about25 nM to about 300 nM, about 25 nM to about 250 nM, about 25 nM to about200 nM, about 25 nM to about 150 nM, about 25 nM to about 100 nM, about25 nM to about 50 nM, about 50 nM to about 5000 nM, about 50 nM to about4500 nM, about 50 nM to about 4,000 nM, about 50 nM to about 3,500 nM,about 50 nM to about 3,000 nM, about 50 nM to about 2,500 nM, about 50nM to about 2,000 nM, about 50 nM to about 1,500 nM, about 50 nM toabout 1,000 nM, about 50 nM to about 750 nM, about 50 nM to about 500nM, about 50 nM to about 450 nM, about 50 nM to about 400 nM, about 50nM to about 350 nM, about 50 nM to about 300 nM, about 50 nM to about250 nM, about 50 nM to about 200 nM, about 50 nM to about 150 nM, about50 nM to about 100 nM, about 100 nM to about 5000 nM, about 100 nM toabout 4500 nM, about 100 nM to about 4,000 nM, about 100 nM to about3,500 nM, about 100 nM to about 3,000 nM, about 100 nM to about 2,500nM, about 100 nM to about 2,000 nM, about 100 nM to about 1,500 nM,about 100 nM to about 1,000 nM, about 100 nM to about 750 nM, about 100nM to about 500 nM, about 100 nM to about 450 nM, about 100 nM to about400 nM, about 100 nM to about 350 nM, about 100 nM to about 300 nM,about 100 nM to about 250 nM, about 100 nM to about 200 nM, about 100 nMto about 150 nM, about 150 nM to about 5000 nM, about 150 nM to about4500 nM, about 150 nM to about 4,000 nM, about 150 nM to about 3,500 nM,about 150 nM to about 3,000 nM, about 150 nM to about 2,500 nM, about150 nM to about 2,000 nM, about 150 nM to about 1,500 nM, about 150 nMto about 1,000 nM, about 150 nM to about 750 nM, about 150 nM to about500 nM, about 150 nM to about 450 nM, about 150 nM to about 400 nM,about 150 nM to about 350 nM, about 150 nM to about 300 nM, about 150 nMto about 250 nM, about 150 nM to about 200 nM, about 200 nM to about5000 nM, about 200 nM to about 4500 nM, about 200 nM to about 4,000 nM,about 200 nM to about 3,500 nM, about 200 nM to about 3,000 nM, about200 nM to about 2,500 nM, about 200 nM to about 2,000 nM, about 200 nMto about 1,500 nM, about 200 nM to about 1,000 nM, about 200 nM to about750 nM, about 200 nM to about 500 nM, about 200 nM to about 450 nM,about 200 nM to about 400 nM, about 200 nM to about 350 nM, about 200 nMto about 300 nM, or about 200 nM to about 250 nM.

In some embodiments the amount of the JAK inhibitor that is administeredcorresponds to a concentration of 25 nM in 0.225 mL, 250 nM in 0.225 mL,or 2500 nM in 0.225 mL. In some embodiments the amount of the JAKinhibitor that is administered corresponds to a concentration of 25 nMin 1 cm³, 250 nM in 1 cm³, or 2500 nM in 1 cm³. In some embodiments theamount of the JAK inhibitor that is administered corresponds to aconcentration of 25 nM in 1.34 cm³, 250 nM in 1.34 cm³, or 2500 nM in1.34 cm³. In some embodiments, the amount of the JAK inhibitor that isadministered corresponds to a concentration of 25 nM in 0.225 mL, 250 nMin 0.225 mL, or 2500 nM in 0.225 mL. In some embodiments the amount ofthe JAK inhibitor that is administered corresponds to a concentration of0.005 mg/mL, 0.05 mg/mL, or 0.5 mg/mL. In some embodiments the JAKinhibitor is administered at a dose of 25 nM, 250 nM, or 2500 nM.

In some aspects of the foregoing embodiments the JAK inhibitor is asiRNA (e.g., a shRNA).

In some embodiments, the amount of the JAK inhibitor that isadministered is less than an amount that is effective when the JAKinhibitor is delivered systemically.

In some embodiments, the subject is administered the dose of the JAKinhibitor once a day. In some embodiments, the subject is administeredthe dose of the JAK inhibitor once every two days.

In some embodiments, the amount of the JAK inhibitor that isadministered is an induction dose. In some embodiments, such inductiondose is effective to induce remission of the TNF and cytokine storm andhealing of acute inflammation and lesions. In some embodiments, theinduction dose is administered once a day. In some embodiments, theinduction dose is administered once every two days. In some embodiments,the induction dose is administered once every three days. In someembodiments, the induction dose is administered once a week. In someembodiments, the induction dose is administered once a day, once everythree days, or once a week, over a period of about 6-8 weeks.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering (i) an amount ofthe JAK inhibitor that is an induction dose, and (ii) an amount of theJAK inhibitor that is a maintenance dose, in this order. In someembodiments, step (ii) is repeated one or more times. In someembodiments, the induction dose is equal to the maintenance dose. Insome embodiments, the induction dose is greater than the maintenancedose. In some embodiments, the induction dose is five times greater thanthe maintenance dose. In some embodiments, the induction dose is twotimes greater than the maintenance dose.

In some embodiments, the induction dose is the same as or higher than aninduction dose administered systemically for treatment of the samedisorder to a subject. In more particular embodiments, the inductiondose is the same as or higher than an induction dose administeredsystemically for treatment of the same disorder to a subject, and themaintenance dose is lower than the maintenance dose administeredsystemically for treatment of the same disorder to a subject. In someembodiments, the induction dose is the same as or higher than aninduction dose administered systemically for treatment of the samedisorder to a subject, and the maintenance dose is higher than themaintenance dose administered systemically for treatment of the samedisorder to a subject.

In some embodiments an induction dose of JAK inhibitor and a maintenancedose of JAK inhibitor are each administered to the subject byadministering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is a device. In some embodiments an induction dose of JAKinhibitor is administered to the subject in a different manner from themaintenance dose. As an example, the induction dose may be administeredsystemically. In some embodiments, the induction dose may beadministered other than orally. As an example, the induction dose may beadministered rectally. As an example, the induction dose may beadministered intravenously. As an example, the induction dose may beadministered subcutaneously. In some embodiments, the induction dose maybe administered by spray catheter.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the JAK inhibitor delivered atthe location in the gastrointestinal tract is 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%,200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, 1000%, 2000% greater than the concentration ofJAK inhibitor in plasma.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor at a location that is a site of disease or proximate to a siteof disease that is 2-100 times greater than at a location that is not asite of disease or proximate to a site of disease.

In some embodiments, the method comprises delivering the JAK inhibitorat the location in the gastrointestinal tract as a single bolus.

In some embodiments, the method comprises delivering the JAK inhibitorat the location in the gastrointestinal tract as more than one bolus.

In some embodiments, the method comprises delivering the JAK inhibitorat the location in the gastrointestinal tract in a continuous manner.

In some embodiments, the method comprises delivering the JAK inhibitorat the location in the gastrointestinal tract over a time period of 20or more minutes.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 10 pg/mL. Insome embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 3 pg/mL. Insome embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 1 pg/mL. Insome embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.3 pg/mL. Insome embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.1 pg/mL. Insome embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.01 pg/mL. Insome embodiments, the values of the concentration of the JAK inhibitorin the plasma of the subject provided herein refer to C_(trough), thatis, the lowest value of the concentration prior to administration of thenext dose.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is, e.g., about 1 ng/L toabout 100 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about90 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 85 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 80ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 75 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 70 ng/mL,about 1 ng/mL to about 65 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL, about1 ng/mL to about 55 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 1ng/mL to about 45 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mLto about 35 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 30 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL toabout 25 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about15 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about 1 ng/mL to about 5ng/mL, about 2 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL,about 2 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 85 ng/mL, about2 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 75 ng/mL, about 2ng/mL to about 70 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 65 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mLto about 60 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 55 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL toabout 50 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 45 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about40 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 35 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 25 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL,about 2 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, about 2 ng/mL to about 10 ng/mL, about2 ng/mL to about 5 ng/mL, about 5 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mLto about 95 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL toabout 85 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about75 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 70 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 65ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 55 ng/mL,about 5 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 45 ng/mL, about5 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 35 ng/mL, about 5ng/mL to about 30 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 25 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mLto about 20 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL to about 15 ng/mL, about 5 ng/mL toabout 10 ng/mL, about 10 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL toabout 95 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL toabout 85 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL toabout 75 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 70 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL toabout 65 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL toabout 55 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL toabout 45 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL toabout 35 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 30 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL toabout 25 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 10 ng/mL toabout 15 ng/mL, about 15 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL toabout 95 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL toabout 85 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL toabout 75 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL to about 70 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL toabout 65 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL toabout 55 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL toabout 45 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL toabout 35 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL to about 30 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL toabout 25 ng/mL, about 15 ng/mL to about 20 ng/mL, about 20 ng/L to about100 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 90ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 85 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 80ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 75 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 70ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 65 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 60ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 55 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 50ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 45 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 40ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 35 ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 20 ng/mL to about 25 ng/mL, about 25 ng/L to about 100ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 90ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 85 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 80ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 75 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 70ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 65 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 60ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 55 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 50ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 45 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 40ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 35 ng/mL, about 25 ng/mL to about 30ng/mL, about 30 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 95ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 85ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 75ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 70 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 65ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 55ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 45ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 30 ng/mL to about 35ng/mL, about 35 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 95ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 85ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 75ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 70 ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 65ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 55ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 50 ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 45ng/mL, about 35 ng/mL to about 40 ng/mL, about 40 ng/L to about 100ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 90ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 85 ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 80ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 75 ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 70ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 65 ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 60ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 55 ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 50ng/mL, about 40 ng/mL to about 45 ng/mL, about 45 ng/L to about 100ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 90ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 85 ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 80ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 75 ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 70ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 65 ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 60ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 55 ng/mL, about 45 ng/mL to about 50ng/mL, about 50 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL to about 95ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL to about 85ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL to about 75ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL to about 70 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL to about 65ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL, about 50 ng/mL to about 55ng/mL, about 55 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL to about 95ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL to about 85ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL to about 75ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL to about 70 ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL to about 65ng/mL, about 55 ng/mL to about 60 ng/mL, about 60 ng/L to about 100ng/mL, about 60 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL, about 60 ng/mL to about 90ng/mL, about 60 ng/mL to about 85 ng/mL, about 60 ng/mL to about 80ng/mL, about 60 ng/mL to about 75 ng/mL, about 60 ng/mL to about 70ng/mL, about 60 ng/mL to about 65 ng/mL, about 65 ng/L to about 100ng/mL, about 65 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL, about 65 ng/mL to about 90ng/mL, about 65 ng/mL to about 85 ng/mL, about 65 ng/mL to about 80ng/mL, about 65 ng/mL to about 75 ng/mL, about 65 ng/mL to about 70ng/mL, about 70 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 70 ng/mL to about 95ng/mL, about 70 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 70 ng/mL to about 85ng/mL, about 70 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 70 ng/mL to about 75ng/mL, about 75 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 75 ng/mL to about 95ng/mL, about 75 ng/mL to about 90 ng/mL, about 75 ng/mL to about 85ng/mL, about 75 ng/mL to about 80 ng/mL, about 80 ng/L to about 100ng/mL, about 80 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL, about 80 ng/mL to about 90ng/mL, about 80 ng/mL to about 85 ng/mL, about 85 ng/L to about 100ng/mL, about 85 ng/mL to about 95 ng/mL, about 85 ng/mL to about 90ng/mL, about 90 ng/L to about 100 ng/mL, about 90 ng/mL to about 95ng/mL, or about 95 ng/mL to about 100 ng/mL.

In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration C_(max) of theJAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 10 μg/mL.In some embodiments, the method provides a concentration C_(max) of theJAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 3 μg/mL. Insome embodiments, the method provides a concentration C_(max) of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 1 μg/mL. Insome embodiments, the method provides a concentration C_(max) of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.3 μg/mL. Insome embodiments, the method provides a concentration C_(max) of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.1 μg/mL. Insome embodiments, the method provides a concentration C_(max) of the JAKinhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.01 μg/mL.

In some embodiments, the method does not comprise delivering a JAKinhibitor rectally to the subject.

In some embodiments, the method does not comprise delivering a JAKinhibitor via an enema to the subject.

In some embodiments, the method does not comprise delivering a JAKinhibitor via suppository to the subject.

In some embodiments, the method does not comprise delivering a JAKinhibitor via instillation to the rectum of a subject.

In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein comprise producing atherapeutically effective degradation product of the JAK inhibitor inthe gastrointestinal tract.

In some embodiments, a therapeutically effective amount of thedegradation product is produced.

In some embodiments, the methods comprising administering the JAKinhibitor in the manner disclosed herein disclosed herein result in areduced immunosuppressive properties relative to methods ofadministration of the JAK inhibitor systemically.

In some embodiments, the methods comprising administering the JAKinhibitor in the manner disclosed herein disclosed herein result inreduced immunogenicity relative to methods of administration of the JAKinhibitor systemically.

Methods for Treating Colitis in Subjects in Immune-Oncology Therapy

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating colitis asdisclosed herein in a subject, comprising releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximateto one or more sites of disease, wherein the method comprisesadministering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising atherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor, wherein thecolitis is associated with treatment of the subject with one or moreimmuno-oncology agents. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is an ingestible device. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device and the methodcomprises administering orally to the subject the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more immuno-oncologyagents is a chemotherapeutic agent. In some embodiments, thechemotherapeutic agent is a chemotherapeutic immunomodulator. In someembodiments, the chemotherapeutic immunomodulator is an immunecheckpoint inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the immune checkpoint inhibitor targets an immunecheckpoint protein or decreases an activity of an immune checkpointprotein selected from the group of CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-LI, PD-1-PD-LI,PD-1-PD-L2, interleukin 2 (IL 2), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), IL10, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin3 (TIM3 or HAVCR2), Galectin 9—TIM3, Phosphatidylserine—TIM3, lymphocyteactivation gene 3 protein (LAG3), MHC class II—LAG3, 4 IBB-4 1BB ligand,OX40-OX40 ligand, GITR, GITR ligand—GITR, CD27, CD70-CD27, TNFRSF25,TNFRSF25-TLIA, CD40L, CD40-CD40 ligand, HVEM-LIGHT-LTA, HVEM, HVEM-BTLA,HVEM-CD160, HVEM-LIGHT, HVEM-BTLA-CD160, CD80, CD80—PDL-1, PDL2—CD80,CD244, CD48—CD244, CD244, ICOS, ICOS-ICOS ligand, B7 H3, B7 H4, VISTA,TMIGD2, HHLA2-TMIGD2, Butyrophilins, including BTNL2, Siglec family,TIGIT and PVR family members, KIRs, ILTs and LIRs, NKG2D and NKG2A, MICAand MICB, CD244, CD28, CD86—CD28, CD86—CTLA, CD80—CD28, CD39, CD73Adenosine-CD39-CD73, CXCR4-CXCL12, Phosphatidylserine, TIM3,Phosphatidylserine—TIM3, SIRPA-CD47, VEGF, Neuropilin, CD160, CD30, andCD155.

In some examples, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected from thegroup consisting of: Urelumab, PF 05082566, MEDI6469, TRX518,Varlilumab, CP 870893, Pembrolizumab (PDI), Nivolumab (PDI),Atezolizumab (formerly MPDL3280A) (PDLI), MEDI4736 (PD-L1), Avelumab(PD-L1), PDR001 (PD1), BMS 986016, MGA271, Lirilumab, IPH2201,Emactuzumab, INCB024360, Galunisertib, Ulocuplumab, BKT140, Bavituximab,CC 90002, Bevacizumab, and MNRP1685A, and MGA271.

In some examples, the immune checkpoint inhibitor targets or decreasesan activity of CTLA-4. In some embodiments, the immune checkpointinhibitor is an antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody isipilimumab or tremelimumab.

In some examples, the immune checkpoint inhibitor targets PD1 or PD-L1.In some examples, the immune checkpoint inhibitor is selected fromnivolumab, lambroizumab, and BMS-936559.

In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more immuno-oncologyagents is a T-cell capable of expressing a chimeric antigen receptor(CAR). In some embodiments, at least one of the one or moreimmuno-oncology agents is a PI-3-kinase inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the treatment of the subject with one or moreimmuno-oncology agents further comprises treatment of the subject withan immunosuppressant.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for reducing thedevelopment of colitis in a subject administered an immuno-oncologyagent, comprising releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in thegastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or moresites of disease, wherein the method comprises administering to thesubject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device. In some embodiments,the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device and the methodcomprises administering orally to the subject the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

In some embodiments of these methods, a subject is administered at leastone dose of an immuno-oncology agent prior to administering apharmaceutical composition comprising any of the devices describedherein as described herein to the subject. In some embodiments of thesemethods, a subject is first administered any of the devices as describedherein, prior to administration of the first dose of the immuno-oncologyagent. In some embodiments of these methods, the immuno-oncology agentis administered at substantially the same time as the device describedherein.

Also provided herein are methods of treating a subject having a cancerthat include: administering a first dose of an immuno-oncology agent tothe subject; monitoring one or more biomarkers, markers, or symptoms ofcolitis (e.g., any of the biomarkers, markers, or symptoms of colitisdescribed herein or known in the art); identifying a subject having alevel of a biomarker or marker, or having a symptom of colitis; andreleasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract ofthe subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, whereinthe method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is aningestible device. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositionis an ingestible device and the method comprises administering orally tothe subject the pharmaceutical composition.

Also provided herein are methods of reducing the severity of colitis ina subject having a cancer and administered an immuno-oncology agent thatinclude administering to the subject any of the devices describedherein.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating colitis ina subject comprising:

determining that the subject has colitis associated with treatment ofthe subject with one or more immuno-oncology agents; and

releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract ofthe subject that is proximate to one or more sites of colitis, whereinthe method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is aningestible device.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestibledevice and the method comprises administering orally to the subject thepharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating colitis ina subject comprising:

determining that the subject has colitis associated with treatment ofthe subject with one or more immuno-oncology agents; and

administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising any of theJAK inhibitors described herein, to treat the colitis.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating colitis,

comprising releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in thegastrointestinal tract of a subject who has been determined to havecolitis associated with treatment of the subject with one or moreimmuno-oncology agents, wherein the location is proximate to one or moresites of colitis, wherein the method comprises administering to thesubject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device. In some embodiments,the pharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device and the methodcomprises administering orally to the subject the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a method for treating colitis,comprising administering an ingestible device comprising any of the JAKinhibitors described herein to a subject who has been determined to havecolitis associated with treatment of the subject with one or moreimmuno-oncology agents.

In some embodiments, provided herein is an ingestible device comprisingany of the JAK inhibitors described herein for treating colitisassociated with treatment of a subject with one or more immuno-oncologyagents.

Monitoring Progress of Disease

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise monitoring theprogress of the disease. In some embodiments, monitoring the progress ofthe disease comprises measuring the levels of IBD serological markers.In some embodiments, monitoring the progress of the disease comprisesdetermining mucosal healing at the location of release. In someembodiments, monitoring the progress of the disease comprisesdetermining the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) over a period ofabout 6-8 weeks, or over a period of about 52 weeks, followingadministration of the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, monitoring theprogress of the disease comprises determining the Harvey-Bradshaw Index(HBI) following administration of the JAK inhibitor. Possible markersmay include the following: anti-glycan antibodies: anti-Saccharomicescerevisiae (ASCA); anti-laminaribioside (ALCA); anti-chitobioside(ACCA); anti-mannobioside (AMCA); anti-laminarin (anti-L); anti-chitin(anti-C) antibodies: anti-outer membrane porin C (anti-OmpC), anti-Cbir1flagellin; anti-12 antibody; autoantibodies targeting the exocrinepancreas (PAB); perinuclear anti-neutrophil antibody (pANCA). In someembodiments, monitoring the progress of the disease comprises measuringJAK inhibitor levels in serum over a period of about 1-14 weeks, such asabout 6-8 weeks following administration of the JAK inhibitor, includingat the 6-8 week time point. In some embodiments, monitoring the progressof the disease comprises measuring JAK inhibitor levels in serum over aperiod of about 52 weeks following administration of the JAK inhibitor,including at the 52 week time point.

Patient Condition, Diagnosis and Treatment

In some embodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises one or more of the following:

-   -   a) identifying a subject having a disease of the        gastrointestinal tract, for example by endoscopy or colonoscopy;    -   b) determining the severity of the disease, for example with        reference to the Mayo Clinic Score, the Crohn's Disease Activity        Index (CDAI), the Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI), or a combination        of the above;    -   c) determining the location of the disease, for example as        determined by the presence of lesions indicative of the disease;    -   d) evaluating the subject for suitability to treatment, for        example by determining the patency of the subject's GI tract,        for example if the indication is small intestinal diseases,        pancolitis, Crohn's disease, or if the patients has strictures        or fistulae;    -   e) administering an induction dose or of a maintenance dose of a        drug, such as the JAK inhibitor or such as another drug that is        effective in the treatment of IBD conditions;    -   f) monitoring the progress of the disease, for example with        reference to the Mayo Clinic Score, the Crohn's Disease Activity        Index (CDAI), the Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI), the PRO, PRO2 or        PRO3 tools, or a combination of the above; and/or    -   g) optionally repeating steps e) and f) one or more times, for        example over a period of about 1-14 weeks, such as about 6-8        weeks following administration of the JAK inhibitor, including        at the 6-8 week time point, or over a period of about 52 weeks        following administration of the JAK inhibitor, including at the        52 week time point.

As used herein, an induction dose is a dose of drug that may beadministered, for example, at the beginning of a course of treatment,and that is higher than the maintenance dose administered duringtreatment. An induction dose may also be administered during treatment,for example if the condition of the patients becomes worse.

As used herein, a maintenance dose is a dose of drug that is provided ona repetitive basis, for example at regular dosing intervals.

In some embodiments the JAK inhibitor is released from an ingestibledevice.

In some embodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises a) hereinabove.

In some embodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises b) hereinabove.

In some embodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises c) hereinabove.

In some embodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises d) hereinabove.

In some embodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises e) hereinabove.

In some embodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises f) hereinabove.

In some embodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises g) hereinabove.

In some embodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises a) and b) hereinabove. In some embodimentsherein, the method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tractthat comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in thegastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or more sites of diseasecomprises a) and c) hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the methodof treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprisesreleasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tractthat is proximate to one or more sites of disease comprises a) and d)hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the method of treating adisease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAKinhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximateto one or more sites of disease comprises a) and e) hereinabove. In someembodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises a) and f) hereinabove. In some embodimentsherein, the method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tractthat comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in thegastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or more sites of diseasecomprises a) and g) hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the methodof treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprisesreleasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tractthat is proximate to one or more sites of disease comprises b) and c)hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the method of treating adisease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAKinhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximateto one or more sites of disease comprises b) and d) hereinabove. In someembodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises b) and e) hereinabove. In some embodimentsherein, the method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tractthat comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in thegastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or more sites of diseasecomprises b) and f) hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the methodof treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprisesreleasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tractthat is proximate to one or more sites of disease comprises b) and g)hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the method of treating adisease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAKinhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximateto one or more sites of disease comprises c) and d) hereinabove. In someembodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises c) and e) hereinabove. In some embodimentsherein, the method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tractthat comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in thegastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or more sites of diseasecomprises c) and f) hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the methodof treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprisesreleasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tractthat is proximate to one or more sites of disease comprises c) and g)hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the method of treating adisease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAKinhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximateto one or more sites of disease comprises d) and e) hereinabove. In someembodiments herein, the method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or moresites of disease comprises d) and f) hereinabove. In some embodimentsherein, the method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tractthat comprises releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in thegastrointestinal tract that is proximate to one or more sites of diseasecomprises d) and g) hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the methodof treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprisesreleasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tractthat is proximate to one or more sites of disease comprises e) and f)hereinabove. In some embodiments herein, the method of treating adisease of the gastrointestinal tract that comprises releasing a JAKinhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract that is proximateto one or more sites of disease comprises g) hereinabove.

In some embodiments, one or more steps a) to e) herein compriseendoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract. In some embodiments, one ormore steps a) to e) herein comprise colonoscopy of the gastrointestinaltract. In some embodiments, one or more steps a) to e) herein isperformed one or more times. In some embodiments, such one or more ofsuch one or more steps a) to e) is performed after releasing the JAKinhibitor at the location in the gastrointestinal tract that isproximate to one or more sites of disease.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering one or moremaintenance doses following administration of the induction dose in stepe). In some embodiments an induction dose of JAK inhibitor and amaintenance dose of JAK inhibitor are each administered to the subjectby administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising atherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor. In someembodiments an induction dose of JAK inhibitor is administered to thesubject in a different manner from the maintenance dose. As an example,the maintenance dose may be administered systemically, while themaintenance dose is administered locally using a device. In oneembodiment, a maintenance dose is administered systemically, and aninduction dose is administered using a device every 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 days. In another embodiment, amaintenance dose is administered systemically, and an induction dose isadministered when a disease flares up is detected or suspected.

In some embodiments, the induction dose is a dose of the JAK inhibitoradministered in an ingestible device as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the maintenance dose is a dose of the JAK inhibitoradministered in an ingestible device as disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the induction dose is a dose of the JAK inhibitoradministered in an ingestible device as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the maintenance dose is a dose of the JAK inhibitordelivered systemically, such as orally with a tablet or capsule, orsubcutaneously, or intravenously.

In some embodiments, the induction dose is a dose of the JAK inhibitordelivered systemically, such as orally with a tablet or capsule, orsubcutaneously, or intravenously. In some embodiments, the maintenancedose is a dose of the JAK inhibitor administered in an ingestible deviceas disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the induction dose is a dose of the JAK inhibitoradministered in an ingestible device as disclosed herein. In someembodiments, the maintenance dose is a dose of a second agent asdisclosed herein delivered systemically, such as orally with a tablet orcapsule, or subcutaneously, or intravenously.

In some embodiments, the induction dose is a dose of a second agent asdisclosed herein delivered systemically, such as orally with a tablet orcapsule, or subcutaneously, or intravenously. In some embodiments, themaintenance dose is a dose of the JAK inhibitor administered in aningestible device as disclosed herein.

In one embodiment of the methods provided herein, the patient is notpreviously treated with a JAK inhibitor. In one embodiment, thegastrointestinal inflammatory disorder is an inflammatory bowel disease.In one embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease is ulcerative colitisor Crohn's disease. In one embodiment, the inflammatory bowel disease isulcerative colitis and the response is selected from clinical response,mucosal healing and remission. In certain embodiments, remission in thepatient is determined to be induced when the Mayo Clinic Score <2 and noindividual subscore >1, which is also referred to as clinical remission.

In certain embodiments, mucosal healing is determined to have occurredwhen the patient is determined to have an endoscopy subscore of 0 or 1as assessed by flexible sigmoidoscopy. In certain such embodiments,patients who experience mucosal healing are determined to have anendoscopy subscore of 0. In certain embodiments, clinical response isdetermined to have occurred when the patient experiences a 3-pointdecrease and 30% reduction from baseline in MCS and >1-point decrease inrectal bleeding subscore or absolute rectal bleeding score of 0 or 1.

In some embodiments, the method comprises identifying the disease sitesubstantially at the same time as releasing the JAK inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the method comprises monitoring the progress of thedisease. In some embodiments, monitoring the progress of the diseasecomprises measuring the weight of the subject over a period of about1-14 weeks, such as about 6-8 weeks following administration of the JAKinhibitor, including at the 6-8 week time point, or over a period ofabout 52 weeks following administration of the JAK inhibitor, includingat the 52 week time point. In some embodiments, monitoring the progressof the disease comprises measuring the food intake of the subject;measuring the level of blood in the feces of the subject; measuring thelevel of abdominal pain of the subject; and/or a combination of theabove, for example over a period of about 1-14 weeks, such as about 6-8weeks following administration of the JAK inhibitor, including at the6-8 week time point, or over a period of about 52 weeks followingadministration of the JAK inhibitor, including at the 52 week timepoint.

In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a JAK inhibitorwith a spray catheter. For example, administering a JAK inhibitor with aspray catheter may be performed in step (e) hereinabove.

In some embodiments, the method does not comprise administering a JAKinhibitor with a spray catheter.

In some embodiments, data obtained from cell culture assays and animalstudies can be used in formulating an appropriate dosage of any givenJAK inhibitor. The effectiveness and dosing of any JAK inhibitor can bedetermined by a health care professional or veterinary professionalusing methods known in the art, as well as by the observation of one ormore disease symptoms in a subject (e.g., a human). Certain factors mayinfluence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject(e.g., the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, thegeneral health and/or age of the subject, and the presence of otherdiseases).

In some embodiments, the subject is further administered an additionaltherapeutic agent (e.g., any of the additional therapeutic agentsdescribed herein). The additional therapeutic agent can be administeredto the subject at substantially the same time as the JAK inhibitor orpharmaceutical composition comprising it is administered and/or at oneor more other time points. In some embodiments, the additionaltherapeutic agent is formulated together with the JAK inhibitor (e.g.,using any of the examples of formulations described herein).

In some embodiments, the subject is administered a dose of the JAKinhibitor at least once a month (e.g., at least twice a month, at leastthree times a month, at least four times a month, at least once a week,at least twice a week, three times a week, once a day, or twice a day).The JAK inhibitor may be administered to a subject chronically. Chronictreatments include any form of repeated administration for an extendedperiod of time, such as repeated administrations for one or more months,between a month and a year, one or more years, more than five years,more than 10 years, more than 15 years, more than 20 years, more than 25years, more than 30 years, more than 35 years, more than 40 years, morethan 45 years, or longer. Alternatively, or in addition, chronictreatments may be administered. Chronic treatments can involve regularadministrations, for example one or more times a day, one or more timesa week, or one or more times a month. For example, chronic treatment caninclude administration (e.g., intravenous administration) about everytwo weeks (e.g., between about every 10 to 18 days).

A suitable dose may be the amount that is the lowest dose effective toproduce a desired therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose willgenerally depend upon the factors described herein. If desired, aneffective daily dose of JAK inhibitor can be administered as two, three,four, five, or six or more sub-doses administered separately atappropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosageforms.

In some examples, administration of a JAK inhibitor using any of thecompositions or devices described herein can result in the onset oftreatment (e.g., a reduction in the number, severity, or duration of oneor more symptoms and/or markers of any of the diseases described herein)or drug-target engagement in a subject within a time period of about 10minutes to about 10 hours, about 10 minutes to about 9 hours, about 10minutes to about 8 hours, about 10 minutes to about 7 hours, about 10minutes to about 6 hours, about 10 minutes to about 5 hours, about 10minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 10 minutes to about 4 hours, about 10minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 10 minutes to about 3 hours, about 10minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 10 minutes to about 2 hours, about 10minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 10 minutes to about 1 hour, about 10minutes to about 55 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 50 minutes, about10 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 40 minutes,about 10 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 30minutes, about 10 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 10 minutes to about20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 15 minutes, about 15 minutes toabout 10 hours, about 15 minutes to about 9 hours, about 15 minutes toabout 8 hours, about 15 minutes to about 7 hours, about 15 minutes toabout 6 hours, about 15 minutes to about 5 hours, about 15 minutes toabout 4.5 hours, about 15 minutes to about 4 hours, about 15 minutes toabout 3.5 hours, about 15 minutes to about 3 hours, about 15 minutes toabout 2.5 hours, about 15 minutes to about 2 hours, about 15 minutes toabout 1.5 hours, about 15 minutes to about 1 hour, about 15 minutes toabout 55 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 15 minutesto about 45 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 15minutes to about 35 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 30 minutes, about15 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 15 minutes to about 20 minutes,about 20 minutes to about 10 hours, about 20 minutes to about 9 hours,about 20 minutes to about 8 hours, about 20 minutes to about 7 hours,about 20 minutes to about 6 hours, about 20 minutes to about 5 hours,about 20 minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 20 minutes to about 4 hours,about 20 minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 20 minutes to about 3 hours,about 20 minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 20 minutes to about 2 hours,about 20 minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 20 minutes to about 1 hour,about 20 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 50minutes, about 20 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 20 minutes to about40 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 20 minutes toabout 30 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 25 minutes, about 25 minutesto about 10 hours, about 25 minutes to about 9 hours, about 25 minutesto about 8 hours, about 25 minutes to about 7 hours, about 25 minutes toabout 6 hours, about 25 minutes to about 5 hours, about 25 minutes toabout 4.5 hours, about 25 minutes to about 4 hours, about 25 minutes toabout 3.5 hours, about 25 minutes to about 3 hours, about 25 minutes toabout 2.5 hours, about 25 minutes to about 2 hours, about 25 minutes toabout 1.5 hours, about 25 minutes to about 1 hour, about 25 minutes toabout 55 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 25 minutesto about 45 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 25minutes to about 35 minutes, about 25 minutes to about 30 minutes, about30 minutes to about 10 hours, about 30 minutes to about 9 hours, about30 minutes to about 8 hours, about 30 minutes to about 7 hours, about 30minutes to about 6 hours, about 30 minutes to about 5 hours, about 30minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 30 minutes to about 4 hours, about 30minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 30 minutes to about 3 hours, about 30minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 30 minutes to about 2 hours, about 30minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 30 minutes to about 1 hour, about 30minutes to about 55 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 50 minutes, about30 minutes to about 45 minutes, about 30 minutes to about 40 minutes,about 30 minutes to about 35 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 10hours, about 35 minutes to about 9 hours, about 35 minutes to about 8hours, about 35 minutes to about 7 hours, about 35 minutes to about 6hours, about 35 minutes to about 5 hours, about 35 minutes to about 4.5hours, about 35 minutes to about 4 hours, about 35 minutes to about 3.5hours, about 35 minutes to about 3 hours, about 35 minutes to about 2.5hours, about 35 minutes to about 2 hours, about 35 minutes to about 1.5hours, about 35 minutes to about 1 hour, about 35 minutes to about 55minutes, about 35 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 35 minutes to about45 minutes, about 35 minutes to about 40 minutes, about 40 minutes toabout 10 hours, about 40 minutes to about 9 hours, about 40 minutes toabout 8 hours, about 40 minutes to about 7 hours, about 40 minutes toabout 6 hours, about 40 minutes to about 5 hours, about 40 minutes toabout 4.5 hours, about 40 minutes to about 4 hours, about 40 minutes toabout 3.5 hours, about 40 minutes to about 3 hours, about 40 minutes toabout 2.5 hours, about 40 minutes to about 2 hours, about 40 minutes toabout 1.5 hours, about 40 minutes to about 1 hour, about 40 minutes toabout 55 minutes, about 40 minutes to about 50 minutes, about 40 minutesto about 45 minutes, about 45 minutes to about 10 hours, about 45minutes to about 9 hours, about 45 minutes to about 8 hours, about 45minutes to about 7 hours, about 45 minutes to about 6 hours, about 45minutes to about 5 hours, about 45 minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 45minutes to about 4 hours, about 45 minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 45minutes to about 3 hours, about 45 minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 45minutes to about 2 hours, about 45 minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 45minutes to about 1 hour, about 45 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 45minutes to about 50 minutes, about 50 minutes to about 10 hours, about50 minutes to about 9 hours, about 50 minutes to about 8 hours, about 50minutes to about 7 hours, about 50 minutes to about 6 hours, about 50minutes to about 5 hours, about 50 minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 50minutes to about 4 hours, about 50 minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 50minutes to about 3 hours, about 50 minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 50minutes to about 2 hours, about 50 minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 50minutes to about 1 hour, about 50 minutes to about 55 minutes, about 55minutes to about 10 hours, about 55 minutes to about 9 hours, about 55minutes to about 8 hours, about 55 minutes to about 7 hours, about 55minutes to about 6 hours, about 55 minutes to about 5 hours, about 55minutes to about 4.5 hours, about 55 minutes to about 4 hours, about 55minutes to about 3.5 hours, about 55 minutes to about 3 hours, about 55minutes to about 2.5 hours, about 55 minutes to about 2 hours, about 55minutes to about 1.5 hours, about 55 minutes to about 1 hour, about 1hour to about 10 hours, about 1 hour to about 9 hours, about 1 hour toabout 8 hours, about 1 hour to about 7 hours, about 1 hour to about 6hours, about 1 hour to about 5 hours, about 1 hour to about 4.5 hours,about 1 hour to about 4 hours, about 1 hour to about 3.5 hours, about 1hour to about 3 hours, about 1 hour to about 2.5 hours, about 1 hour toabout 2 hours, about 1 hour to about 1.5 hours, about 1.5 hours to about10 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 9 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 8hours, about 1.5 hours to about 7 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 6hours, about 1.5 hours to about 5 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 4.5hours, about 1.5 hours to about 4 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 3.5hours, about 1.5 hours to about 3 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 2.5hours, about 1.5 hours to about 2 hours, about 2 hours to about 10hours, about 2 hours to about 9 hours, about 2 hours to about 8 hours,about 2 hours to about 7 hours, about 2 hours to about 6 hours, about 2hours to about 5 hours, about 2 hours to about 4.5 hours, about 2 hoursto about 4 hours, about 2 hours to about 3.5 hours, about 2 hours toabout 3 hours, about 2 hours to about 2.5 hours, about 2.5 hours toabout 10 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 9 hours, about 2.5 hours toabout 8 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 7 hours, about 2.5 hours toabout 6 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 5 hours, about 2.5 hours toabout 4.5 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 4 hours, about 2.5 hours toabout 3.5 hours, about 2.5 hours to about 3 hours, about 3 hours toabout 10 hours, about 3 hours to about 9 hours, about 3 hours to about 8hours, about 3 hours to about 7 hours, about 3 hours to about 6 hours,about 3 hours to about 5 hours, about 3 hours to about 4.5 hours, about3 hours to about 4 hours, about 3 hours to about 3.5 hours, about 3.5hours to about 10 hours, about 3.5 hours to about 9 hours, about 3.5hours to about 8 hours, about 3.5 hours to about 7 hours, about 3.5hours to about 6 hours, about 3.5 hours to about 5 hours, about 3.5hours to about 4.5 hours, about 3.5 hours to about 4 hours, about 4hours to about 10 hours, about 4 hours to about 9 hours, about 4 hoursto about 8 hours, about 4 hours to about 7 hours, about 4 hours to about6 hours, about 4 hours to about 5 hours, about 4 hours to about 4.5hours, about 4.5 hours to about 10 hours, about 4.5 hours to about 9hours, about 4.5 hours to about 8 hours, about 4.5 hours to about 7hours, about 4.5 hours to about 6 hours, about 4.5 hours to about 5hours, about 5 hours to about 10 hours, about 5 hours to about 9 hours,about 5 hours to about 8 hours, about 5 hours to about 7 hours, about 5hours to about 6 hours, about 6 hours to about 10 hours, about 6 hoursto about 9 hours, about 6 hours to about 8 hours, about 6 hours to about7 hours, about 7 hours to about 10 hours, about 7 hours to about 9hours, about 7 hours to about 8 hours, about 8 hours to about 10 hours,about 8 hours to about 9 hours, or about 9 hours to about 10 hours ofadministration of a dose of a JAK inhibitor using any of the devices orcompositions described herein. Drug-target engagement may be determined,for example, as disclosed in Simon G M, Niphakis M J, Cravatt B F,Nature chemical biology. 2013; 9(4):200-205, incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

In some embodiments, administration of a JAK inhibitor using any of thedevices or compositions described herein can provide for treatment(e.g., a reduction in the number, severity, and/or duration of one ormore symptoms and/or markers of any of the disorders described herein ina subject) for a time period of between about 1 hour to about 30 days,about 1 hour to about 28 days, about 1 hour to about 26 days, about 1hour to about 24 days, about 1 hour to about 22 days, about 1 hour toabout 20 days, about 1 hour to about 18 days, about 1 hour to about 16days, about 1 hour to about 14 days, about 1 hour to about 12 days,about 1 hour to about 10 days, about 1 hour to about 8 days, about 1hour to about 6 days, about 1 hour to about 5 days, about 1 hour toabout 4 days, about 1 hour to about 3 days, about 1 hour to about 2days, about 1 hour to about 1 day, about 1 hour to about 12 hours, about1 hour to about 6 hours, about 1 hour to about 3 hours, about 3 hours toabout 30 days, about 3 hours to about 28 days, about 3 hours to about 26days, about 3 hours to about 24 days, about 3 hours to about 22 days,about 3 hours to about 20 days, about 3 hours to about 18 days, about 3hours to about 16 days, about 3 hours to about 14 days, about 3 hours toabout 12 days, about 3 hours to about 10 days, about 3 hours to about 8days, about 3 hours to about 6 days, about 3 hours to about 5 days,about 3 hours to about 4 days, about 3 hours to about 3 days, about 3hours to about 2 days, about 3 hours to about 1 day, about 3 hours toabout 12 hours, about 3 hours to about 6 hours, about 6 hours to about30 days, about 6 hours to about 28 days, about 6 hours to about 26 days,about 6 hours to about 24 days, about 6 hours to about 22 days, about 6hours to about 20 days, about 6 hours to about 18 days, about 6 hours toabout 16 days, about 6 hours to about 14 days, about 6 hours to about 12days, about 6 hours to about 10 days, about 6 hours to about 8 days,about 6 hours to about 6 days, about 6 hours to about 5 days, about 6hours to about 4 days, about 6 hours to about 3 days, about 6 hours toabout 2 days, about 6 hours to about 1 day, about 6 hours to about 12hours, about 12 hours to about 30 days, about 12 hours to about 28 days,about 12 hours to about 26 days, about 12 hours to about 24 days, about12 hours to about 22 days, about 12 hours to about 20 days, about 12hours to about 18 days, about 12 hours to about 16 days, about 12 hoursto about 14 days, about 12 hours to about 12 days, about 12 hours toabout 10 days, about 12 hours to about 8 days, about 12 hours to about 6days, about 12 hours to about 5 days, about 12 hours to about 4 days,about 12 hours to about 3 days, about 12 hours to about 2 days, about 12hours to about 1 day, about 1 day to about 30 days, about 1 day to about28 days, about 1 day to about 26 days, about 1 day to about 24 days,about 1 day to about 22 days, about 1 day to about 20 days, about 1 dayto about 18 days, about 1 day to about 16 days, about 1 day to about 14days, about 1 day to about 12 days, about 1 day to about 10 days, about1 day to about 8 days, about 1 day to about 6 days, about 1 day to about5 days, about 1 day to about 4 days, about 1 day to about 3 days, about1 day to about 2 days, about 2 days to about 30 days, about 2 days toabout 28 days, about 2 days to about 26 days, about 2 days to about 24days, about 2 days to about 22 days, about 2 days to about 20 days,about 2 days to about 18 days, about 2 days to about 16 days, about 2days to about 14 days, about 2 days to about 12 days, about 2 days toabout 10 days, about 2 days to about 8 days, about 2 days to about 6days, about 2 days to about 5 days, about 2 days to about 4 days, about2 days to about 3 days, about 3 days to about 30 days, about 3 days toabout 28 days, about 3 days to about 26 days, about 3 days to about 24days, about 3 days to about 22 days, about 3 days to about 20 days,about 3 days to about 18 days, about 3 days to about 16 days, about 3days to about 14 days, about 3 days to about 12 days, about 3 days toabout 10 days, about 3 days to about 8 days, about 3 days to about 6days, about 3 days to about 5 days, about 3 days to about 4 days, about4 days to about 30 days, about 4 days to about 28 days, about 4 days toabout 26 days, about 4 days to about 24 days, about 4 days to about 22days, about 4 days to about 20 days, about 4 days to about 18 days,about 4 days to about 16 days, about 4 days to about 14 days, about 4days to about 12 days, about 4 days to about 10 days, about 4 days toabout 8 days, about 4 days to about 6 days, about 4 days to about 5days, about 5 days to about 30 days, about 5 days to about 28 days,about 5 days to about 26 days, about 5 days to about 24 days, about 5days to about 22 days, about 5 days to about 20 days, about 5 days toabout 18 days, about 5 days to about 16 days, about 5 days to about 14days, about 5 days to about 12 days, about 5 days to about 10 days,about 5 days to about 8 days, about 5 days to about 6 days, about 6 daysto about 30 days, about 6 days to about 28 days, about 6 days to about26 days, about 6 days to about 24 days, about 6 days to about 22 days,about 6 days to about 20 days, about 6 days to about 18 days, about 6days to about 16 days, about 6 days to about 14 days, about 6 days toabout 12 days, about 6 days to about 10 days, about 6 days to about 8days, about 8 days to about 30 days, about 8 days to about 28 days,about 8 days to about 26 days, about 8 days to about 24 days, about 8days to about 22 days, about 8 days to about 20 days, about 8 days toabout 18 days, about 8 days to about 16 days, about 8 days to about 14days, about 8 days to about 12 days, about 8 days to about 10 days,about 10 days to about 30 days, about 10 days to about 28 days, about 10days to about 26 days, about 10 days to about 24 days, about 10 days toabout 22 days, about 10 days to about 20 days, about 10 days to about 18days, about 10 days to about 16 days, about 10 days to about 14 days,about 10 days to about 12 days, about 12 days to about 30 days, about 12days to about 28 days, about 12 days to about 26 days, about 12 days toabout 24 days, about 12 days to about 22 days, about 12 days to about 20days, about 12 days to about 18 days, about 12 days to about 16 days,about 12 days to about 14 days, about 14 days to about 30 days, about 14days to about 28 days, about 14 days to about 26 days, about 14 days toabout 24 days, about 14 days to about 22 days, about 14 days to about 20days, about 14 days to about 18 days, about 14 days to about 16 days,about 16 days to about 30 days, about 16 days to about 28 days, about 16days to about 26 days, about 16 days to about 24 days, about 16 days toabout 22 days, about 16 days to about 20 days, about 16 days to about 18days, about 18 days to about 30 days, about 18 days to about 28 days,about 18 days to about 26 days, about 18 days to about 24 days, about 18days to about 22 days, about 18 days to about 20 days, about 20 days toabout 30 days, about 20 days to about 28 days, about 20 days to about 26days, about 20 days to about 24 days, about 20 days to about 22 days,about 22 days to about 30 days, about 22 days to about 28 days, about 22days to about 26 days, about 22 days to about 24 days, about 24 days toabout 30 days, about 24 days to about 28 days, about 24 days to about 26days, about 26 days to about 30 days, about 26 days to about 28 days, orabout 28 days to about 30 days in a subject following firstadministration of a JAK inhibitor using any of the compositions ordevices described herein. Non-limiting examples of symptoms and/ormarkers of a disease described herein are described below.

For example, treatment can result in a decrease (e.g., about 1% to about99% decrease, about 1% to about 95% decrease, about 1% to about 90%decrease, about 1% to about 85% decrease, about 1% to about 80%decrease, about 1% to about 75% decrease, about 1% to about 70%decrease, about 1% to about 65% decrease, about 1% to about 60%decrease, about 1% to about 55% decrease, about 1% to about 50%decrease, about 1% to about 45% decrease, about 1% to about 40%decrease, about 1% to about 35% decrease, about 1% to about 30%decrease, about 1% to about 25% decrease, about 1% to about 20%decrease, about 1% to about 15% decrease, about 1% to about 10%decrease, about 1% to about 5% decrease, about 5% to about 99% decrease,about 5% to about 95% decrease, about 5% to about 90% decrease, about 5%to about 85% decrease, about 5% to about 80% decrease, about 5% to about75% decrease, about 5% to about 70% decrease, about 5% to about 65%decrease, about 5% to about 60% decrease, about 5% to about 55%decrease, about 5% to about 50% decrease, about 5% to about 45%decrease, about 5% to about 40% decrease, about 5% to about 35%decrease, about 5% to about 30% decrease, about 5% to about 25%decrease, about 5% to about 20% decrease, about 5% to about 15%decrease, about 5% to about 10% decrease, about 10% to about 99%decrease, about 10% to about 95% decrease, about 10% to about 90%decrease, about 10% to about 85% decrease, about 10% to about 80%decrease, about 10% to about 75% decrease, about 10% to about 70%decrease, about 10% to about 65% decrease, about 10% to about 60%decrease, about 10% to about 55% decrease, about 10% to about 50%decrease, about 10% to about 45% decrease, about 10% to about 40%decrease, about 10% to about 35% decrease, about 10% to about 30%decrease, about 10% to about 25% decrease, about 10% to about 20%decrease, about 10% to about 15% decrease, about 15% to about 99%decrease, about 15% to about 95% decrease, about 15% to about 90%decrease, about 15% to about 85% decrease, about 15% to about 80%decrease, about 15% to about 75% decrease, about 15% to about 70%decrease, about 15% to about 65% decrease, about 15% to about 60%decrease, about 15% to about 55% decrease, about 15% to about 50%decrease, about 15% to about 45% decrease, about 15% to about 40%decrease, about 15% to about 35% decrease, about 15% to about 30%decrease, about 15% to about 25% decrease, about 15% to about 20%decrease, about 20% to about 99% decrease, about 20% to about 95%decrease, about 20% to about 90% decrease, about 20% to about 85%decrease, about 20% to about 80% decrease, about 20% to about 75%decrease, about 20% to about 70% decrease, about 20% to about 65%decrease, about 20% to about 60% decrease, about 20% to about 55%decrease, about 20% to about 50% decrease, about 20% to about 45%decrease, about 20% to about 40% decrease, about 20% to about 35%decrease, about 20% to about 30% decrease, about 20% to about 25%decrease, about 25% to about 99% decrease, about 25% to about 95%decrease, about 25% to about 90% decrease, about 25% to about 85%decrease, about 25% to about 80% decrease, about 25% to about 75%decrease, about 25% to about 70% decrease, about 25% to about 65%decrease, about 25% to about 60% decrease, about 25% to about 55%decrease, about 25% to about 50% decrease, about 25% to about 45%decrease, about 25% to about 40% decrease, about 25% to about 35%decrease, about 25% to about 30% decrease, about 30% to about 99%decrease, about 30% to about 95% decrease, about 30% to about 90%decrease, about 30% to about 85% decrease, about 30% to about 80%decrease, about 30% to about 75% decrease, about 30% to about 70%decrease, about 30% to about 65% decrease, about 30% to about 60%decrease, about 30% to about 55% decrease, about 30% to about 50%decrease, about 30% to about 45% decrease, about 30% to about 40%decrease, about 30% to about 35% decrease, about 35% to about 99%decrease, about 35% to about 95% decrease, about 35% to about 90%decrease, about 35% to about 85% decrease, about 35% to about 80%decrease, about 35% to about 75% decrease, about 35% to about 70%decrease, about 35% to about 65% decrease, about 35% to about 60%decrease, about 35% to about 55% decrease, about 35% to about 50%decrease, about 35% to about 45% decrease, about 35% to about 40%decrease, about 40% to about 99% decrease, about 40% to about 95%decrease, about 40% to about 90% decrease, about 40% to about 85%decrease, about 40% to about 80% decrease, about 40% to about 75%decrease, about 40% to about 70% decrease, about 40% to about 65%decrease, about 40% to about 60% decrease, about 40% to about 55%decrease, about 40% to about 50% decrease, about 40% to about 45%decrease, about 45% to about 99% decrease, about 45% to about 95%decrease, about 45% to about 90% decrease, about 45% to about 85%decrease, about 45% to about 80% decrease, about 45% to about 75%decrease, about 45% to about 70% decrease, about 45% to about 65%decrease, about 45% to about 60% decrease, about 45% to about 55%decrease, about 45% to about 50% decrease, about 50% to about 99%decrease, about 50% to about 95% decrease, about 50% to about 90%decrease, about 50% to about 85% decrease, about 50% to about 80%decrease, about 50% to about 75% decrease, about 50% to about 70%decrease, about 50% to about 65% decrease, about 50% to about 60%decrease, about 50% to about 55% decrease, about 55% to about 99%decrease, about 55% to about 95% decrease, about 55% to about 90%decrease, about 55% to about 85% decrease, about 55% to about 80%decrease, about 55% to about 75% decrease, about 55% to about 70%decrease, about 55% to about 65% decrease, about 55% to about 60%decrease, about 60% to about 99% decrease, about 60% to about 95%decrease, about 60% to about 90% decrease, about 60% to about 85%decrease, about 60% to about 80% decrease, about 60% to about 75%decrease, about 60% to about 70% decrease, about 60% to about 65%decrease, about 65% to about 99% decrease, about 65% to about 95%decrease, about 65% to about 90% decrease, about 65% to about 85%decrease, about 65% to about 80% decrease, about 65% to about 75%decrease, about 65% to about 70% decrease, about 70% to about 99%decrease, about 70% to about 95% decrease, about 70% to about 90%decrease, about 70% to about 85% decrease, about 70% to about 80%decrease, about 70% to about 75% decrease, about 75% to about 99%decrease, about 75% to about 95% decrease, about 75% to about 90%decrease, about 75% to about 85% decrease, about 75% to about 80%decrease, about 80% to about 99% decrease, about 80% to about 95%decrease, about 80% to about 90% decrease, about 80% to about 85%decrease, about 85% to about 99% decrease, about 85% to about 95%decrease, about 85% to about 90% decrease, about 90% to about 99%decrease, about 90% to about 95% decrease, or about 95% to about 99%decrease) in one or more (e.g., two, three, four, five, six, seven,eight, or nine) of: the level of interferon-K in GI tissue, the level ofIL-1β in GI tissue, the level of IL-6 in GI tissue, the level of IL-22in GI tissue, the level of IL-17A in the GI tissue, the level of TNFI inGI tissue, the level of IL-2 in GI tissue, and endoscopy score in asubject (e.g., as compared to the level in the subject prior totreatment or compared to a subject or population of subjects having asimilar disease but receiving a placebo or a different treatment) (e.g.,for a time period of between about 1 hour to about 30 days (e.g., or anyof the subranges herein) following the first administration of a JAKinhibitor using any of the compositions or devices described herein. Asused herein, “GI tissue” refers to tissue in the gastrointestinal (GI)tract, such as tissue in one or more of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum,ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, andrectum, more particularly in the proximal portion of one or more ofduodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon,descending colon, and sigmoid colon, or in the distal portion of one ormore of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transversecolon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The GI tissue may be, forexample, GI tissue proximate to one or more sites of disease. Exemplarymethods for determining the endoscopy score are described herein andother methods for determining the endoscopy score are known in the art.Exemplary methods for determining the levels of interferon-K, IL-1,IL-6, IL-22, IL-17A, TNFI, and IL-2 are described herein. Additionalmethods for determining the levels of these cytokines are known in theart.

In some examples, treatment can result in an increase (e.g., about 1% toabout 500% increase, about 1% to about 400% increase, about 1% to about300% increase, about 1% to about 200% increase, about 1% to about 150%increase, about 1% to about 100% increase, about 1% to about 90%increase, about 1% to about 80% increase, about 1% to about 70%increase, about 1% to about 60% increase, about 1% to about 50%increase, about 1% to about 40% increase, about 1% to about 30%increase, about 1% to about 20% increase, about 1% to about 10%increase, a 10% to about 500% increase, about 10% to about 400%increase, about 10% to about 300% increase, about 10% to about 200%increase, about 10% to about 150% increase, about 10% to about 100%increase, about 10% to about 90% increase, about 10% to about 80%increase, about 10% to about 70% increase, about 10% to about 60%increase, about 10% to about 50% increase, about 10% to about 40%increase, about 10% to about 30% increase, about 10% to about 20%increase, about 20% to about 500% increase, about 20% to about 400%increase, about 20% to about 300% increase, about 20% to about 200%increase, about 20% to about 150% increase, about 20% to about 100%increase, about 20% to about 90% increase, about 20% to about 80%increase, about 20% to about 70% increase, about 20% to about 60%increase, about 20% to about 50% increase, about 20% to about 40%increase, about 20% to about 30% increase, about 30% to about 500%increase, about 30% to about 400% increase, about 30% to about 300%increase, about 30% to about 200% increase, about 30% to about 150%increase, about 30% to about 100% increase, about 30% to about 90%increase, about 30% to about 80% increase, about 30% to about 70%increase, about 30% to about 60% increase, about 30% to about 50%increase, about 30% to about 40% increase, about 40% to about 500%increase, about 40% to about 400% increase, about 40% to about 300%increase, about 40% to about 200% increase, about 40% to about 150%increase, about 40% to about 100% increase, about 40% to about 90%increase, about 40% to about 80% increase, about 40% to about 70%increase, about 40% to about 60% increase, about 40% to about 50%increase, about 50% to about 500% increase, about 50% to about 400%increase, about 50% to about 300% increase, about 50% to about 200%increase, about 50% to about 150% increase, about 50% to about 100%increase, about 50% to about 90% increase, about 50% to about 80%increase, about 50% to about 70% increase, about 50% to about 60%increase, about 60% to about 500% increase, about 60% to about 400%increase, about 60% to about 300% increase, about 60% to about 200%increase, about 60% to about 150% increase, about 60% to about 100%increase, about 60% to about 90% increase, about 60% to about 80%increase, about 60% to about 70% increase, about 70% to about 500%increase, about 70% to about 400% increase, about 70% to about 300%increase, about 70% to about 200% increase, about 70% to about 150%increase, about 70% to about 100% increase, about 70% to about 90%increase, about 70% to about 80% increase, about 80% to about 500%increase, about 80% to about 400% increase, about 80% to about 300%increase, about 80% to about 200% increase, about 80% to about 150%increase, about 80% to about 100% increase, about 80% to about 90%increase, about 90% to about 500% increase, about 90% to about 400%increase, about 90% to about 300% increase, about 90% to about 200%increase, about 90% to about 150% increase, about 90% to about 100%increase, about 100% to about 500% increase, about 100% to about 400%increase, about 100% to about 300% increase, about 100% to about 200%increase, about 100% to about 150% increase, about 150% to about 500%increase, about 150% to about 400% increase, about 150% to about 300%increase, about 150% to about 200% increase, about 200% to about 500%increase, about 200% to about 400% increase, about 200% to about 300%increase, about 300% to about 500% increase, about 300% to about 400%increase, or about 400% to about 500% increase) in one or both of stoolconsistency score and weight of a subject (e.g., as compared to thelevel in the subject prior to treatment or compared to a subject orpopulation of subjects having a similar disease but receiving a placeboor a different treatment) (e.g., for a time period of between about 1hour to about 30 days (e.g., or any of the subranges herein) followingthe first administration of a JAK inhibitor using any of thecompositions or devices described herein. Exemplary methods fordetermining stool consistency score are described herein. Additionalmethods for determining a stool consistency score are known in the art.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed hereinincludes determining the level of a marker at the location of disease ina subject (e.g., either before and/or after administration of thedevice). In some embodiments, the marker is a biomarker and the methodof treatment disclosed herein comprises determining that the level of abiomarker at the location of disease is a subject followingadministration of the device is decreased as compared to the level ofthe biomarker at the same location of disease in a subject either beforeadministration or at the same time point following systemicadministration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor. In someexamples, the level of the biomarker at the same location of diseasefollowing administration of the device is 1% decreased to 99% decreasedas compared to the level of the biomarker at the same location ofdisease in a subject either before administration or at the same timepoint following systemic administration of an equal amount of the JAKinhibitor. In some embodiments, the level of the marker is one or moreof: the level of interferon-K in GI tissue, the level of IL-17A in theGI tissue, the level of TNFα in the GI tissue, the level of IL-2 in theGI tissue, and the endoscopy score in a subject.

In some embodiments, the method of treatment disclosed herein includesdetermining that the level of a marker at a time point followingadministration of a device is lower than the level of the marker at atime point following administration of the device is lower than thelevel of the marker in a subject prior to administration of the deviceor in a subject at substantially the same time point following systemicadministration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor. In someexamples, the level of the marker following administration of the deviceis 1% decreased to 99% decreased as compared to the level of the markerin a subject prior to administration of the device or in a subject atthe same time point following systemic administration of an equal amountof the JAK inhibitor. In some examples, a method of treatment disclosedherein includes determining the level of the biomarker at the locationof disease in a subject within a time period of about 10 minutes to 10hours following administration of the device.

In some embodiments, a method of treatment described herein includes:(i) determining the ratio RB of the level L_(1B) of a biomarker at thelocation of disease at a first time point following administration ofthe device and the level L_(2B) of the biomarker at the same location ofdisease in a subject at substantially the same time point followingsystemic administration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor; (ii)determining the ratio of RD of the level of L_(1D) of the JAK inhibitorat the same location and the substantially the same time point as in (i)and the level L_(2D) of the JAK inhibitor at the same location ofdisease in a subject at substantially the same time point followingsystemic administration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor; and(iii) determining the ratio of R_(B)/R_(D).

In some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed herein can include:(i) determining the ratio R_(B) of the level L_(1B) of a biomarker atthe location of disease at a time point following administration of thedevice and the level L_(2B) of the biomarker at the same location ofdisease in a subject at substantially the same time point followingsystemic administration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor; (ii)determining the ratio R_(D) of the level L_(1D) of the JAK inhibitor atthe same location and at substantially the time point as in (i) and thelevel L_(2D) of the JAK inhibitor in a subject at the same location ofdisease at substantially the same time point following systemicadministration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor; and (iii)determining the product R_(B)×R_(D).

In some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed herein can includedetermining that the level of a marker in a subject at a time pointfollowing administration of the device is elevated as compared to alevel of the marker in a subject prior to administration of the deviceor a level at substantially the same time point in a subject followingsystemic administration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor. In someexamples, the level of the marker at a time point followingadministration of the device is 1% increased or 400% increased ascompared to the level of the marker in a subject prior to administrationof the device or a level at substantially the same time point in asubject following systemic administration of an equal amount of the JAKinhibitor. In some examples, the level of the marker is one or more ofsubject weight and stool consistency (e.g., stool consistency score). Insome examples, a method of treatment disclosed herein includesdetermining the level of the marker in a subject within a period ofabout 10 minutes to about 10 hours following administration of thedevice.

In some embodiments, a method of treatment disclosed herein can includedetermining the level of a marker in a subject's blood, serum or plasma.

An illustrative list of examples of biomarkers for GI disordersincludes, but is not limited to, interferon-K; IL-1β; IL-6; IL-22;IL-17A; TNFI; IL-2; memory cells (CD44⁺CD45RB⁻CD4⁺ cells); α4β7; VEGF;ICAM; VCAM; Calprotectin; lactoferrin; FGF2; TGFb; ANG-1; ANG-2; PLGF;biologics (e.g., Infliximab; Humira® (adalimumab); Stelara®(ustekinumab); vedolizumab; Simponi® (golimumab); JAK inhibitors); EGF;IL12/23p40; GM-CSF; AeB7; CRP; HB-EGF; HRG; TGFα; SCF; TWEAK; MMP-9;MMP-6; Ceacam CD66; IL-10; ADA; MAdCAM-1; CD166 (AL CAM); FGF2; FGF7;FGF9; FGF19; ANCA (Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody); ASCAA(Anti-Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Antibody IgA); ASCAG (Anti-SaccharomycesCerevisiae Antibody IgG); CBir1 (Anti-Clostridium cluster XIVa flagellinCBir1 antibody); A4-Fla2 (Anti-Clostridium cluster XIVa flagellin 2antibody); FlaX (Anti-Clostridium cluster XIVa flagellin X antibody);OmpC (Anti-Escherichia coli Outer Membrane Protein C); ANCA (PerinuclearAntiNeutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody); AREG (Amphiregulin Protein); BTC(Betacellulin Protein); EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor); EREG (EpiregulinProtein); HBEGF (Heparin Binding Epidermal Growth Factors); HGF(Hepatocyte Growth Factor); NRG1 (Neuregulin-1); TGFA (TransformingGrowth Factor alpha); CRP (C-Reactive Protein); SAA (Serum Amyloid A);ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1); VCAM-1 (Vascular CellAdhesion Molecule 1); and fibroblasts underlying the intestinalepithelium.

In some embodiments, a marker is an IBD biomarker, such as, for example:anti-glycan; anti-Saccharomices cerevisiae (ASCA); anti-laminaribioside(ALCA); anti-chitobioside (ACCA); anti-mannobioside (AMCA);anti-laminarin (anti-L); anti-chitin (anti-C) antibodies: anti-outermembrane porin C (anti-OmpC), anti-Cbir1 flagellin; anti-12 antibody;autoantibodies targeting the exocrine pancreas (PAB); and perinuclearanti-neutrophil antibody (pANCA); and calprotectin.

In some embodiments, a biomarker is associated with membrane repair,fibrosis, angiogenesis. In certain embodiments, a biomarker is aninflammatory biomarker, an anti-inflammatory biomarker, an MMPbiomarker, an immune marker, or a TNF pathway biomarker. In someembodiments, a biomarker is gut specific.

For tissue samples, HER2 can be used as a biomarker relating tocytotoxic T cells. Additionally, other cytokine levels can be used asbiomarkers in tissue (e.g., phospho STAT 1, STAT 3 and STAT 5), inplasma (e.g., VEGF, VCAM, ICAM, IL-6), or both.

In some embodiments, the biomarkers include one or more immunoglobulins,such as, for example, immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin D (IgD),immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin E (IgE) and/or immunoglobulin A(IgA). In some embodiments, IgM is a biomarker of infection and/orinflammation. In some embodiments, IgD is a biomarker of autoimmunedisease. In some embodiments, IgG is a biomarker of Alzheimer's diseaseand/or for cancer. In some embodiments, IgE is a biomarker of asthmaand/or allergen immunotherapy. In some embodiments, IgA is a biomarkerof kidney disease.

In some embodiments, the biomarker is High Sensitivity C-reactiveProtein (hsCRP); 7 α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7C4); Anti-EndomysialIgA (EMA IgA); Anti-Human Tissue Transglutaminase IgA (tTG IgA); TotalSerum IgA by Nephelometry; Fecal Calprotectin; or Fecal GastrointestinalPathogens.

In some embodiments, the biomarker is

-   -   a) an anti-gliadin IgA antibody, an anti-gliadin IgG antibody,        an anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody, an        anti-endomysial antibody;    -   b)i) a serological marker that is ASCA-A, ASCA-G, ANCA, pANCA,        anti-OmpC antibody, anti-CBir1 antibody, anti-FlaX antibody, or        anti-A4-Fla2 antibody;    -   b)ii) an inflammation marker that is VEGF, ICAM, VCAM, SAA, or        CRP;    -   b)iii) the genotype of the genetic markers ATG16L1, ECM1,        NKX2-3, or STAT3;    -   c) a bacterial antigen antibody marker;    -   d) a mast cell marker;    -   e) an inflammatory cell marker;    -   f) a bile acid malabsorption (BAM) marker;    -   g) a kynurenine marker; or    -   h) a serotonin marker.

In some embodiments, the bacterial antigen antibody marker is selectedfrom the group consisting of an anti-Fla1 antibody, anti-Fla2 antibody,anti-FlaA antibody, anti-FliC antibody, anti-FliC2 antibody, anti-FliC3antibody, anti-YBaN1 antibody, anti-ECFliC antibody, anti-EcOFliCantibody, anti-SeFljB antibody, anti-CjFlaA antibody, anti-CjFlaBantibody, anti-SfFliC antibody, anti-CjCgtA antibody, anti-Cjdmhantibody, anti-CjGT-A antibody, anti-EcYidX antibody, anti-EcEraantibody, anti-EcFrvX antibody, anti-EcGabT antibody, anti-EcYedKantibody, anti-EcYbaN antibody, anti-EcYhgN antibody, anti-RtMagaantibody, anti-RbCpaF antibody, anti-RgPilD antibody, anti-LaFrcantibody, anti-LaEno antibody, anti-LjEFTu antibody, anti-BfOmpaantibody, anti-PrOmpA antibody, anti-Cp10bA antibody, anti-CpSpAantibody, anti-EfSant antibody, anti-LmOsp antibody, anti-SfET-2antibody, anti-Cpatox antibody, anti-Cpbtox antibody, anti-EcSta2antibody, anti-Ec0Stx2A antibody, anti-CjcdtB/C antibody, anti-CdtcdA/Bantibody, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the mast cell marker is selected from the groupconsisting of beta-tryptase, histamine, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the inflammatory marker is selected from the groupconsisting of CRP, ICAM, VCAM, SAA, GRO.alpha., and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the bile acid malabsorption marker is selected fromthe group consisting of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, FGF19, and acombination thereof.

In some embodiments, the kynurenine marker is selected from the groupconsisting of kynurenine (K), kynurenic acid (KyA), anthranilic acid(AA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA),xanthurenic acid (XA), quinolinic acid (QA), tryptophan,5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the serotonin marker is selected from the groupconsisting of serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA),serotonin-O-sulfate, serotonin-O-phosphate, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the biomarker is a biomarker as disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 9,739,786, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

The following markers can be expressed by mesenchymal stem cells (MSC):CD105, CD73, CD90, CD13, CD29, CD44, CD10, Stro-1, CD271, SSEA-4, CD146,CD49f, CD349, GD2, 3G5, SSEA-3, SISD2, Stro-4, MSCA-1, CD56, CD200,PODX1, Sox11, or TM4SF1 (e.g., 2 or more, 3 or more, 4 or more, 5 ormore, 6 or more, 7 or more, 8 or more, 9 or more, or 10 or more of suchmarkers), and lack expression of one or more of CD45, CD34, CD14, CD19,and HLA-DR (e.g., lack expression of two or more, three or more, four ormore, or five or more such markers). In some embodiments, MSC canexpress CD105, CD73, and CD90. In some embodiments, MSC can expressCD105, CD73, CD90, CD13, CD29, CD44, and CD10.

In some embodiments, MSC can express CD105, CD73, and CD90 and one ormore stemness markers such as Stro-1, CD271, SSEA-4, CD146, CD49f,CD349, GD2, 3G5, SSEA-3. SISD2, Stro-4, MSCA-1, CD56, CD200, PODX1,Sox11, or TM4SF1. In some embodiments, MSC can express CD105, CD73,CD90, CD13, CD29, CD44, and CD10 and one or more stemness markers suchas Stro-1, CD271, SSEA-4, CD146, CD49f, CD349, GD2, 3G5, SSEA-3. SISD2,Stro-4, MSCA-1, CD56, CD200, PODX1, Sox11, or TM4SF1. See, e.g., Lv, etal., Stem Cells, 2014, 32:1408-1419.

Intestinal stem cells (ISC) can be positive for one or more markers suchas Musashi-1 (Msi-1), Ascl2, Bmi-1, Doublecortin andCa2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase-like 1 (DCAMKL1), and Leucin-richrepeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5). See, e.g.,Mohamed, et al., Cytotechnology, 2015 67(2):177-189.

Any of the foregoing biomarkers can be used as a biomarker for one ormore of other conditions as appropriate.

In some embodiments of the methods herein, the methods comprisedetermining the time period of onset of treatment followingadministration of the device.

Examples Example 1—Preclinical Murine Colitis Model ExperimentalInduction of Colitis

Colitis is experimentally induced to mice via the dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis model. This model is widely used because of itssimplicity and many similarities with human ulcerative colitis. Briefly,mice are subjected to DSS via cecal catheterization, which is thought tobe directly toxic to colonic epithelial cells of the basal crypts, forseveral days until colitis is induced.

Groups

Mice are allocated to one of seven cohorts, depending on the agent thatis administered:

-   -   1. Control (no agent)    -   2. Adalimumab (2.5 mg/kg)    -   3. Adalimumab (5 mg/kg)    -   4. Adalimumab (10 mg/kg)

The control or agent is applied to a damaged mucosal surface of thebowel via administration through a cecal catheter at the dose levelsdescribed above.

Additionally, for each cohort, the animals are separated into twogroups. One group receives a single dose of the control or agent on day10 or 12. The other group receives daily (or similar) dosing of thecontrol or agent.

Analysis

For each animal, efficacy is determined (e.g., by endoscopy, histology,etc.), and cytotoxic T-cell levels are determined in blood, feces, andtissue (tissue levels are determined after animal sacrifice). For tissuesamples, levels HER2 are additionally determined, and the level ofcytotoxic T cells is normalized to the level of HER2. Additionally,other cytokine levels are determined in tissue (e.g., phospho STAT 1,STAT 3 and STAT 5), in plasma (e.g., VEGF, VCAM, ICAM, IL-6), or both.

Pharmacokinetics are determined both systemically (e.g., in the plasma)and locally (e.g., in colon tissue). For systemic pharmacokineticanalysis, blood and/or feces is collected from the animals at one ormore timepoints after administration (e.g., plasma samples are collectedat 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and/or 8 hoursafter administration). Local/colon tissue samples are collected onceafter animal sacrifice.

Example 2a—Development of Preclinical Porcine Colitis Model ExperimentalInduction of Colitis

Female swine weighing approximately 35 to 45 kg at study start arefasted at least 24 hours prior to intra-rectal administration oftrinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Animals are lightly anesthetizedduring the dosing and endoscopy procedure. An enema to clean the colonis used, if necessary. One animal is administered 40 mL of 100% EtOHmixed with 5 grams of TNBS diluted in 10 mL of water via an enema usinga ball-tipped catheter. The enema is deposited in the proximal portionof the descending colon just past the bend of the transverse colon. TheTNBS is retained at the dose site for 12 minutes by use of two Foleycatheters with 60-mL balloons placed in the mid-section of thedescending colon below the dose site. A second animal is similarlytreated, but with a solution containing 10 grams of TNBS. An Endoscopeis employed to positively identify the dose site in both animals priorto TNBS administration. Dosing and endoscopy are performed by aveterinary surgeon.

Seven (7) days after TNBS administration, after light anesthesia, thedose site and mucosal tissues above and below the dose site areevaluated by the veterinary surgeon using an endoscope. Pinch Biopsiesare obtained necessary, as determined by the surgeon. Based on theendoscopy findings, the animals may be euthanized for tissue collectionon that day, or may proceed on study pending the results of subsequentendoscopy exams for 1 to 4 more days. Macroscopic and microscopicalterations of colonic architecture, possible necrosis, thickening ofthe colon, and substantial histologic changes are observed at the properTNBS dose.

Clinical signs (e.g., ill health, behavioral changes, etc.) are recordedat least daily during acclimation and throughout the study. Additionalpen-side observations are conducted twice daily (once-daily onweekends). Body weight is measured for both animals Days 1 and 7 (and onthe day of euthanasia if after Day 7).

On the day of necropsy, the animals are euthanized via injection of aveterinarian-approved euthanasia solution. Immediately after euthanasiain order to avoid autolytic changes, colon tissues are collected,opened, rinsed with saline, and a detailed macroscopic examination ofthe colon is performed to identify macroscopic finings related toTNBS-damage. Photos are taken. Tissue samples are taken from theproximal, mid, and distal transverse colon; the dose site; the distalcolon; the rectum; and the anal canal. Samples are placed into NBF andevaluated by a board certified veterinary pathologist.

Example 2b—Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic and Bioavailability ofAdalimumab after Topical Application Groups

Sixteen (16) swine (approximately 35 to 45 kg at study start) areallocated to one of five groups:

-   -   1. Vehicle Control: (3.2 mL saline); intra-rectal; (n=2)    -   2. Treated Control: Adalimumab (40 mg in 3.2 mL saline);        subcutaneous; (n=2)    -   3. Adalimumab (low): Adalimumab (40 mg in 3.2 mL saline);        intra-rectal; (n=4)    -   4. Adalimumab (med): Adalimumab (80 mg in 3.2 mL saline);        intra-rectal; (n=4)    -   5. Adalimumab (high): Adalimumab (160 mg in 3.2 mL saline);        intra-rectal; (n=4)

On Day 0, the test article is applied to a damaged mucosal surface ofthe bowel via intra-rectal administration or subcutaneous injection by aveterinary surgeon at the dose levels and volume described above.

Clinical Observations and Body Weight

Clinical observations are conducted at least once daily. Clinical signs(e.g., ill health, behavioral changes, etc.) are recorded on allappropriate animals at least daily prior to the initiation of experimentand throughout the study until termination. Additional clinicalobservations may be performed if deemed necessary. Animals whose healthcondition warrants further evaluation are examined by a ClinicalVeterinarian. Body weight is measured for all animals Days −6, 0, andafter the last blood collections.

Samples

Blood: Blood is collected (cephalic, jugular, and/or catheter) into EDTAtubes during acclimation on Day−7, just prior to dose on Day 0, and 0.5,1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose. The EDTA samples aresplit into two aliquots and one is centrifuged for pharmacokineticplasma and either analyzed immediately, or stored frozen (−80° C.) forlater pharmacokinetic analyses. The remaining sample of whole blood isused for pharmacodynamic analyses.

Feces: Feces is collected Day −7, 0 and 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and48 hours post-dose, and either analyzed immediately, or flash-frozen onliquid nitrogen and stored frozen at −70° C. pending later analysis ofdrug levels and inflammatory cytokines.

Tissue: Immediately after euthanasia in order to avoid autolyticchanges, colon tissues are collected, opened, rinsed with saline, and adetailed macroscopic examination of the colon is performed to identifymacroscopic finings related to TNBS-damage. Triplicate samples of normaland damaged tissues are either analyzed immediately, or are flash-frozenon liquid nitrogen and stored frozen at −70° C. pending later analysisof drug concentration, inflammatory cytokines and histology.

Samples are analyzed for adalimumab levels (local mucosal tissue levelsand systemic circulation levels), and for levels of inflammatorycytokines including TINE-alpha.

Terminal Procedures

Animals are euthanized as per the schedule in Table 5, where one animaleach of Vehicle and Treated Control groups is euthanized at 6 and 48hours post-dose, and one animal of each the adalimumab groups areeuthanized at 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours post-dose. Animals are discardedafter the last blood collection unless retained for a subsequent study.

TABLE 5 Sample Days Hours size Dose Route −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 0.5 1 24 6 8 12 24 48 General Fast • Food/Water ad libidum oral • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • Observations clinical • • • • • • • • • • observationsbody weight • • • • Treatments (groups) TNBS intra rectal • (allanimals) 1. Vehicle n = 2 1.6 mL intra rectal • control saline (vehicle)euthanized n = 1 n = 1 2. Treated n = 2 40 mg in sub- control 1.6 mLcutaneous saline euthanized n = 1 n = 1 3. Adalimumab n = 4 40 mg inintra rectal • (low) 1.6 mL saline euthanized n = 1 n = 1 n = 1 n = 1 4.adalimumab n = 4 80 mg in intra rectal • (med) 1.6 mL saline euthanizedn = 1 n = 1 n = 1 n = 1 5. Adalimumab n = 4 160 mg in intra rectal •(high) 1.6 mL saline euthanized n = 1 n = 1 n = 1 n = 1 Adalimumab 1200(required) Samples Blood cephalic, • • • • • • • • • • • jugular, orcatheter Fecal rectal • • • • • • • • • • • Tissue necropsy • • • • •

Example 2c—Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic and Bioavailability ofAdalimumab After Topical Application Groups

DSS-induced colitis Yorkshire-Cross Farm Swine (approximately 5-10 kg atstudy start) are allocated to one of five groups:

-   -   1. Vehicle Control: (saline); intra-rectal;    -   2. Treated Control: Adalimumab (13 mg in saline); subcutaneous;    -   3. Adalimumab: Adalimumab (13 mg in saline); intra-rectal.

At t=0, the test article is applied to a damaged mucosal surface of thebowel via intra-rectal administration or subcutaneous injection by aveterinary surgeon at the dose levels and volume described above.

Clinical Observations

Clinical signs (e.g., ill health, behavioral changes, etc.) are recordedon all appropriate animals at least daily prior to the initiation ofexperiment and throughout the study until termination. Additionalclinical observations may be performed if deemed necessary. Animalswhose health condition warrants further evaluation are examined by aClinical Veterinarian.

Samples

Blood: Blood is collected (cephalic, jugular, and/or catheter) into EDTAtubes during acclimation on Day−7, just prior to dose on Day 0, and 12hours post-dose. The EDTA samples are split into two aliquots and one iscentrifuged for pharmacokinetic plasma and either analyzed immediately,or stored frozen (−80° C.) for later pharmacokinetic analyses. Theremaining sample of whole blood is used for pharmacodynamic analyses.

Feces: Feces is collected Day −7, 0 and 12 hours post-dose, and eitheranalyzed immediately, or flash-frozen on liquid nitrogen and storedfrozen at −70° C. pending later analysis of drug levels and inflammatorycytokines.

Tissue: Immediately after euthanasia (12 hours after dosing) in order toavoid autolytic changes, colon tissues are collected, opened, rinsedwith saline, and a detailed macroscopic examination of the colon isperformed to identify macroscopic finings related to DSS-damage.

Triplicate samples of normal and damaged tissues are either analyzedimmediately, or are flash-frozen on liquid nitrogen and stored frozen at−70° C. pending later analysis of drug concentration, inflammatorycytokines and histology.

Samples are analyzed for adalimumab levels (local mucosal tissue levelsand systemic circulation levels), and for levels of inflammatorycytokines including TNF-alpha.

Terminal Procedures

Animals are euthanized at 12 hours post-dose.

Example 3—Comparison of Systemic Versus Intracecal Delivery of anAnti-IL-12 Antibody

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of an IL-12inhibitor (anti-IL-12 p40; anti-p40 mAb; BioXCell (Cat #: BE0051)), whendosed systemically versus intracecally, to the treat dextran sulfatesodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis in male C57Bl/6 mice.

Materials and Methods Mice

Normal male C57Bl/6 mice between the ages of 6-8 weeks old, weighing20-24 g, were obtained from Charles River Laboratories. The mice wererandomized into thirteen groups of twelve animals and two groups ofeight animals, and housed in groups of 6-8 per cage, and acclimatizedfor at least three days prior to entering the study. Animal rooms wereset to maintain a minimum of 12 to 15 air changes per hour, with anautomatic timer for a light/dark cycle of 12 hours on/off, and fed withLabdiet 5053 sterile rodent chow, with water administered ad libitum.

Cecal Cannulation

Animals were placed under isoflurane anesthesia, with the cecum exposedvia a midline incision in the abdomen. A small point incision was madein the distal cecum where 1-2 cm of the cannula was inserted. Theincision was closed with a purse string suture using 5-0 silk. Anincision was then made in the left abdominal wall through which thedistal end of the cannula was inserted and pushed subcutaneously to thedorsal aspect of the back. The site was then washed copiously withwarmed saline prior to closing the abdominal wall. A small incision wasalso made in the skin of the back between the shoulder blades, exposingthe tip of the cannula. The cannula was secured in place using suture,wound clips, and tissue glue. All animals received 1 mL of warm sterilesaline (subcutaneous injection) and were monitored closely untilrecovery before returning to their cage. All animals received 0.6 mg/kgBID buprenorphine for the first 3 days, and Baytril® at 10 mg/kg everyday for the first 5 days post-surgery.

Induction of Colitis

Colitis was induced in male C57Bl/6 mice by exposure to 3% DSS drinkingwater (MP Biomedicals #0260110) from Day 0 to Day 5. Fresh DSS/watersolutions were made again on Day 3 and any of the remaining original DSSsolution will be discarded.

Assessment of Colitis

All animals were weighed daily and visually assessed for the presence ofdiarrhea and/or bloody stool at the time of dosing. The mice underwenttwo video endoscopies, one on day 10 and one on day 14, to assesscolitis severity. Images were captured from each animal at the mostsevere region of disease identified during the endoscopy, and assessedusing the rubric demonstrated in Table 6. Additionally, stoolconsistency was scored during the endoscopy using this rubric (Table 7)(0=Normal, well-formed pellet, 1=Loose stool, soft, staying in shape,2=Loose stool, abnormal form with excess moisture, 3=Watery or diarrhea,4=Bloody diarrhea). At necropsy, intestinal contents, peripheral blood,and tissue, and cecum/colon contents were collected for analysis.

TABLE 6 Endoscopy Scoring Score Description of Endoscopy Score 0 Normal1 Loss of vascularity 2 Loss of vascularity and friability 3 Friabilityand erosions 4 Ulcerations and bleeding

TABLE 7 Stool Consistency Score Score Description of Stool Consistency 0Normal, well-formed pellet 1 Loose stool, soft, staying in shape 2 Loosestool, abnormal form with excess moisture 3 Watery or diarrhea 4 Bloodydiarrhea

Treatment of Colitis

Mice were treated with anti-IL-12 p40 during the acute phase of colitisdue to its efficacy in the treatment of DSS-induced colitis. The testarticle was dosed at a volume of 0.1 mL/20 g from days 0 to 14.Anti-IL-12 p40 was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 10 mg/kgevery 3 days, and intracecally at a dose of 10 mg/kg, either every 3days or every day. There was also a lower dose of 1 mg/kg given everyday intracecally. The control groups were not administered drugs, andthe vehicles (sterile PBS) were administered the placebo drugintraperitoneally and intracecally every day. These drugs were givenfrom days 5-14, which is 9 days of administration. A more detailedexplanation of dosing and groups can be seen in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Groups of Animals Group # of Cecal Dose Dosing # Animals DSSCannula Treatment (mg/kg) Route Schedule 1  8 males — NO — — — — 2  8males — YES — — — — 3 12 males 3% DSS NO Vehicle — PO QD (day 0-5) day0-14 4 12 males 3% DSS YES Vehicle — IC QD (day 0-5) day 0-14 5 12 males3% DSS NO Anti-p40 10 IP Q3 (day 0-5) 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 6 12 males 3% DSSYES Anti-p40 10 IC Q3 (day 0-5) 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 7 12 males 3% DSS YESAnti-p40 10 IC QD (day 0-5) day 0-14 8 12 males 3% DSS YES Anti-p40 1 ICQD (day 0-5) day 0-14

Sample Collection

Intestinal contents, peripheral blood, and tissue were collected atsacrifice on day 14, as follows: at the end of each study period, micewere euthanized by CO₂ inhalation immediately following endoscopy on day14. The blood was collected via cardiac puncture into K₂EDTA-coatedtubes and centrifuged at 4000×g for 10 minutes. The blood cell pelletwas retained and snapped frozen. The resulting plasma was then splitinto two separate cryotubes, with 100 μL in one tube and the remainderin the second. Plasma and cell pellet were also collected, flash frozen,and stored at −80 degrees Celsius.

The cecum and colon were removed from each animal and contents werecollected, weighed, and snap frozen in separate cryovials. The colon wasexcised, rinsed, measured, weighed, and then trimmed to 6 cm in lengthand divided into 5 pieces. The most proximal 1 cm of colon was snappedfrozen for subsequent bioanalysis of test article levels. Of theremaining 5 cm of colon, the most distal and proximal 1.5-cm sectionswas placed in formalin for 24 hours then transferred to 70% ethanol forsubsequent histological evaluation. The middle 2-cm portion was bisectedlongitudinally and placed into two separate cryotubes, weighed, and snapfrozen in liquid nitrogen.

Results

The data in FIG. 30 show that the DSS mice that were intracecallyadministered an anti-IL-12 p40 (IgG2A) antibody had decreased weightloss as compared to DSS mice that were intraperitoneally administeredthe anti-IL-12 p40 antibody.

The data in FIG. 31 show that the plasma concentration of the anti-IL-12p40 antibody was decreased in DSS mice that were intracecallyadministered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody as compared to DSS mice thatwere intraperitoneally administered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody. Thedata in FIG. 32 show that the cecum and colon concentration of theanti-IL-12 p40 antibody is increased in DSS mice that were intracecallyadministered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody as compared to the DSS micethat were intraperitoneally administered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody.

The data in FIGS. 33 and 34 show that the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody isable to penetrate colon tissues (the lumen superficial, lamina propria,submucosa, and tunica muscularis/serosa) in DSS mice intracecallyadministered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody, while the anti-IL-12 p40antibody did not detectably penetrate the colon tissues of DSS miceintraperitoneally administered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody. The data inFIG. 35 also show that the ratio of the concentration of anti-IL-12 p40antibody in colon tissue to the concentration of the anti-IL-12 p40antibody in plasma is increased in DSS mice intracecally administeredthe anti-IL-12 p40 antibody as compared to the ratio in DSS miceintraperitoneally administered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody.

The data in FIG. 36 show that the concentration of IL-1β in colon tissueis decreased in DSS mice intracecally administered the anti-IL-12 p40antibody as compared to the concentration of IL-1β in colon tissue inDSS mice intraperitoneally administered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody. Thedata in FIG. 37 show that the concentration of IL-6 in colon tissue isdecreased in DSS mice intracecally administered the anti-IL-12 p40antibody as compared to the concentration of IL-6 in colon tissue in DSSmice intraperitoneally administered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody. Thedata in FIG. 38 show that the concentration of IL-17A in colon tissue isdecreased in DSS mice intracecally administered the anti-IL-12 p40antibody as compared to the concentration of IL-17A in colon tissue inDSS mice intraperitoneally administered the anti-IL-12 p40 antibody.

No significant differences in clinical observations orgastrointestinal-specific adverse effects, including stool consistencyand/or bloody stool, were observed due to cannulation or intra-cecaltreatments when compared with vehicle. No toxicity resulting from thetreatments was reported. A significant reduction in body weight-loss(AUC) was found in groups treated with anti-IL-12 p40 antibody (10 mg/kgand 1 mg/kg, QD) via intra-cecal delivery when compared with vehiclecontrol and intraperitoneal delivery (10 mg/kg, Q3D). Theimmunohistochemistry staining in anti-IL-12 p40 antibody (10 mg/kg, QD)treatment groups showed penetration of the antibody in all layers ofcolon tissue, including lumen mucosa, lamina propria, submucosa, tunicamuscularis, via intra-cecal delivery. The distribution of anti-IL-12 p40antibody was found in all segments of the colon, however, higher levelswere detected in the proximal region. A significantly higher meanconcentration of anti-IL-12 p40 antibody was found in thegastrointestinal contents and colon tissues when delivered viaintra-cecal administration (Anti-p40: 10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, QD) comparedwith intraperitoneal administration (anti-p40: 10 mg/kg, Q3D). The bloodlevel of anti-IL-12 p40 antibody was significantly higher when deliveredvia intraperitoneal administration (Q3D) as compared to intra-cecaladministration (Q3D & QD). The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines,including IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17, were significantly reduced byanti-IL-12 p40 antibody (10 mg/kg, QD) treatment when delivered viaintra-cecal administration as compared to vehicle controls.

In sum, these data show that the compositions and devices providedherein can suppress the local immune response in the intestine, whilehaving less of a suppressive effect on the systemic immune response ofan animal. These data also suggest that the presently claimedcompositions and devices will provide for treatment of colitis and otherpro-inflammatory disorders of the intestine.

Example 4—Comparison of Systemic Versus Intracecal Delivery of anAnti-Integrin α4β7 Antibody

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of an integrininhibitor (anti-integrin α4β7; anti-LPAM1; DATK-32 mAb; BioXCell (Cat #:BE0034)) when dosed systemically versus intracecally for treatingdextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis in male C57Bl/6 mice.

Materials and Methods Mice

Normal male C57Bl/6 mice between the ages of 6-8 weeks old, weighing20-24 g, were obtained from Charles River Laboratories. The mice wererandomized into thirteen groups of twelve animals and two groups ofeight animals, and housed in groups of 6-8 per cage, and acclimatizedfor at least three days prior to entering the study. Animal rooms wereset to maintain a minimum of 12 to 15 air changes per hour, with anautomatic timer for a light/dark cycle of 12 hours on/off, and fed withLabdiet 5053 sterile rodent chow, with water administered ad libitum.

Cecal Cannulation

The animals were placed under isoflurane anesthesia, with the cecumexposed via a midline incision in the abdomen. A small point incisionwas made in the distal cecum where 1-2 cm of the cannula was inserted.The incision was closed with a purse string suture using 5-0 silk. Anincision was then made in the left abdominal wall through which thedistal end of the cannula was inserted and pushed subcutaneously to thedorsal aspect of the back. The site was then washed copiously withwarmed saline prior to closing the abdominal wall. A small incision wasalso made in the skin of the back between the shoulder blades, exposingthe tip of the cannula. The cannula was secured in place using suture,wound clips, and tissue glue. All animals received 1 mL of warm sterilesaline (subcutaneous injection) and were monitored closely untilrecovery before returning to their cage. All animals received 0.6 mg/kgBID buprenorphine for the first 3 days, and Baytril® at 10 mg/kg everyday for the first 5 days post-surgery.

Induction of Colitis

Colitis was induced in male C57Bl/6 mice by exposure to 3% DSS drinkingwater (MP Biomedicals #0260110) from day 0 to day 5. Fresh DSS/watersolutions were made again on day 3 and any of the remaining original DSSsolution will be discarded.

Assessment of Colitis

All animals were weighed daily and visually assessed for the presence ofdiarrhea and/or bloody stool at the time of dosing. Mice underwent twovideo endoscopies, one on day 10 and one on day 14, to assess colitisseverity. Images were captured from each animal at the most severeregion of disease identified during the endoscopy, and assessed usingthe rubric demonstrated in Table 9. Additionally, stool consistency wasscored during the endoscopy using this rubric (Table 10) (0=Normal,well-formed pellet, 1=Loose stool, soft, staying in shape, 2=Loosestool, abnormal form with excess moisture, 3=Watery or diarrhea,4=Bloody diarrhea). At necropsy, intestinal contents, peripheral bloodand tissue, and cecum/colon contents were collected for analysis.

TABLE 9 Endoscopy Score Score Description of Endoscopy Score 0 Normal 1Loss of vascularity 2 Loss of vascularity and friability 3 Friabilityand erosions 4 Ulcerations and bleeding

TABLE 10 Stool Consistency Score Score Description of Stool Consistency0 Normal, well-formed pellet 1 Loose stool, soft, staying in shape 2Loose stool, abnormal form with excess moisture 3 Watery or diarrhea 4Bloody diarrhea

Treatment of Colitis

Mice were treated with DATK32 during the acute phase of colitis due toits efficacy in the treatment of DSS-induced colitis. The test articlewas dosed at a volume of 0.1 mL/20 g from days 0 to 14. DATK32 wasadministered intraperitoneally at a dose of 25 mg/kg every 3 days, andintracecally at a dose of 25 mg/kg, either every 3 days or every day.There was also a lower dose of 5 mg/kg given every day intracecally. Thecontrol groups were not administered drugs, and the vehicle (sterilePBS) was administered as the placebo drug intraperitoneally andintracecally every day. These drugs were given from days 5-14, which is9 days of administration. A more detailed explanation of dosing andgroups can be seen in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Groups of Mice Group # of Cecal Dose Dosing # Animals DSSCannula Treatment (mg/kg) Route Schedule 1  8 males — NO — — — — 2  8males — YES — — — — 3 12 males 3% DSS NO Vehicle — PO QD (day 0-5) day0-14 4 12 males 3% DSS YES Vehicle — IC QD (day 0-5) day 0-14 9 12 males3% DSS NO DATK32 25 IP Q3 (day 0-5) 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 10 12 males 3% DSSYES DATK32 25 IC Q3 (day 0-5) 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 11 12 males 3% DSS YESDATK32 25 IC QD (day 0-5) day 0-14 12 12 males 3% DSS YES DATK32 5 IC QD(day 0-5) day 0-14

Sample Collection

Intestinal contents, peripheral blood, and tissue were collected atsacrifice on day 14, as follows: at the end of each study period, micewere euthanized by CO₂ inhalation immediately following endoscopy on day14. The blood was collected via cardiac puncture into K₂EDTA-coatedtubes and centrifuged at 4000×g for 10 minutes. The blood cell pelletwas retained and snapped frozen. The resulting plasma was then splitinto two separate cryotubes, with 100 μL in one tube and the remainderin the second. Plasma and the cell pellet were also collected, flashfrozen, and stored at −80 degrees Celsius. An ELISA was used todetermine the level of rat IgG2A.

The cecum and colon were removed from each animal and contents werecollected, weighed, and snap frozen in separate cryovials. The colon wasexcised, rinsed, measured, weighed, and then trimmed to 6 cm in lengthand divided into 5 pieces. The most proximal 1 cm of colon was snappedfrozen for subsequent bioanalysis of anti-DATK32 levels. Of theremaining 5 cm of colon, the most distal and proximal 1.5-cm sectionswas placed in formalin for 24 hours then transferred to 70% ethanol forsubsequent histological evaluation. The middle 2-cm portion was bisectedlongitudinally and placed into two separate cryotubes, weighed, and snapfrozen in liquid nitrogen.

There was an additional collection of 100 μL of whole blood from allanimals and processed for FACS analysis of α4 and β7 expression onT-helper memory cells. Tissue and blood were immediately placed in FACSbuffer (1×PBS containing 2.5% fetal calf serum) and analyzed using thefollowing antibody panel (Table 12).

TABLE 12 Fluorophore-Labelled Antibodies Used in FACS Analysis AntibodyTarget Fluorochrome Purpose CD4 APC-Vio770 Defines T-Helper Cells CD44VioBlue Memory/Naive Discrimination CD45RB FITC Memory/NaiveDiscrimination α4 APC Defines T-helper memory subset of interest β7 PEDefines T-helper memory subset of interest CD16/32 — Fc Block

Results

The data in FIG. 39 show decreased weight loss in DSS mice intracecallyadministered DATK antibody as compared to DSS mice that wereintraperitoneally administered the DATK antibody. The data in FIG. 40show that DSS mice intracecally administered DATK antibody have adecreased plasma concentration of DATK antibody as compared to DSS micethat were intraperitoneally administered DATK antibody. The data inFIGS. 41 and 42 show that DSS mice intracecally administered DATKantibody have an increased concentration of DATK antibody in the cecumand colon content as compared to DSS mice intraperitoneally administeredDATK antibody. The data in FIGS. 43 and 44 show that DSS miceintracecally administered DATK antibody have an increased concentrationof DATK antibody in colon tissue as compared to DSS miceintraperitoneally administered DATK antibody. The data in FIGS. 45 and46 show an increased level of penetration of DATK antibody into colontissue in DSS mice intracecally administered the DATK antibody ascompared to an intracecal vehicle control (PBS). The data in FIG. 47show that DSS mice intracecally administered DATK antibody have anincreased ratio of the concentration of DATK antibody in colon tissue tothe plasma concentration of the DATK antibody, as compared to the sameratio in DSS mice intraperitoneally administered the DATK antibody.

The data in FIG. 48 show that DSS mice intracecally administered theDATK antibody have an increased percentage of blood Th memory cells ascompared to DSS mice intraperitoneally administered the DATK antibody.The data in FIG. 101 show that the relative number of Peyer's Patch Thmemory cells is decreased in the animals that were intracecallyadministered the DATK32 antibody as compared to the animals that wereintraperitoneally administered the DATK32 antibody. The data in FIG. 102show a decrease in the relative number of mesenteric lymph node (mLN) Thmemory cells in the animals that were intracecally administered theDATK32 antibody as compared to the animals that were intraperitoneallyadministered the DATK32 antibody.

No significant differences in clinical observations orgastrointestinal-specific adverse effects, including stool consistencyand/or bloody stool, were observed due to cannulation or intra-cecaltreatments when compared with vehicle. No toxicity resulting from thetreatments was reported. A significant reduction in body weight-loss wasalso found with DATK32 (5 mg/kg, QD) treatment (IC) when compared tovehicle control at the endpoint (day 14). The immunohistochemistrystaining in DATK32 (25 mg/kg, QD) treatment groups showed penetration ofDATK32 in all layers of colon tissue, including lumen mucosa, laminapropria, submucosa, tunica muscularis, via intra-cecal delivery. Thedistribution of DATK32 was found in all segments of the colon, however,higher levels were detected in the proximal region. A significantlyhigher mean concentration of DATK32 was found in gastrointestinalcontents and colon tissues when delivered via intra-cecal administration(DATK32: 25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, QD) as compared to intraperitonealadministration (DATK32: 25 mg/kg, Q3D). The blood level of DATK32 wassignificantly higher when delivered via intraperitoneal administration(Q3D) as compared to intra-cecal administration (Q3D & QD). Thepharmacokinetics of DATK32 (25 mg/kg, QD) showed significantly highermean concentrations of DATK32 when delivered via intra-cecaladministration at 1, 2, and 4 h post-dose in the gastrointestinalcontents, and 1, 2, 4 and 24 h in colon tissue as compared with the meanconcentrations of DATK32 following intraperitoneal administration. Themean number of gut-homing T cells (Th memory cells) was significantlyhigher in the blood of groups treated with DATK32 via intra-cecaladministration (QD 25 mg/kg and QD 5 mg/kg) as compared to the groupstreated with DATK32 via intraperitoneal administration (Q3D 25 mg/kg).The mean number of Th memory cells was significantly lower in thePeyer's Patches of groups treated with DATK32 via intra-cecaladministration (QD 25 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) as compared to the groupstreated with DATK32 via intraperitoneal administration (Q3D 25 mg/kg).The mean number of Th memory cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MILN) wassignificantly lower in groups treated with DATK32 via intra-cecaladministration (QD and Q3D 25 mg/kg and QD 5 mg/kg) as compared to thegroups treated with DATK32 via intraperitoneal administration (Q3D 25mg/kg).

In sum, these data show that the compositions and devices providedherein can suppress the local immune response in the intestine, whilehaving less of a suppressive effect on the systemic immune response ofan animal. These data also show that the release of DATK-32 antibody inthe colon can result in a suppression of leukocyte recruitment and mayprovide for the treatment of colitis and other pro-inflammatory diseasesof the intestine.

Example 5—an Assessment of DATK32 Bio-Distribution Following IntracecalAdministration in Male C57Bl/6 Mice

The objective of this study is to assess DATK32 bio-distribution whendosed intracecally in male C57Bl/6 mice. A minimum of 10 days prior tothe start of the experiment a cohort of animals will undergo surgicalimplantation of a cecal cannula. A sufficient number of animals willundergo implantation to allow for 24 cannulated animals to be enrolledin the main study (e.g., 31 animals). Animals were dosed with vehicle ortest article via intracecal injection (IC) on Day 0 as indicated inTable 13. Animals from all groups were sacrificed for terminal samplecollection three hours following test article administration.

Materials and Methods Mice

Normal male C57Bl/6 mice between the ages of 6-8 weeks old, weighing20-24 g, were obtained from Charles River Laboratories. The mice wererandomized into two groups of twelve animals, and housed in groups of 12per cage, and acclimatized for at least three days prior to entering thestudy. Animal rooms were set to maintain a minimum of 12 to 15 airchanges per hour, with an automatic timer for a light/dark cycle of 12hours on/off, and fed with Labdiet 5053 sterile rodent chow, with wateradministered ad libitum.

Cecal Cannulation

The animals were placed under isoflurane anesthesia, with the cecumexposed via a midline incision in the abdomen. A small point incisionwas made in the distal cecum where 1-2 cm of the cannula was inserted.The incision was closed with a purse string suture using 5-0 silk. Anincision was then made in the left abdominal wall through which thedistal end of the cannula was inserted and pushed subcutaneously to thedorsal aspect of the back. The site was then washed copiously withwarmed saline prior to closing the abdominal wall. A small incision wasalso made in the skin of the back between the shoulder blades, exposingthe tip of the cannula. The cannula was secured in place using suture,wound clips, and tissue glue. All animals received 1 mL of warm sterilesaline (subcutaneous injection) and were monitored closely untilrecovery before returning to their cage. All animals received 0.6 mg/kgBID buprenorphine for the first 3 days, and Baytril® at 10 mg/kg everyday for the first 5 days post-surgery.

Dosing

Animals were dosed IC at a volume of 0.075 mL/animal on Days 0 asindicated in Table 13.

Sacrifice

All animals were euthanized by CO₂ inhalation three hours after dosingon Day 0.

Sample Collection

Terminal blood was collected and prepared for plasma using K₂EDTA as theanti-coagulant. The plasma will be split into two cryotubes, with 50 μLin one tube (PK analysis) and the remainder in another (other). Bothsamples were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Plasma was stored at −80°C. for downstream analysis. Mesenteric lymph nodes (mLN) were collected,weighed, and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Mesenteric lymph nodeswere stored at −80° C. for downstream analysis. The small intestine wasexcised and rinsed, and the most distal 1 cm of ilium was dissected,weighed, and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The samples were stored at−80° C. for downstream analysis. The cecum and colon were removed fromeach animal and contents collected, weighed, and snap frozen in separatecryovials. The samples were stored at −80° C. for downstream analysis.The colon was rinsed, and the most proximal 1 cm of colon was weighedand flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The snap frozen tissues were storedat −80° C.

TABLE 13 Study Design No. Terminal Collections Group Animals TreatmentRoute Schedule Day 0 1 12 Vehicle IC Day 0 ** Blood (plasma) Small (PBS)intestine mLN 2 12 DATK32 Colon (625 μg)* Colon Contents Cecum Contents*Per mouse. TA was administered in 0.075 mL/animal. DATK32 was deliveredin sterile PBS. ** Animals were dosed on Day 0 and collections wereperformed 3 hours later.

Results

The data in FIGS. 63A-63F show no significant differences in clinicalobservations. No gastrointestinal-specific or adverse effects were foundin the group administered DATK32 via intra-cecal administration ascompared to the group administered a vehicle control. No toxicityresulting from the treatments was reported. The level of DATK32 in thegroup intra-cecally administered DATK32 was significantly higher incecum and colon content, and colon tissue compared to the groupadministered a vehicle control at 3 h post-dose. A small amount ofDATK32 was also detected in plasma, small intestine, and mesentericlymph node in the group intra-cecally administered DATK32.

Example 6—Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics and Bioavailability ofAdalimumab when Applied to a TNBS-Damaged Mucosal Surface (InducedColitis) in Swine

The purpose of this non-Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) study was toexplore the PK/PD, and bioavailability of adalimumab when applied to aTNBS-damaged mucosal surface (induced colitis) in Yorkshire-Cross farmswine, and to determine an appropriate dose and frequency for studieswhere a drug will be delivered by the ingestible device system. Theingestible device system will be capable of delivering a TNF inhibitor(adalimumab) topically and locally to damaged mucosa in human patientswith inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The TNBS-induced colitis modelwas validated when a single administration on Day 1 of 40 mL of 100%ethanol (EtOH) mixed with 5 grams of TNBS diluted in 10 mL of water viaan enema using a rubber catheter resulted in the intended reproducibleinduction of damaged mucosal surface (induced colitis) inYorkshire-Cross farm swine.

This study investigated whether topical delivery of adalimumab wouldresult in increased local mucosal tissue levels with limited drugreaching systemic circulation, as compared to subcutaneousadministration; whether local mucosal tissue levels of drug would begreater in damaged tissues when compared to normal tissues; whetherincreasing the dose of drug would result in increased mucosal tissuelevels in local and distal TNBS-damaged tissues; and whether topicaldelivery of adalimumab would result in reductions in inflammatorycytokines such as TNF-α in damaged tissues, feces, and possibly blood.

All animals were subjected to intra-rectal administration oftrinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce chronic colitis on day−2. All animals were fasted prior to colitis induction. Bedding wasremoved and replaced with rubber mats on day −3 to prevent ingestion ofstraw bedding material. The dose was 40 mL of 100% EtOH mixed with 5grams of TNBS diluted in 10 mL of water, then instilled into the colonintra-rectally using a flexible gavage tube by a veterinary surgeon(deposited in a 10-cm portion of the distal colon and proximal rectum,and retained for 12 minutes by use of two Foley catheters with 60-mLballoons). Approximately 3 days after induction, macroscopic andmicroscopic alterations of colonic architecture were apparent: somenecrosis, thickening of the colon, and substantial histologic changeswere observed (FIGS. 49 and 50). The study employed 15 female swine(approximately 35 to 45 kg at study start) allocated to one of fivegroups. Group 1 employed three animals that were the treated controls.Each animal in Group 1 was administered adalimumab by subcutaneousinjection at 40 mg in 0.8 mL saline. Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 employed 3animals in each group. Animals in these groups were administeredintra-rectal adalimumab at 40 mg in 0.8 mL saline. The test drug(adalimumab) was administered to all groups on study day 1. Theintra-rectal administrations (Groups 2-5) were applied to damagedmucosal surface of the bowel vial intra-rectal administration by aveterinary surgeon. Blood (EDTA) was collected from all animals(cephalic, jugular, or catheter) on day −3 (n=15), −1 (n=15), and 6(n=15), 12 (n=12), 24 (n=9), and 48 (n=6) hours post-dose (87 bleedstotal). The EDTA samples were split into two aliquots, and one wascentrifuged for PK plasma, and stored frozen (−80° C.) for PK analysesand reporting. Fecal samples were collected for the same time-points (87fecal collections). Fecal samples were flash-frozen in liquid nitrogenand then stored at −80° C. for analysis of drug levels and inflammatorycytokines. Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were euthanized and subjected to grossnecropsy and tissue collection 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours post-dose,respectively. Group 1 was similarly euthanized and necropsied 48 hourspost-dose. The animals were euthanized via injection of aveterinarian-approved euthanasia solution as per the schedule.Immediately after euthanasia in order to avoid autolytic changes, colontissues were collected, opened, rinsed with saline, and a detailedmacroscopic examination of the colon were performed to identifymacroscopic findings related to TNBS-damage. Tissue samples were takenfrom the proximal, mid, and distal transverse colon; the dose site; andthe distal colon. Each tissue sample was divided into two approximatehalves; one tissue section was placed into 10% neutral buffered formalin(NBF) and evaluated by a Board certified veterinary pathologist, and theremaining tissue section was flash frozen in liquid nitrogen and storedfrozen at −80° C. Clinical signs (ill health, behavioral changes, etc.)were recorded daily beginning on day −3. Additional pen-sideobservations were conducted once or twice daily. Animals observed to bein ill health were examined by a veterinarian. Body weight was measuredfor all animals on day −3, and prior to scheduled euthanasia. Table 14shows the study design.

Materials and Methods Test Article

Adalimumab (EXEMPTIA™) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor. Asingle dose was pre-filled in a syringe (40 mg in a volume of 0.8 mL).

TABLE 14 Study Design Days Hours Sample size Dose Route −3 −2 −1 1 0.5 12 4 6 8 12 24 48 General Fast • Food/Water ad libidum oral • • • • • • •• • • • • Observations clinical observations • • • • • • body weight • •• • Treatments (groups) TNBS (all animals) intra rectal • 1. Treatedcontrol n = 3 40 mg in sub-cutaneous • 0.8 mL saline euthanized n = 3 2.Adalimumab n = 3 40 mg in intra rectal • 0.8 mL saline euthanized n = 33. Adalimumab n = 3 40 mg in intra rectal • 0.8 mL saline euthanized n =3 4. Adalimumab n = 3 40 mg in intra rectal • 0.8 mL saline euthanized n= 3 5. Adalimumab n = 3 40 mg in intra rectal • 0.8 mL saline euthanizedn = 3 Adalimumab (required) 600 Samples PBMCs cephalic, jugular • • • •• or catheter Serum cephalic, jugular • • • • • • • or catheter Fecalrectal • • • • • • • Tissue necropsy • • • • Analysis Histopathology 1location 4 locations inflammed 45 180 H&E normal 45 180 H&E Bloodadalimumab 57 pbl 15 15 12 9 6 TNFα 87 pbl 15 15 15 15 12 9 6 Fecesadalimumab 57 pbl 15 15 12 9 6 TNFα 87 pbl 15 15 15 15 12 9 6 TissueInflammed adalimumab 45 180 pbl 3 3 3 6 TNFα 45 180 pbl 3 3 3 6 HER2 45180 pbl 3 3 3 6 Normal adalimumab 45 180 pbl 3 3 3 6 TNFα 45 180 pbl 3 33 6 HER2 45 180 pbl 3 3 3 6

Results

While subcutaneously administered adalimumab was detected at all timespoints tested in plasma, topically administered adalimumab was barelydetectable in plasma (FIGS. 51 and 52). Both topical delivery andsubcutaneous delivery of adalimumab resulted in reduced levels of TNF-αLin colon tissue of TNBS-induced colitis animals, yet topical delivery ofadalimumab was able to achieve a greater reduction in TNF-αL levels(FIGS. 53 and 54).

Either subcutaneous or intra-rectal administration of adalimumab waswell tolerated and did not result in death, morbidity, adverse clinicalobservations, or body weight changes. A decreased level of totalTNBS-related inflammatory response was observed by adalimumab treatmentvia intra-rectal administration when applied to the damaged mucosalsurface of the bowel when compared to subcutaneous delivery. Asignificantly higher concentration of adalimumab was measured in bloodfollowing subcutaneous delivery as compared to the blood concentrationfollowing intra-rectal administration. Intra-rectal administration ofadalimumab decreased the total and normalized TNFα concentration overtime (6-48 h) and was more effective at reducing TNFα at the endpoint(48 h) as compared to groups administered adalimumab subcutaneously.

In sum, these data show that the compositions and devices providedherein can suppress the local immune response in the intestine, whilehaving less of a suppressive effect on the systemic immune response ofan animal. For example, these data show that intracecal administrationof adalimumab using a device as described herein can provide for localdelivery of adalimumab to the site of disease, without suppressing thesystemic immune response. These data also show that local administrationof adalimumab using a device as described herein can result in asignificant reduction of the levels of TNFα in diseases animals.

Example 7—Comparison of Systemic Versus Intracecal Delivery ofCyclosporin A

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of animmunosuppressant agent (cyclosporin A; CsA) when dosed systemicallyversus intracecally to treat dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-inducedcolitis in male C57Bl/6 mice.

Experimental Design

A minimum of 10 days prior to the start of the experiment a cohort ofanimals underwent surgical implantation of a cecal cannula. A sufficientnumber of animals underwent implantation to allow for 44 cannulatedanimals to be enrolled in the main study (e.g., 76 animals). Colitis wasinduced in 60 male C5Bl/6 mice by exposure to 3% DSS-treated drinkingwater from day 0 to day 5. Two groups of eight additional animals(cannulated and non-cannulated) served as no-disease controls (Groups 1and 2). Animals were dosed with cyclosporin A via intraperitonealinjection (IP), oral gavage (PO), or intracecal injection (IC) from day0 to 14 as indicated in Table 15. All animals were weighed daily andassessed visually for the presence of diarrhea and/or bloody stool atthe time of dosing. Mice underwent video endoscopy on days 10 and 14 toassess colitis severity. Images were captured from each animal at themost severe region of disease identified during endoscopy. Additionally,stool consistency was scored during endoscopy using the parametersdefined in Table 16. Following endoscopy on day 14, animals from allgroups were sacrificed and underwent terminal sample collection.

Specifically, animals in all treatment groups dosed on day 14 weresacrificed at a pre-dosing time point, or 1, 2, and 4 hours after dosing(n=3/group/time point). Terminal blood was collected via cardiacpuncture and prepared for plasma using K₂EDTA as the anti-coagulant. Theblood cell pellet was retained and snap frozen while the resultingplasma was split into two separate cryotubes, with 100 μL in one tubeand the remainder in the second. Additionally, the cecum and colon wereremoved from all animals; the contents were collected, weighed, and snapfrozen in separate cyrovials. The colon was then rinsed, measured,weighed, and then trimmed to 6 cm in length and divided into fivepieces. The most proximal 1 cm of colon was snap frozen for subsequentbioanalysis of cyclosporin A levels. Of the remaining 5 cm of colon, themost distal and proximal 1.5-cm sections were each placed in formalinfor 24 hours, then transferred to 7000 ethanol for subsequenthistological evaluation. The middle 2-cm portion was bisectedlongitudinally and placed into two separate cryotubes, weighed, and snapfrozen in liquid nitrogen. All plasma and frozen colon tissue werestored at −80° C. for selected end point analysis. For all controlanimals in Groups 1-4, there was an additional collection of 100 μL ofwhole blood from all animals which was then processed for FACS analysisof α4 and β7 expression on Th memory cells. The details of the study areshown in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Study Design Group Number 1 2 3 4 13 14 15 Number of 8 8 12 1212 12 12 Animals Cecal NO YES NO YES NO YES YES Cannula DSS N/A N/A 3%DSS on Day 0 to Day 5 Treatment none none vehicle vehicle CsA CsA CsADose N/A N/A N/A N/A 10 10  3 (mg/kg) Route N/A N/A N/A N/A PO IC ICDosing N/A N/A QD: Day QD: Day QD: Day QD: Day QD: Day Schedule 0 to 140 to 14 0 to 14 0 to 14 0 to 14 Endoscopy Days 10 and 14 Schedule*Endpoints Endoscopy, Colon weight/length, stool score Day 14 TerminalCollection (all groups): Cecal contents, colon contents, plasma, andcolon tissue FACS analysis collection of Groups 1-4: Whole blood for thefollowing FACS panel: CD4, CD44, CD45RB, α4, (β7, CD16/32 PK N = 3/timepoints Sacrifice At pre-dose and 1, 2, and 4 hours post-dosing (Day 14)*Animals were dosed once (QD) on Day 14 and plasma collected (K2EDTA) atpre-dosing, 1, 2, and 4 hours post-dosing from n = 3/group/time point.Each collection was terminal.

Experimental Procedures Cecal Cannulation

Animals were placed under isoflurane anesthesia, and the cecum exposedvia a mid-line incision in the abdomen. A small point incision was madein the distal cecum through which 1-2 cm of the cannula was inserted.The incision was closed with a purse-string suture using 5-0 silk. Anincision was made in the left abdominal wall through which the distalend of the cannula was inserted and pushed subcutaneously to the dorsalaspect of the back. The site was washed copiously with warmed salineprior to closing the abdominal wall. A small incision was made in theskin of the back between the shoulder blades, exposing the tip of thecannula. The cannula was secured in place using suture, wound clips, andtissue glue. All animals received 1 mL of warm sterile saline(subcutaneous injection) and were monitored closely until fullyrecovered before returning to the cage. All animals receivedbuprenorphine at 0.6 mg/kg BID for the first 3 days, and Baytril® at 10mg/kg QD for the first 5 days following surgery.

Disease Induction

Colitis was induced on day 0 via addition of 3% DSS (MP Biomedicals, Cat#0260110) to the drinking water. Fresh DSS/water solutions were made onday 3 and any of the remaining original DSS solution was discarded.

Dosing

Animals were dosed by oral gavage (PO), intraperitoneal injection (IP),or intracecal injection (IC) at a volume of 0.1 mL/20 g on days 0 to 14as indicated in Table 15.

Body Weight and Survival

Animals were observed daily (weight, morbidity, survival, presence ofdiarrhea, and/or bloody stool) in order to assess possible differencesamong treatment groups and/or possible toxicity resulting from thetreatments.

Animals Found Dead or Moribund

Animals were monitored on a daily basis and those exhibiting weight lossgreater than 30% were euthanized, and samples were not collected fromthese animals.

Endoscopy

Each mouse underwent video endoscopy on days 10 and 14 using a smallanimal endoscope (Karl Storz Endoskope, Germany) under isofluraneanesthesia. During each endoscopic procedure still images as well asvideo were recorded to evaluate the extent of colitis and the responseto treatment. Additionally, we attempted to capture an image from eachanimal at the most severe region of disease identified during endoscopy.Colitis severity was scored using a 0-4 scale (0=normal; 1=loss ofvascularity; 2=loss of vascularity and friability; 3=friability anderosions; 4=ulcerations and bleeding). Additionally, stool consistencywas scored during endoscopy using the parameters defined in Table 16.

TABLE 16 Stool Consistency Score Description 0 Normal, well-formedpellet 1 Loose stool, soft, staying in shape 2 Loose stool, abnormalform with excess moisture 3 Watery or diarrhea 4 Bloody diarrhea

Tissue Blood for FACS

Tissue and blood were immediately placed in FACS buffer (1×phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 2.5% fetal calf serum (FCS))and analyzed using the antibody panel in Table 17.

TABLE 17 FACS Antibody Panel Antibody Target Fluorochrome Purpose CD4APC-Vio770 Defines T_(H) cells CD44 VioBlue Memory/Naive discriminationCD45RB FITC Memory/Naive discrimination α4 APC Defines T_(H)-memorysubset of interest β7 PE Defines T_(H)-memory subset of interest CD16/32— Fc block

Results

The data in FIG. 55 show a decrease in weight loss is observed in DSSmice intracecally administered cyclosporin A as compared to DSS miceorally administered cyclosporin A. The data in FIG. 56 show a decreasein plasma concentration of cyclosporin A in DSS mice intracecallyadministered cyclosporin A as compared to DSS mice orally administeredcyclosporin A. The data in FIGS. 57-59 show an increased concentrationof cyclosporin A in the colon tissue of DSS mice intracecallyadministered cyclosporin A as compared to the concentration ofcyclosporin A in the colon tissue of DSS mice orally administeredcyclosporin A.

The data in FIG. 60 show that DSS mice intracecally administeredcyclosporin A have an increased concentration of IL-2 in colon tissue ascompared to DSS mice orally administered cyclosporin A. The data in FIG.61 show that DSS mice intracecally administered cyclosporin A have adecreased concentration of IL-6 in colon tissue as compared to DSS miceorally administered cyclosporin A.

In sum, these data show that the compositions and devices providedherein can suppress the local immune response in the intestine, whilehaving less of a suppressive effect on the systemic immune response ofan animal. For example, these data demonstrate that the presentcompositions and devices can be used to release cyclosporin A to theintestine and that this results in a selective immune suppression in thecolon, while having less of an effect on the immune system outside ofthe intestine. These data also suggest that the present compositions anddevices will provide for the treatment of colitis and otherpro-inflammatory disorders of the intestine.

Example 8—Bellows Testing: Drug Stability Bench Test

Experiments were run to evaluate the effects that bellows material wouldhave on the function of a drug used as the dispensable substance. Theexperiments also evaluated the effects on drug function due to shelflife in the bellows.

The adalimumab was loaded into simulated device jigs containing eithertapered silicone bellows or smooth PVC bellows and allowed to incubatefor 4, 24, or 336 hours at room temperature while protected from light.FIG. 64 illustrates the tapered silicone bellows, and FIG. 65illustrates the tapered silicone bellows in the simulated device jig.FIG. 66 illustrates the smooth PVC bellows, and FIG. 67 illustrates thesmooth PVC in the simulated device jig.

The drug was subsequently extracted using the respective dispensingsystems and tested by a competitive inhibition assay. The test methodhas been developed from the literature (Velayudhan et al.,“Demonstration of functional similarity of proposed biosimilar ABP501 toadalimumab,” BioDrugs 30:339-351 (2016) and Barbeauet et al.,“Application Note: Screening for inhibitors of TNFα/s TNFR1 Bindingusing AlphaScreen™ Technology,” PerkinElmer Technical Note ASC-016(2002)), as well as pre-testing development work using control drug andexperiments using the provided AlphaLISA test kits. FIGS. 68A-68Bdemonstrate the principle of the competition assay performed in theexperiment. FIG. 68A shows binding of anti-TNFα to TNFα receptor withoutdrug, where uninhibited binding brings the Donor and Acceptor beads intoclose proximity for singlet oxygen transfer detection. FIG. 68B showsbinding of anti-TNFα to TNFα that is inhibited by drug binding to TNFαand preventing binding to anti-TNFα antibodies, which prevents proximityoxygen singlet transfer detection.

The bellows were loaded as follows: aseptically wiped the dispensingport of the simulated ingestible device jig with 70% ethanol; allowed toair dry for one minute; used an adalimumab delivery syringe to load eachset of bellows with 200 μL of drug; took a photo of the loaded device;gently rotated the device such that the drug is allowed to come incontact with all bellows surfaces; protected the bellows from light; andincubate at room temperature for the predetermined time period to allowfull contact of the drug with all bellows' surfaces.

The drug was extracted as follows: after completion of the incubationperiod; the device jig was inverted such that the dispensing port waspositioned over a sterile collection microfuge tube and petri dishbelow; five cubic centimeters of air was drawn into an appropriatesyringe; the lure lock was attached to the device jig; the syringe wasused to gently apply positive pressure to the bellow with air such thatthe drug was recovered in the collection microfuge tube; where possible,a video of drug dispensing was taken; samples were collected from eachbellows type; a control drug sample was collected by directly dispensing200 μL of drug from the commercial dispensing syringe into a sterilemicrofuge tube; the control drug-free sample was collected by directlydispensing 200 μL of PBS using a sterile pipette into a sterilemicrofuge tube; the collected drug was protected from light; and thedrug was diluted over the following dilution range (250, 125, 25, 2.5,0.25, 0.025, 0.0125, 0.0025 μg) in sterile PBS to determine the IC₅₀range of the drug.

To determine any effects storage conditions may have on drug efficacy inthe device, the drug (stored either in the syringe, silicon bellows, PVCbellows) was stored at room temperature while protected from light for24 hours and 72 hours. Samples were then extracted and the steps in thepreceding paragraph were repeated.

The AlphaLISA (LOCI™) test method was used. Human TNFα standard dilutionranges were prepared as described in Table 18.

TABLE 18 [human TNFα] Vol of Vol. of in standard curve Tube human TNFα(μL) diluent (μL) * (g/mL in 5 μL) (pg/mL in 5 μL) A 10 μL ofreconstituted  90 1E-07 100 000    human TNFα B 60 μL of tube A 1403E−08 30 000   C 60 μL of tube B 120 1E−08 10 000   D 60 μL of tube C140 3E−09 3 000   E 60 μL of tube D 120 1E−09 1 000   F 60 μL of tube E140 3E−10 300 G 60 μL of tube F 120 1E−10 100 H 60 μL of tube G 1403E−11  30 I 60 μL of tube H 120 1E−11  10 J 60 μL of tube I 140 3E−12  3K 60 μL of tube J 120 1E−12  1 L 60 μL of tube K 140 3E−13    0.3 M **(background) 0 100 0  0 N ** (background) 0 100 0  0 O ** (background) 0100 0  0 P ** (background) 0 100 0  0

The test was performed as follows: the above standard dilution rangeswere in a separate 96-well plate; to ensure consistent mixing, sampleswere mixed up and down gently with a pipette five times; a 384-well testplate was prepared according to the test layout diagram depicted Table19; five microliters of 10,000 μg/mL TNFα standard from the previouslymade dilution plate was added to each corresponding concentration asshown in Table 18 five microliters of recovered drug (directly from thecommercial syringe (A), from the silicone bellows (B Si), from the PVCbellows (B PVC), or from the PBS control (C) was added into thecorresponding wells described in Table 19; the test plate was incubatedfor one hour at room temperature while protected from light; 10microliters of acceptor beads were added to each previously accessedwell; the wells were incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature whileprotected from light; 10 μL of biotinylated antibody was added to eachpreviously accessed well; the wells were incubated for 15 minutes atroom temperature, while protected from light; the room lights weredarkened and 25 microliters of streptavidin (SA) donor beads were addedto each previously accessed well; the wells were incubated for 30minutes at room temperature while protected from light; the plate wasread in Alpha Mode; and the results were recorded. Upon addition ofreagent(s) in the various steps, each well was pipetted up and downthree times to achieve good mixing.

TABLE 19 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A STD2 STD10 250 250 250250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 1.00E+05 10 A A A A A B Si B Si B SiB Si B Si B PVC B PVC B C STD3 STD11 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125125 125 125 30000 3 A A A A A B Si B Si B Si B Si B Si B PVC B PVC D ESTD4 STD12 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 10000 1 A A A A AB Si BSi B Si B Si B Si B PVC B PVC F G STD5 STD13 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.52.5 2.5 2.5 25 2.5 3000 0.333 A A A A AB Si B Si B Si B Si B Si B PVC BPVC H I STD6 Blank 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.250.25 0.25 1000 0 A A A A A B Si B Si B Si B Si B Si B PVC B PVC J K STD7Blank 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.0250.025 300 0 A A A A A B Si B Si B Si B Si B Si B PVC B PVC L M STD8Blank 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.0130.013 100 0 A A A A A B Si B Si B Si B Si B Si B PVC B PVC N O STD9Blank 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.0030.003 30 0 A A A A A B Si B Si B Si B Si B Si B PVC B PVC P 16 17 18 1920 21 22 23 A 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 B PVC B PVC B PVC C C C CC B C 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 B PVC B PVC B PVC C C C C C D E 2525 25 25 25 25 25 25 B PVC B PVC B PVC C C C C C F G 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.52.5 2.5 25 B PVC B PVC B PVC C C C C C H I 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.250.25 0.25 B PVC B PVC B PVC C C C C C J K 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.025 0.0250.025 0.025 0.025 B PVC B PVC B PVC C C C C C L M 0.013 0.013 0.0130.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.013 B PVC B PVC B PVC C C C C C N O 0.0030.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 B PVC B PVC B PVC C C C C C P

The data are shown in FIGS. 69-71. The data demonstrate that the bellowsdo not negatively impact the drug function after shelf lives of 4 hours,24 hours, or 336 hours. The IC₅₀ values of the drug dispensed from thebellows were comparable to the IC₅₀ values of the standard dispensationmethod (Table 18). A slight right shift was noted in the bellows curvesafter 24 hours (FIG. 70), but this shift was well within the error barsof the curves. Tables 20-23 represent data of FIGS. 69-71, respectively.Of note, when comparing mean (n=5) RFU data between test articles overthe concentration ranges significant differences (p<0.05) werediscerned. However, these significant differences did not favor eithertest article over time, suggesting that they were not related to theperformance of the material in response to the drug (FIGS. 69-71).

TABLE 20 Needle control (A) Silicone Bellows (B) PVC Bellows (C)  4Hours 0.0174 0.0169 0.0172  24 Hours 0.0180 0.0180 0.0180 336 Hours0.0144 0.0159 0.0163

TABLE 21 Statistics (Student's T-test, 2 tailed, non-pair-wise, forsignificance p < 0.05) Drug Needle control (A) Needle control (A)Silicone (micrograms) vs. Silicone (B) vs. PVC vs. PVC 0.0001 0.9110.008* 0.268 0.0025 0.138 0.390 0.822 0.0125 0.122 0.118 0.771 0.0250.143 0.465 0.020* 0.25 0.591 0.984 0.350 2.5 0.243 0.124 0.169 1250.867 0.688 0.182 250 0.681 0.184 0.108 *p < 0.5 data set

TABLE 22 Statistics (Student's T-test, 2 tailed, non-pair-wise, forsignificance p < 0.05) Drug Needle control (A) Needle control (A)Silicone vs. (micrograms) vs. Silicone (B) vs. PVC PVC 0.0001 0.1320.038* 0.292 0.0025 0.003* 0.076 0.575 0.0125 0.161 0.022* 0.783 0.0250.058 0.078 0.538 0.25 0.974 0.384 0.198 2.5 0.714 0.080 0.017* 1250.873 0.731 0.269 250 0.798 0.956 0.903 *p < 0.5 data set

TABLE 23 Statistics (Student's T-test, 2 tailed, non-pair-wise, forsignificance p < 0.05) Drug Needle control (A) Needle control (A)Silicone vs. (micrograms) vs. Silicone (B) vs. PVC PVC 0.0001 0.8584490.036847* 0.026444* 0.0025 0.087379 0.280302 0.046767* 0.0125 0.4692820.057232 0.117194 0.025 0.02758* 0.078234 0.373419 0.25 0.4115480.258928 0.400498 2.5 0.368959 0.156574 0.006719* 125 0.948649 0.2467020.463735 250 0.485046 0.128993 0.705543 *p < 0.5 data set

Example 9—A Comparison Study of Systemic vs Intracecal Delivery of SMAD7Bio-Distribution in DSS-Induced Colitis in Male C57Bl/6 Mice

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of novel testarticles, e.g., fluorescent SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotides (SMAD7 AS),when dosed systemically versus intracecally in the treatment ofDSS-induced colitis, in male C57Bl/6 mice.

Experimental Design

A minimum of 10 days prior to the start of the experiment a cohort ofanimals underwent surgical implantation of a cecal cannula. A sufficientnumber of animals underwent implantation to allow for 12 cannulatedanimals to be enrolled in the main study (i.e., 16 animals).

Colitis was induced in 12 male C57Bl/6 mice (Groups 4-5) by exposure to3% DSS-treated drinking water from Day 0 to Day 5. Three groups of sixadditional animals per group (n=6 cannulated; n=12 non-cannulated;Groups 1-3) served as no-disease controls (Groups 1-3). All animals wereweighed daily and assessed visually for the presence of diarrhea and/orbloody stool during this time.

Animals were dosed with test-article via oral gavage (PO) or intracecalinjection (IC) once on Day 9 as indicated in Table 24. The animals inGroup 0 were not dosed. The animals in Groups 2 and 4 were dosed PO withSMAD7 antisense. The animals in Groups 3 and 5 were dosed IC with SMAD7antisense.

All animals were euthanized by CO₂ inhalation 12 hours after dosing, onDay 10. Terminal blood was collected into two K₂EDTA tubes and processedfor plasma. Both plasma and pellet samples were snap-frozen in liquidnitrogen and stored at −80° C. Cecum contents were removed and thecontents were split into two aliquots. Both aliquots were weighed andsnap frozen in separate cryovials in liquid nitrogen. The cecum wasexcised and bisected longitudinally; each piece is separately weighedand flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The colon contents were removed andthe contents were split into two aliquots. Both aliquots were weighedand snap frozen in separate cryovials in liquid nitrogen. The colon wasthen rinsed, and the most proximal 2 cm of colon was collected. This2-cm portion was bisected longitudinally; each piece was separatelyweighed and flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Snap-frozen blood pellet,cecum/colon contents, and tissue samples were used for downstreamfluorimetry or RP-TIPLC. The details of the study design are shown inTable 24.

TABLE 24 Study design Terminal

Cecal Colitis Collections Group Animals Cannula Induction TreatmentRoute Schedule Day 10 1 6 NO — — — — Whole blood, 2 6 NO FluorescentlyPO QD plasma, cecal 3 6 YES labeled IC Day 9** contents, colon 4 6 NO 3%DSS SMAD7 PO contents, cecal 5 6 YES Days 0-5 antisense IC tissue, colon50 μg* tissue *Per mouse. TA is administered in 0.075 mL/animal.**Animals are dosed on Day 9 and collections are performed 12 hourslater.

Materials and Methods Mice

Normal male C57Bl/6 mice between the ages of 6-8 weeks old, weighing20-24 g, were obtained from Charles River Laboratories. The mice wererandomized into five groups of six mice each, and housed in groups of8-15 per cage, and acclimatized for at least three days prior toentering the study. Animal rooms were set to maintain a minimum of 12 to15 air changes per hour, with an automatic timer for a light/dark cycleof 12 hours on/off, and fed with Labdiet 5053 sterile rodent chow, withwater administered ad libitum.

Cecal Cannulation

The animals were placed under isoflurane anesthesia, with the cecumexposed via a midline incision in the abdomen. A small point incisionwas made in the distal cecum, where 1-2 cm of the cannula was inserted.The incision was closed with a purse string suture using 5-0 silk. Anincision was then made in the left abdominal wall through which thedistal end of the cannula was inserted and pushed subcutaneously to thedorsal aspect of the back. The site was then washed copiously withwarmed saline prior to closing the abdominal wall. A small incision wasalso made in the skin of the back between the shoulder blades, exposingthe tip of the cannula. The cannula was secured in place using suture,wound clips, and tissue glue. All animals were administered 1 mL of warmsterile saline (subcutaneous injection) and were monitored closely untilrecovery before returning to their cage. All animals were administered0.6 mg/kg BID buprenorphine for the first 3 days, and Baytril® at 10mg/kg every day for the first 5 days post-surgery.

Disease Induction

Colitis was induced on Day 0 via addition of 3% DSS (MP Biomedicals, Cat#0260110) to the drinking water. Fresh DSS/water solutions was providedon Day 3 and any of the remaining original DSS solution is discarded.

Body Weight and Survival

Animals were observed daily (weight, morbidity, survival, presence ofdiarrhea and/or bloody stool) in order to assess possible differencesamong treatment groups and/or possible toxicity resulting from thetreatments.

Animals Found Dead or Moribund

Animals were monitored on a daily basis. Animals exhibiting weight lossgreater than 30% were euthanized, and samples were not collected fromthese animals.

Dosing

Animals were dosed with test-article via oral gavage (PO) or intracecalinjection (IC) once on Day 9 as indicated in Table 24. Animals in Group0 were not dosed. Animals in Groups 2 and 4 were dosed PO with SMAD7antisense. Animals in Groups 3 and 5 were dosed IC with SMAD7 antisense.

Sacrifice

All animals were euthanized by CO₂ inhalation 12 hours after dosing, onDay 10.

Sample Collection

Intestinal contents, peripheral blood and tissue were collected atsacrifice on Day 10, as follows:

Blood/Plasma: Terminal blood was collected into two K₂EDTA tubes andprocessed for plasma. The approximate volume of each blood sample wasrecorded prior to centrifugation. Both plasma and pellet samples weresnap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. The first pelletsample (sample 1) was used for fluorimetry. The second pellet sample(sample 2) was used for RP-HPLC.

Cecum Contents: Cecum contents was removed and contents were split intotwo aliquots. Both aliquots were weighed and snap frozen in separatecryovials in liquid nitrogen. The first sample (sample 1) was used forfluorimetry. The second sample (sample 2) was used for RP-HPLC.

Cecum: The cecum was excised and bisected longitudinally; each piece wasseparately weighed and snap-frozen. The first sample (sample 1) was usedfor fluorimetry. The second sample (sample 2) was used for RP-HPLC.

Colon Contents: Colon contents were removed and contents were split intotwo aliquots. Both aliquots were weighed and snap frozen in separatecryovials in liquid nitrogen.

The first sample (sample 1) was used for fluorimetry. The second sample(sample 2) was used for RP-HPLC.

Colon: The colon was rinsed, and the most proximal 2 cm of colon wascollected and bisected longitudinally. Each piece was separately weighedand flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The first sample (sample 1) wasused for fluorimetry. The second sample (sample 2) was used for RP-HPLC.

SMAD7 Antisense Bioanalysis

Samples flash-frozen for fluorimetry were homogenized in 0.5 mL bufferRLT+ (Qiagen). Homogenate was centrifuged (4000×g; 10 minutes), andsupernatant was collected.

Forty microliters of the sample was diluted 1:6 in 200 μL of bicarbonatesolution and 100 μL of diluted supernatant was analyzed on a fluorescentplate reader (485 excitation; 535 emission) in duplicate.

Prior to the above, assay development was performed as follows. Samples(as indicated in Sample Collection) were harvested from a naïve animaland flash-frozen. Samples were then homogenized in 0.5 mL buffer RLT+,homogenate was centrifuged (4000×g; 10 minutes) and supernatant wascollected and diluted 1:6 with bicarbonate solution (i.e., 0.5 mLsupernatant was added to 2.5 mL of PBS). An aliquot (0.200 mL (90 μL foreach duplicate) of each diluted sample was pipetted into 15 (14 dilutionof FAM-AS-SAMD7+ blank control) Eppendorf tubes. One tube was set-asideto be used as a blank sample. Ten microliters of fluorescently-labeledSMAD7 antisense was then spiked into all other sample to achieve finalconcentrations of 50 μg/mL, 16.67 μg/mL, 5.56 μg/mL, 1.85 μg/mL, 0.62μg/mL, 0.21 μg/mL, 0.069 μg/mL, 0.023 μg/mL, 7.6 ng/mL, 2.5 ng/mL, 0.847ng/mL, 0.282 ng/mL, 0.094 ng/mL, and 0.024 ng/mL respectively. Thefluorescently-labeled SMAD7 antisense was prepared and serially dilutedsuch that the volume added to each organ homogenate sample was the samefor each of the above concentrations. These samples were analyzed on afluorescent plate reader (485 excitation; 535 emission) in duplicate.

Processing for RP-HPLC

Samples flash-frozen for RP-HPLC were homogenized in bufferRLT+(Qiagen). Homogenate was centrifuged (4000×g; 10 minutes), andsupernatant was used to perform RP-HPLC analysis.

Results

The data in FIGS. 73 and 74 show that significantly more SMAD7 antisenseoligonucleotide was present in cecum tissue and colon tissue for micewith or without DSS treatment that were intra-cecally administered theSMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide as compared to mice with or without DSStreatment that were orally administered the SMAD7 antisenseoligonucleotide. The data in FIG. 75 show that there is about the samelevel of SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide in the cecum contents of micewith or without DSS treatment that were orally or intra-cecallyadministered the SMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide. No SMAD7 antisenseoligonucleotide was found in the plasma or white blood cell pellet ofSMAD7 antisense oligonucleotide treated mice.

No significant differences were observed in clinical observations,GI-specific adverse effects or toxicity due to FAM-AS-SMAD7 treatmentvia PO vs IC. No fluorescent detection of FAM-AS-SMAD7 was found inplasma and whole blood cell pellets across all treatment groups. Asignificant higher fluorescent signal (RFU) of FAM-AS-SMAD7 was found incecum tissue when delivered intra-cecally compared with PO in bothnormal and DSS-induced models (FIG. 83). A slight higher RFU was alsofound in colon tissue when delivered intra-cecally, however, the overallsignal is 10 times lower (FIG. 84). A significant higher RFU was foundin colon content when delivered intra-cecally compared with PO in anormal mouse model (FIG. 85). This result was not seen in cecum contentacross all treatment groups (FIG. 86), indicating a better tissueabsorption of oligos in cecum tissue from cecal content when deliveredintra-cecally, but not in colon content at 12 hours post-treatment.

Example 10—Comparison of the Tissue, Plasma, and GI ContentPharmacokinetics of Tacrolimus Through Oral Vs. Intra-Cecal IngestibleDevice Delivery in Yorkshire-Cross Farm Swine

The primary objective of this study was to compare the tissue, plasma,rectal sample, and GI content pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus throughoral versus intra-cecal ingestible device delivery in normalYorkshire-Cross farm swine.

This study compares the effects of administration of: a singleintra-cecal administration of an ingestible device containing 0.8 mLsterile vehicle solution (80% alcohol, 20% castor oil (HCO-60)); asingle oral dose of tacrolimus at 4 mg/0.8 mL (in sterile vehiclesolution); and a single intra-cecal administration of an ingestibledevice containing either 1 mg/0.8 mL (in sterile vehicle solution), 2mg/0.8 mL (in sterile vehicle solution), or 4 mg/0.8 mL (in sterilevehicle solution).

This study employed five groups of three female swine weighingapproximately 45 to 50 kg at study start. Swine were randomly placedinto animal rooms/pens as they are transferred from the delivery vehiclewithout regard to group. Group numbers were assigned to the rooms inorder of room number. No further randomization procedure was employed.The study design is provided in Table 25.

TABLE 25 Days Pre-Dose Hours Post-dose Group size Dose Route −11 −10 −5−1 1 0.5 1 2 3 4 6 12 General

• • Food/Water ad libidum • • • • • • • • • • Observations clinicalobservations

• • • • • • • • • bodyweight* • • • • Treatments (Groups) 1. Vehiclecontrol n = 3

IC Surgical placement of  

• Euthanized

2.  

n = 3

Oral • Surgical placement of  

• Euthanized

3.  

n = 3

IC • Surgical placement of  

• Euthanized

4.  

n = 3

IC • Surgical placement of  

• Euthanized

5.  

n = 3

IC • Surgical placement of  

• Euthanized

Samples***** Plasma

• • • • • • • Rectal contents

• • • • Tissue***

•

• *Animal weight was ~45-50 kg for drug doses proposed. **Surgicalplacement of IC port in all animals to control. ***Tissue samples (fiveGI section cecum (CAC); proximal colon (PCN); transverse colon (TCN);distal colon (DCN); rectum (RTM), plus mesenteric lymph nodes andPeyer’s Patch). ****Luminal contents (cecum (CAC); proximal colon (PCN);transverse colon (TCN); distal colon (DCN); rectum (RTM)).

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Animals in Group 1 received an ingestible device containing 0.8 mL ofvehicle solution (80% alcohol, 20% HCO-60). Animals in Group 2 receivedorally 4 mL liquid formulation of tacrolimus at 4 mg/0.8 mL per animal(Prograf: 5 mg/mL). Animals in Group 3 received intra-cecally aningestible device containing tacrolimus at 1 mg in 0.8 mL per ingestibledevice. Animals in Group 4 received intra-cecally an ingestible devicecontaining tacrolimus at 2 mg in 0.8 mL per ingestible device. Animalsin Group 5 received intra-cecally an ingestible device containingtacrolimus at 4 mg in 0.8 mL per ingestible device. To control forpotential confounding effects of the surgery, all groups fast on Day −11at least 24 hr before being subjected to anesthesia followed by surgicalplacements of a cecal port by a veterinary surgeon at Day −10. Allanimals were fasted for at least 12 hr prior to dosing on Day 1. Animalswere dosed via either intra-cecal dosing (IC) or oral dosing (PO) at Day1 (between 6-8 p.m.). All animals resumed feeding at approximately 4hours after dose (11-12 p.m. after dosing).

Animals in Group 1 (Vehicle Control) were administered a singleintra-cecal ingestible device containing 0.8 mL Vehicle solution (80%alcohol, 20% castor oil (HCO-60) on Day 1. On Day −10 the animals wereanesthetized, and a veterinary surgeon surgically placed an intra-cecalport in each animal. On Day 1, each animal was placed into a sling thena single intra-cecal ingestible device containing 0.8 mL vehiclesolution (80% alcohol, 20% castor oil (HCO-60)) is introduced by theveterinary surgeon into the cecum via the cecal port in each animal.Following ingestible device placement, the animals were removed from theslings and placed back into their pens with water. All animals resumedfeeding at approximately 4 hours after dose. Samples of rectal contentswere collected for pharmacokinetic analyses from each animal at each of1, 3, 6, and 12 hours post-ingestible device placement using a fecalswab (rectal swab). A total of 60 samples were collected.

Approximately 200-400 mg of rectal content were collected, if available,with a fecal swab (Copan Diagnostics Nylon Flocked Dry Swabs, 502CS01).The fecal swab was pre-weighed and weighed after collection in thecollection tube (Sterile Tube and Cap No Media, PFPM913S), and thesample weight was recorded. The fecal swab was broken via thebreakpoint, and was stored in the collection tube, and immediatelyfrozen at −70° C. Whole blood (2 mL) was collected into K₂EDTA coatedtubes for pharmacokinetics at each time-point of pre-dose and 1, 2, 3,4, 6 and 12 hours post-dose. Immediately following euthanasia, tissuewas collected. A total of 105 samples were collected.

For tissue necropsy, small intestine fluid and cecal fluid werecollected separately from all the animals into two separate squareplastic bottles, and stored at −20° C. The length and diameter of thececum and the colon was measured from one animal in each group andrecorded for reference. Tissues were collected for pharmacokineticanalyses and include mesenteric lymph nodes, a Peyer's Patch, and fivegastrointestinal sections, including cecum, proximal colon, transversecolon, distal colon, and rectum. All samples were weighed, and thetissue sample weights were recorded. In each of the fivegastrointestinal sections, tissue samples were collected in threedifferent areas where the mucosal surface was visible and not covered byluminal content by using an 8.0-mm punch biopsy tool. Around 3 grams ofthe total punched sample were collected into a pre-weighed 15-mL conicaltube, and the tissue weight was recorded. Three mesenteric lymph nodeswere collected from different areas and weighed. At least one Peyer'sPatch was collected and weighed. Tissues were snap-frozen in liquidnitrogen and stored frozen at approximately −70° C. or below (total of105 samples).

Luminal contents were collected for pharmacokinetic analyses from thesurface of the tissue from each of five gastrointestinal sections:cecum, proximal colon, transverse colon, distal colon, and rectum (totalof 75). The contents were collected in pre-weighed 15-mL conical tubesand the sample weights were recorded. Samples were snap-frozen in liquidnitrogen stored frozen at approximately −70° C. or below.

After removing the luminal content, another set of tissue samples from 3different areas were collected via an 8.0-mm punch biopsy in eachsection of the five tissue gastrointestinal sections described above.Around 3 grams of the total punched sample were collected into apre-weighed 15-mL conical tube, and the tissue weight was recorded(total of 75). Tissues were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and storedfrozen at approximately −70° C. or below.

A 30-cm length of jejunum (separated into two 15 cm lengths), and theremaining distal and transverse colon tissue sample (after tissue andluminal content were collected for PK) were collected in one animal ineach group of treatment, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and storedfrozen at approximately −70° C. or below. All samples forpharmacokinetic analyses were stored on dry ice before analyses.

Group 2 animals were administered a single oral dose of tacrolimus at 4mg/0.8 mL (0.08-mg/kg) (in the vehicle solution) on Day 1. Plasma,rectal content sample, tissue collection, GI content collection andrelated procedures/storage/shipments was the same as those employed inGroup 1.

Group 3 animals were administered a single intra-cecal ingestible devicecontaining tacrolimus at 1-mg/0.8 mL (0.02 mg/kg) (in the vehiclesolution) on Day 1 by a veterinary surgeon. Plasma, rectal contentsample, tissue collection, GI content collection and relatedprocedures/storage/shipments was the same as those employed in Group 1.All samples were analyzed for tacrolimus.

Group 4 animals were administered a single intra-cecal ingestible deviceof tacrolimus at 2 mg/0.8 mL (0.04 mg/kg) (in sterile vehicle solution)on Day 1 by a veterinary surgeon. Plasma, rectal content sample, tissuecollection, GI content collection and relatedprocedures/storage/shipments were the same as those employed in Group 1.All samples were analyzed for tacrolimus.

Group 5 animals are administered a single intra-cecal ingestible devicecontaining tacrolimus at 4 mg/0.8 mL (0.08 mg/kg) (in the vehiclesolution) on Day 1 by a veterinary surgeon. Plasma, rectal contentsample, tissue collection, GI content collection and relatedprocedures/storage/shipments were the same as those employed in Group 1.All samples were analyzed for tacrolimus.

Detailed clinical observations were conducted daily from Day −10 to −5,and on Day 1. Additional pen-side observations were conducted at leastonce each day. The animals remained under constant clinical observationfor the entire 12 hours from dose until euthanasia. Body weights werecollected on Day −10, Day −5, and pre-dose on Day 1. Animals wereeuthanized via injection of a veterinarian-approved euthanasia.

Test Article and Formulation

1. Vehicle solution, 20 mL

Description: 80% alcohol, 20% PEG-60 castor oil

Physical characteristics: clear liquid solution.

2. Prograf (tacrolimus injection), 10 ampules

Description: A sterile solution containing the equivalent of 5 mganhydrous tacrolimus in 1 mL. Tacrolimus is macrolide immunosuppressantand the active ingredient of Prograf. 0.8 mL of Prograf (5 mg/mL) wasadministrated through oral gavage per animal in group 2. Prograf (5mg/mL) was diluted 2× folds (2.5 mg/mL) and 4× folds (1.25 mg/mL) byusing vehicle solution. 0.8 mL of each concentration, 1.25 mg/mL, 2.5mg/mL, and 5 mg/mL of Prograf, was injected into a DSS ingestible devicefor group 3, 4, and 5.

Formulation: Each mL contained polyoxyl 60 hydrogenated castor oil(HCO-60), 200 mg, and dehydrated alcohol, USP, 80.0% v/v.

Physical characteristics: clear liquid solution.

3. DDS ingestible device containing Tacrolimus

Description: Three (3) DDS ingestible devices containing vehiclesolution for Group 1, three (3) DSS ingestible devices containing 1 mgtacrolimus for Group 3, three (3) DDS ingestible devices containing 2 mgtacrolimus for Group 4, and three (3) DDS ingestible devices containing4 mg tacrolimus for Group 5.

Acclimation

Animals were acclimated prior to study initiation for at least 7 days.Animals in obvious poor health were not placed on study.

Concurrent Medication

Other than veterinary-approved anesthetics and medications used duringsurgery to install the ileocecal ports, or for vehicle or test articleadministration, and analgesia and antibiotics post-surgery, no furthermedications were employed.

Feed

All swine were fasted at least 24 hours before being anesthetized andproperly medicated for surgery or overnight before dosing. Otherwise,animals were fed ad-libitum. Tap water was pressure-reduced and passedthrough a particulate filter, then a carbon filter prior to supply to anautomatic watering system. Water was supplied ad libitum. There were noknown contaminants in the feed or water that would be expected tointerfere with this study.

Results

The data in FIG. 76 show that the mean concentration of tacrolimus inthe cecum tissue and the proximate colon tissue were higher in swinethat were intra-cecally administered tacrolimus as compared to swinethat were orally administered tacrolimus. All blood troughconcentrations were <10 ng/mL and exposure AUC <2000-12 ng·h/mL (FIGS.87-89 and Table 26).

TABLE 26 Route PO IC IC IC Dose 0.09 0.02 0.04 0.09 (mg · kg) Tmax 1 1 11 Cmax 3.531 ± 3.84   2.39 ± 0.565 9.197 ± 3.30 21.8 ± 4.73  Trough0.568 ± 0.291 0.746 ± 0.038  1.96 ± 0.491 4.35 ± 0.516 (12 hr) AUC 16.83± 3.641 15.29 ± 2.356 51.35 ± 4.04 129.6 ± 7.827  0-12 hr (ng*h/ml)

Significantly higher C_(max) values (9.20±3.30 and 21.80±4.73 ng/mL)were observed in groups treated with high (0.09 mg/kg) and moderate(0.04 mg/kg) dose of tacrolimus when delivered through IC capsule ascompared to the C_(max) values following PO delivery of tacrolimus (0.09mg/kg). Significantly higher tissue (spiral and transverse colon) andluminal content (spiral, transverse, and distal colon) concentrationswere observed in groups treated with high and moderate dose tacrolimusdelivered through IC capsule as compared to the levels observed inanimals administered tacrolimus via PO. No measurable level oftacrolimus was detected in tissue when animals were delivered tacrolimusvia PO, despite systemic concentrations equivalent to low dose IC group(0.02 mg/kg) (FIGS. 90 and 91). A higher rectal content concentrationwas observed at 12 hours post-treatment in the IC capsule groups (FIG.92), while no detectable level was observed in the PO group.

These data suggest that intra-cecal administration of tacrolimus is ableto locally deliver tacrolimus to the tissues in the GI tract of amammal, while not decreasing the systemic immune system of a mammal.

Example 11—Comparison of the Tissue, Plasma, and GI ContentPharmacokinetics of Adalimumab Through SC Vs. Intra-Cecal IngestibleDevice Delivery in Yorkshire-Cross Farm Swine in DSS-Induced Colitis

The purpose of this non-Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) study was toexplore the PK/PD and bioavailability of adalimumab when applied to(Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt) DSS-induced colitis in Yorkshire-crossfarm swine, and to evaluate topical Humira® (adalimumab or ADA) inDSS-colitis in swine. Colitis was induced in weanling Yorkshire-Crossfarm swine by administering DSS once daily for 7 consecutive days viaoral gastric intubation. The dose levels were chosen based on the dosesand regimens used to induce colitis in weanling pigs. The doses of DSSwere 1.275 or 2.225 g/k/day for Groups 2 and 3, respectively.

This study used one group of 19- to 21-day old weanling swine, and 2groups of three, 19- to 20-day old weanling swine that weighed from 6.5to 7.5 kg on arrival. To induce colitis, on study day 1 through andincluding day 7, animals in Groups 2 and 3 were administered once dailyoral (gastric intubation) doses of DSS at 8.5% or 15% w/v for doselevels of 1.275 or 2.25 g/kg/day, respectively (Groups 2 and 3,respectively, 2 hours before morning feeding). The Group 1 controlanimal was administered sterile saline only. Each animal was placed in asling for dosing. Animals were fasted at least 6 hours prior to eachdose. See Table 27.

TABLE 27 Study Design Total Animal DSS % Vol. DSS ADA Group Route #¹ w/vmg/mL (mL) Total g² g/kg Frequency³ needed treatment⁴ 1 oral/gastric 1 00 105 0 0 QD, 7 day 0 Day 8 (Animal 1501) intubation (Vehicle) 2oral/gastric 3 8.5% 85 105 8.925 1.275 QD, 7 day 187.425 Day 8 (rectal(Animals 2501, intubation 13 mg) 2502, and 2504) 3 oral/gastric 3  15%150 105 15.75 2.25 QD, 7 day 330.75 Day 8 (rectal intubation 13 mg)¹Animal weighed around 6.5-7.5 kg. ²Daily clinical signs and body weightwere closely monitored throughout the study. If severe clinical signs orbody weight loss is observed at day 1-3 after dosing, the DSS dosing wasshortened to 5 days. ³0.8 mL of ADA solution was dosed rectally to thecolon via an endoscope. ⁴Necropsy was done to observe GI inflammationand overall histopathology.

The day following the last DSS dose, using endoscopy and a catheter, at13 mg adalimumab/0.8 mL/pig (one 40 mg adalimumab/0.8 mL dosage syringewas divided into 3 parts and diluted with PBS) was placed in theproximal portion of the descending colon just past the bend of thetransverse colon. Alternatively, 13 mg of adalimumab was diluted withPBS to a volume suitable for dosing post-weanling swine. Prior todosing, endoscopy photographs were taken of the mucosal surface of thecolon. Animals were anesthetized during adalimumab dosing. Prior toadalimumab dosing, animals were housed on rubber mats to preventingestion of bedding material, and were fasted at least 24 hours. Thecolon was cleansed using an enema prior to the procedure.

All animals were properly euthanized approximately 3 hourspost-adalimumab-dose for tissue collections and subjected to a grossnecropsy with emphasis on the severity of colitis (immediately aftereuthanasia, in order to avoid autolytic changes). All samples forhistology were fixed in a fixation medium and the punch-biopsy samplesnap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored frozen (−70° C.).

To measure drug content, tissue samples and luminal content werecollected by gently removing and collecting luminal content first, thenusing an 8.0 mm-punch biopsy tool. Biopsies from three different areasat the site of adalimumab administration were collected in each animal.Additional tissue biopsy samples were collected from three differentareas at the proximal colon, and the proximal region of transverse colonin each animal. Approximately 3 g of total punched sample and 200 mg ofluminal content were collected in a pre-weighed conical tubes and thetissue weighed was recorded.

Approximately, a 5-cm length of open gastrointestinal tissue sampleincluding terminal ileum, cecum (CAC); proximal colon (PCN); transversecolon (TCN); spiral colon, distal colon (DCN), and rectum was collected,gently rinsed in saline to remove luminal material, and individuallyfixed in fixation buffer (10% neutral buffered formalin). Also, a 5-cmlength of open gastrointestinal tissue from 3 different areas near thesite of adalimumab administration was collected and fixed in formalin inthe same manner for immunohistochemical staining for adalimumab. Tissuesamples for histopathology were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalinfor 18-24 hr, and transferred to 70% ethanol.

HUMIRA® was supplied in single-use, 1-mL pre-filled glass syringes, as asterile, preservative-free solution for subcutaneous administration. Thesolution of HUMIRA® was clear and colorless, with a pH of about 5.2.Each syringe delivered 0.8 mL (40 mg adalimumab) of drug product. Eachvial contained approximately 0.9 mL of solution to deliver 0.8 mL (40 mgadalimumab) of drug product. Each 0.8 mL HUMIRA® contained 40 mgadalimumab, 4.93 mg sodium chloride, 0.69 mg monobasic sodium phosphatedihydrate, 1.22 mg dibasic sodium phosphate dihydrate, 0.24 mg sodiumcitrate, 1.04 mg citric acid monohydrate, 9.6 mg mannitol, 0.8 mgpolysorbate 80, and water for injection. Sodium hydroxide was added asnecessary to adjust pH.

All animals were randomized into groups of three. Animals were dosedonce with adalimumab via subcutaneous (SC), perirectal (PR), orintracecal (IC) administration.

The concentration of adalimumab and TNFα was measured in plasma at 1, 2,3, 4, 6, and 12 hours post-dose. The concentration of adalimumab wasmeasured in rectal contents at 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours post-dose and inluminal content at 12 hours post-dose. Concentration of adalimumab andTNFα, HER2, and total protein was measured in gastrointestinal tissue,e.g., cecum sample (CAC), proximal colon sample (PCN), transverse colonsample (TCN), distal colon sample (DCNi) inflamed, distal colonnon-inflamed sample (DCNn), and rectum sample (RTM), at 12 hourspost-dose.

Treatment with 8.5% DSS (oral; Day 1 to Day 7) induced mild body weightloss, hemorrhage diarrhea, soft bloody stool, and moderate colitis inswine. Necropsy revealed marked edema and full thickness of mucosalerosion from the proximal colon through the distal rectum. The 8.5%DSS-induced animals were treated with adalimumab at day 8. Nosignificant differences in clinical observations, GI-specific adverseeffects or toxicity due to adalimumab treatment were observed. The 15%DSS (oral; Day 1 to Day 7)-induced animals had marked mucosal sloughingand hemorrhage from cecum to rectum and severe colitis. All of theanimals were euthanized early on Day 5.

Significant lesions of colitis were found in animals treated with 8.5%DSS and were characterized by inflammation that involved mucosa andsubmucosa, loss of surface epithelium (erosion), and intestinal crypts(FIGS. 93 and 94). Table 28 shows the quantitative histological gradingof colitis that was used.

TABLE 28 Feature graded Grade Description Inflammation 0 None 1 Slight 2Moderate 3 Severe Extent 0 None 1 Mucosa 2 Mucosa and submucosa 3Transmural Regeneration 0 Complete regeneration or normal tissue 1Almost complete regeneration 2 Regeneration with crypt depletion 3Surface epithelium not intact 4 No tissue repair Crypt damage 0 None 1Basal 1/3 damaged 2 Basal 2/3 damaged 3 Only surface epithelium intact 4Entire crypt and epithelium lost Percent involvement 1 1-25% 2 26-50% 351-75% 4 76-100%

There was little, if any, evidence of regeneration. The ileum and cecumwere unremarkable in all animals except cecum from one animal (animal2504) that was treated with 8.5% DSS, which had lesions of inflammationand loss of surface and crypt epithelium (FIGS. 95-99). Lesions ofcolitis were significant and consistent in all other segments of thelarge intestine from animals treated with 8.5% DSS. The severity andcharacter of the changes were not remarkably different among thedifferent segments or among these animals. Staining for human IgG wasmost consistent and intense at the adalimumab administration site andlocalized to the luminal surface of the mucosal epithelium orinflammatory exudate at the luminal surface, and penetration ofadalimumab is found in the lamina propria near the luminal surface (FIG.100).

Example 12—Human Clinical Trial of Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis UsingAdalimumab

As a proof of concept, the patient population of this study is patientsthat (1) have moderate to severe ulcerative colitis, regardless ofextent, and (2) have had an insufficient response to a previoustreatment, e.g., a conventional therapy (e.g., 5-ASA, corticosteroid,and/or immunosuppressant) or a FDA-approved treatment. In thisplacebo-controlled eight-week study, patients are randomized. Allpatient undergo a colonoscopy at the start of the study (baseline) andat week 8. Patients enrolled in the study are assessed for clinicalstatus of disease by stool frequency, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain,physician's global assessment, and biomarker levels such as fecalcalprotectin and hsCRP. The primary endpoint is a shift in endoscopyscores from Baseline to Week 8. Secondary and exploratory endpointsinclude safety and tolerability, change in rectal bleeding score, changein abdominal pain score, change in stool frequency, change in partialMayo score, change in Mayo score, proportion of subjects achievingendoscopy remission, proportion of subjects achieving clinicalremission, change in histology score, change in biomarkers of diseasesuch as fecal calprotectin and hsCRP, level of adalimumab in theblood/tissue/stool, change in cytokine levels (e.g., TNFα, IL-6) in theblood and tissue.

FIG. 72 describes an exemplary process of what would occur in clinicalpractice, and when, where, and how the ingestible device will be used.Briefly, a patient displays symptoms of ulcerative colitis, includingbut not limited to: diarrhea, bloody stool, abdominal pain, highc-reactive protein (CRP), and/or high fecal calprotectin. A patient mayor may not have undergone a colonoscopy with diagnosis of ulcerativecolitis at this time. The patient's primary care physician refers thepatient. The patient undergoes a colonoscopy with a biopsy, CT scan,and/or MRI. Based on this testing, the patient is diagnosed withulcerative colitis. Most patients are diagnosed with ulcerative colitisby colonoscopy with biopsy. The severity based on clinical symptoms andendoscopic appearance, and the extent, based on the area of involvementon colonoscopy with or without CT/MRI is documented. Treatment isdetermined based on diagnosis, severity and extent.

For example, treatment for a patient that is diagnosed with ulcerativecolitis is an ingestible device programmed to release a single bolus ofa therapeutic agent, e.g., 40 mg adalimumab, in the cecum or proximal tothe cecum. Prior to administration of the treatment, the patient isfasted overnight and is allowed to drink clear fluids. Four hours afterswallowing the ingestible device, the patient can resume a normal diet.An ingestible device is swallowed at the same time each day. Theingestible device is not recovered.

In some embodiments, there may be two different ingestible devices: oneincluding an induction dose (first 8 to 12 weeks) and a differentingestible device including a different dose or a different dosinginterval.

In some examples, the ingestible device can include a mapping tool,which can be used after 8 to 12 weeks of induction therapy, to assessthe response status (e.g., based on one or more of the following: druglevel, drug antibody level, biomarker level, and mucosal healingstatus). Depending on the response status determined by the mappingtool, a subject may continue to receive an induction regimen ormaintenance regimen of adalimumab.

In different clinical studies, the patients may be diagnosed withCrohn's disease and the ingestible devices (including adalimumab) can beprogrammed to release adalimumab in the cecum, or in both the cecum andtransverse colon.

In different clinical studies, the patients may be diagnosed withileocolonic Crohn's disease and the ingestible devices (includingadalimumab) can be programmed to release adalimumab in the late jejunumor in the jejunum and transverse colon.

Example 13—Pharmacokinetic Study of Oral Vs. Intra-Cecal Administrationof Tacrolimus in Yorkshire-Cross Farm Swine

The primary objective of this study was to study the pharmacokinetics oforal versus intra-cecal administration of tacrolimus in normalYorkshire-Cross farm swine.

This study compares the effects of administration of: a singleintra-cecal administration of a device containing 0.8 mL sterile vehiclesolution (80% alcohol, 20% castor oil (HCO-60)); a single oral dose oftacrolimus at 0.09 mg/kg (in sterile vehicle solution); and a singleintra-cecal administration of a device containing either 0.02 mg/kg (insterile vehicle solution), 0.04 mg/kg (in sterile vehicle solution), or0.09 mg/kg (in sterile vehicle solution).

This study employed five groups of three female swine weighingapproximately 45 to 50 kg at study start. Swine were randomly placedinto animal rooms/pens as they are transferred from the delivery vehiclewithout regard to group. Group numbers were assigned to the rooms inorder of room number. No further randomization procedure was employed.The study design is provided in Table 29.

TABLE 29 Study Design Dosage HED Treatments mg/kg mg Route EndpointsGroup Vehicle n = 3 0 0 Intra-cecal [Tacrolimus] in 1 control capsuleblood and rectal Group Tacrolimus n = 3 0.09 6.60 Oral content at 1~12 2solution hr post dose, and Group Tacrolimus n = 3 0.02 1.65 Intra-cecalGI tissue & GI 3 capsule content at 12 hr Group Tacrolimus n = 3 0.043.30 Intra-cecal post dose 4 capsule Group Tacrolimus n = 3 0.09 6.60Intra-cecal 5 capsule

Animals in Group 1 received intra-cecally a device containing a vehiclesolution (80% alcohol, 20% HCO-60). Animals in Group 2 received orally aliquid formulation of tacrolimus at 0.09 mg/kg per animal. Animals inGroup 3 received intra-cecally a device containing tacrolimus at 0.02mg/kg per device. Animals in Group 4 received intra-cecally a devicecontaining tacrolimus 0.04 mg/kg per device. Animals in Group 5 receivedintra-cecally a device containing tacrolimus 0.09 mg/kg per device.

Samples of rectal contents were collected for pharmacokinetic analysesfrom each animal at each of 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours post-device placementusing a fecal swab (rectal swab).

The concentration of tacrolimus measured was measured in the blood at1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 6-, and 12-hours post-dose. The concentration oftacrolimus was measured in rectal contents at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-hourspost-dose, and in the gastrointestinal tissue and luminal content, e.g.,the cecum tissue and lumen, the proximal colon tissue and lumen, thespiral colon tissue and lumen, the transverse colon tissue and lumen,and the distal colon tissue and lumen, at 12 hours post-dose.

Results

The data in FIGS. 77 and 78 show that the mean concentration and AUC₀₋₁₂hours of tacrolimus in the blood was higher in swine that wereintra-cecally administered tacrolimus as compared to swine that wereorally administered tacrolimus even at the same concentration (0.09mg/kg). The data in FIG. 79 show that the mean concentration oftacrolimus in the spiral colon tissue and the transverse colon tissuewere statistically higher in swine that were intra-cecally administeredtacrolimus as compared to swine that were orally administeredtacrolimus. The data in FIG. 80 show that the mean concentration oftacrolimus in the spiral colon lumen, the transverse colon lumen, andthe distal colon lumen were statistically higher in swine that wereintra-cecally administered tacrolimus as compared to swine that wereorally administered tacrolimus. The data in FIGS. 81 and 82 show thatthe mean concentration of tacrolimus in the rectal content was higher inswine that were intra-cecally administered tacrolimus as compared toswine that were orally administered tacrolimus even at the sameconcentration, particularly at 12 hours post-dose.

These data suggest that intra-cecal administration of tacrolimus is ableto locally deliver tacrolimus to the tissues in the GI tract of amammal.

A summary of the results are shown in Table 30.

TABLE 30 Summary of Results Route PO IC IC IC Dosage 0.09 0.02 0.04 0.09(mg/kg) Cmax 3.53 ± 3.84 2.39 ± 0.57 9.197 ± 3.30 21.8 ± 4.73 (ng/mL)Trough 0.568 ± 0.291 0.746 ± 0.038  1.96 ± 0.491  4.35 ± 0.561 (12 hr)(ng/mL) AUC_(0-12 hr) 16.83 ± 3.641 15.29 ± 2.36  51.35 ± 4.04 129.6 ±7.83  (ng · hr/mL)

Tables 31 and 32 provide the tissue and plasma ratios of the animals inGroups 2-5.

TABLE 31-1 Tissue_((mean)) (ng/g)/AUG_((0-12 hr)) (ng · hr/mL) ratiosGroup 2 PO (0.09 mg/kg) Group 3 IC (0.02 mg/kg) Tissue AUC 0-12hr TissueAUC 0-12hr (ng/g) (ng · hr/mL) Ratio (ng/g) (ng · hr/mL) Ratio Cecum16.83 0 15.29 0.00 Proximal Colon 16.83 0 50.20 15.29 3.28 Spiral colon16.83 0 204.00 15.29 13.34 Transverse colon 16.83 0 128.20 15.29 8.38Distal Colon 16.83 0 44.70 15.29 2.92

TABLE 31-2 Tissue_((mean)) (ng/g)/AUG_((0-12 hr)) (ng · hr/mL) ratiosGroup 4 IC (0.04 mg/kg) Group 5 IC (0.09 mg/kg) Tissue AUC 0-12hr TissueAUC 0-12hr (ng/g) (ng · hr/mL) Ratio (ng/g) (ng · hr/mL) Ratio Cecum52.3 51.35 1.019 77.3 129.6 0.60 Proximal Colon 98.3 51.35 1.914 157.0129.6 1.21 Spiral colon 342.3 51.35 6.667 783.3 129.6 6.04 Transversecolon 85.8 51.35 1.670 272.0 129.6 2.10 Distal Colon 28.7 51.35 0.55967.7 129.6 0.52

TABLE 32-1 Tissue_((mean)) (ng/g)/Trough_((12 hr))(ng/mL) Group 2 PO(0.09 mg/kg) Group 3 IC (0.02 mg/kg) Tissue Trough level Tissue Troughlevel (ng/g) (12 hr) Ratio (ng/g) (12 hr) Ratio Cecum 0.568 0 0.746 0.00Proximal Colon 0.568 0 50.20 0.746 67.29 Spiral colon 0.568 0 204.000.746 273.46 Transverse colon 0.568 0 128.20 0.746 171.85 Distal Colon0.568 0 44.70 0.746 59.92

TABLE 32-2 Tissue_((mean)) (ng/g)/Trough_((12 hr))(ng/mL) Group 4 IC(0.04 mg/kg) Group 5 IC (0.09 mg/kg) Tissue Trough level Tissue Troughlevel (ng/g) (12 hr) Ratio (ng/g) (12 hr) Ratio Cecum 52.3 1.96 26.68477.3 4.35 17.78 Proximal Colon 98.3 1.96 50.136 157.0 4.35 36.09 Spiralcolon 342.3 1.96 174.660 783.3 4.35 180.08 Transverse colon 85.8 1.9643.759 272.0 4.35 62.53 Distal Colon 28.7 1.96 14.643 67.7 4.35 15.56

Example 14

An ingestible medical device according to the disclosure (“TLC1”) wastested on 20 subjects to investigate its localization ability. TLC1 wasa biocompatible polycarbonate ingestible device that contained a powersupply, electronics and software. An onboard software algorithm usedtime, temperature and reflected light spectral data to determine thelocation of the ingestible device as it traveled the GI tract. Theingestible device is 0.51×1.22 inches which is larger than a vitaminpill which is 0.4×0.85 inches. The subjects fasted overnight beforeparticipating in the study. Computerized tomography (“CT”) were used asa basis for determining the accuracy of the localization data collectedwith TLC1. One of the 20 subjects did not follow the fasting rule. CTdata was lacking for another one of the 20 subjects. Thus, these twosubjects were excluded from further analysis. TLC1 sampled RGB data(radially transmitted) every 15 seconds for the first 14 hours after itentered the subject's stomach, and then samples every five minutes afterthat until battery dies. TLC1 did not start to record optical data untilit reached the subject's stomach. Thus, there was no RGB-based data forthe mouth-esophagus transition for any of the subjects.

In addition, a PillCam© SB (Given Imaging) device was tested on 57subjects. The subjects fasted overnight before joining the study.PillCam videos were recorded within each subject. The sampling frequencyof PillCam is velocity dependent. The faster PillCam travels, the fasterit would sample data. Each video is about seven to eight hours long,starting from when the ingestible device was administrated into thesubject's mouth. RGB optical data were recorded in a table. A physicianprovided notes on where stomach-duodenum transition and ileum-cecumtransition occurred in each video. Computerized tomography (“CT”) wasused as a basis for determining the accuracy of the localization datacollected with PillCam.

Esophagus-Stomach Transition

For TLC1, it was assumed that this transition occurred one minute afterthe patient ingested the device. For PillCam, the algorithm was asfollows:

-   -   1. Start mouth-esophagus transition detection after ingestible        device is activated/administrated    -   2. Check whether Green<102.3 and Blue<94.6        -   a. If yes, mark as mouth-esophagus transition        -   b. If no, continue to scan the data    -   3. After detecting mouth-esophagus transition, continue to        monitor Green and Blue signals for another 30 seconds, in case        of location reversal        -   a. If either Green>110.1 or Blue>105.5, mark it as            mouth-esophagus location reversal        -   b. Reset the mouth-esophagus flag and loop through step 2            and 3 until the confirmed mouth-esophagus transition            detected    -   4. Add one minute to the confirmed mouth-esophagus transition        and mark it as esophagus-stomach transition

For one of the PillCam subjects, there was not a clear cut differencebetween the esophagus and stomach, so this subject was excluded fromfuture analysis of stomach localization. Among the 56 valid subjects, 54of them have correct esophagus-stomach transition localization. Thetotal agreement is 54/56=96%. Each of the two failed cases had prolongedesophageal of greater than one minute. Thus, adding one minute tomouth-esophagus transition was not enough to cover the transition inesophagus for these two subjects.

Stomach-Duodenum

For both TLC1 and PillCam, a sliding window analysis was used. Thealgorithm used a dumbbell shape two-sliding-window approach with atwo-minute gap between the front (first) and back (second) windows. Thetwo-minute gap was designed, at least in part, to skip the rapidtransition from stomach to small intestine and capture the smallintestine signal after ingestible device settles down in smallintestine. The algorithm was as follows:

-   -   1. Start to check for stomach-duodenum transition after        ingestible device enters stomach    -   2. Setup the two windows (front and back)        -   a. Time length of each window: 3 minutes for TLC1; 30            seconds for PillCam        -   b. Time gap between two windows: 2 minutes for both devices        -   c. Window sliding step size: 0.5 minute for both devices    -   3. Compare signals in the two sliding windows        -   a. If difference in mean is higher than 3 times the standard            deviation of Green/Blue signal in the back window            -   i. If this is the first time ever, record the mean and                standard deviation of signals in the back window as                stomach reference            -   ii. If mean signal in the front window is higher than                stomach reference signal by a certain threshold (0.3 for                TLC1 and 0.18 for PillCam), mark this as a possible                stomach-duodenum transition        -   b. If a possible pyloric transition is detected, continue to            scan for another 10 minutes in case of false positive flag            -   i. If within this 10 minutes, location reversal is                detected, the previous pyloric transition flag is a                false positive flag. Clear the flag and continue to                check            -   ii. If no location reversal has been identified within                10 minutes following the possible pyloric transition                flag, mark it as a confirmed pyloric transition        -   c. Continue monitoring Green/Blue data for another 2 hours            after the confirmed pyloric transition, in case of location            reversal            -   i. If a location reversal is identified, flag the                timestamp when reversal happened and then repeat steps                a-c to look for the next pyloric transition            -   ii. If the ingestible device has not gone back to                stomach 2 hours after previously confirmed pyloric                transition, stops location reversal monitoring and                assume the ingestible device would stay in intestinal                area

For TLC1, one of the 18 subjects had too few samples (<3 minutes) takenin the stomach due to the delayed esophagus-stomach transitionidentification by previously developed localization algorithm. Thus,this subject was excluded from the stomach-duodenum transition algorithmtest. For the rest of the TLC1 subjects, CT images confirmed that thedetected pyloric transitions for all the subjects were located somewherebetween stomach and jejunum. Two out of the 17 subjects showed that theingestible device went back to stomach after first the firststomach-duodenum transition. The total agreement between the TLC1algorithm detection and CT scans was 17/17=100%.

For one of the PillCam subjects, the ingestible device stayed in thesubject's stomach all the time before the video ended. For another twoof the PillCam subjects, too few samples were taken in the stomach torun the localization algorithm. These three PillCam subjects wereexcluded from the stomach-duodenum transition localization algorithmperformance test. The performance summary of pyloric transitionlocalization algorithm for PillCam was as follows:

-   -   1. Good cases (48 subjects):        -   a. For 25 subjects, our detection matches exactly with the            physician's notes        -   b. For 19 subjects, the difference between the two            detections is less than five minutes        -   c. For four subjects, the difference between the two            detections is less than 10 minutes (The full transition            could take up to 10 minutes before the G/B signal settled)    -   2. Failed cases (6 subjects):        -   a. Four subjects had high standard deviation of Green/Blue            signal in the stomach        -   b. One subject had bile in the stomach, which greatly            affected Green/Blue in stomach        -   c. One subject had no Green/Blue change at pyloric            transition

The total agreement for the PillCam stomach-duodenum transitionlocalization algorithm detection and physician's notes was 48/54=89%.

Duodenum-Jejunum Transition

For TLC1, it was assumed that the device left the duodenum and enteredthe jejunum three minutes after it was determined that the deviceentered the duodenum. Of the 17 subjects noted above with respect to theTLC1 investigation of the stomach-duodenum transition, 16 of thesubjects mentioned had CT images that confirmed that theduodenum-jejunum transition was located somewhere between stomach andjejunum. One of the 17 subjects had a prolonged transit time induodenum. The total agreement between algorithm detection and CT scanswas 16/17=94%.

For PillCam, the duodenum-jejunum transition was not determined.

Jejunum-Ileum Transition

It is to be noted that the jejunum is redder and more vascular thanileum, and that the jejunum has a thicker intestine wall with moremesentery fat. These differences can cause various optical responsesbetween jejunum and ileum, particularly for the reflected red lightsignal. For both TLC1 and PillCam, two different approaches wereexplored to track the change of red signal at the jejunum-ileumtransition. The first approach was a single-sliding-window analysis,where the window is 10 minutes long, and the mean signal was comparedwith a threshold value while the window was moving along. The secondapproach was a two-sliding-window analysis, where each window was 10minutes long with a 20 minute spacing between the two windows. Thealgorithm for the jejunum-ileum transition localization was as follows:

-   -   1. Obtain 20 minutes of Red signal after the duodenum-jejunum        transition, average the data and record it as the jejunum        reference signal    -   2. Start to check the jejunum-ileum transition 20 minutes after        the device enters the jejunum        -   a. Normalize the newly received data by the jejunum            reference signal        -   b. Two approaches:            -   i. Single-sliding-window analysis                -   Set the transition flag if the mean of reflected red                    signal is less than 0.8            -   ii. Two-sliding-window analysis:                -   Set the transition flag if the mean difference in                    reflected red is higher than 2× the standard                    deviation of the reflected red signal in the front                    window

For TLC1, 16 of the 18 subjects had CT images that confirmed that thedetected jejunum-ileum transition fell between jejunum and cecum. Thetotal agreement between algorithm and CT scans was 16/18=89%. This wastrue for both the single-sliding-window and double-sliding-windowapproaches, and the same two subjects failed in both approaches.

The performance summary of the jejunum-ileum transition detection forPillCam is listed below:

-   -   1. Single-sliding-window analysis:        -   a. 11 cases having jejunum-ileum transition detected            somewhere between jejunum and cecum        -   b. 24 cases having jejunum-ileum transition detected after            cecum        -   c. 19 cases having no jejunum-ileum transition detected        -   d. Total agreement: 11/54=20%    -   2. Two-sliding-window analysis:        -   a. 30 cases having jejunum-ileum transition detected            somewhere between jejunum and cecum        -   b. 24 cases having jejunum-ileum transition detected after            cecum        -   c. Total agreement: 30/54=56%

Ileum-Cecum Transition

Data demonstrated that, for TLC1, mean signal of reflected red/greenprovided the most statistical difference before and after theileum-cecum transition. Data also demonstrated that, for TLC1, thecoefficient of variation of reflected green/blue provided the moststatistical contrast at ileum-cecum transition. The analysis based onPillCam videos showed very similar statistical trends to those resultsobtained with TLC1 device. Thus, the algorithm utilized changes in meanvalue of reflected red/green and the coefficient of variation ofreflected green/blue. The algorithm was as follows:

-   -   1. Start to monitor ileum-cecum transition after the ingestible        device enters the stomach    -   2. Setup the two windows (front (first) and back (second))        -   a. Use a five-minute time length for each window        -   b. Use a 10-minute gap between the two windows        -   c. Use a one-minute window sliding step size    -   3. Compare signals in the two sliding windows        -   a. Set ileum-cecum transition flag if            -   i. Reflected red/green has a significant change or is                lower than a threshold            -   ii. Coefficient of variation of reflected green/blue is                lower than a threshold        -   b. If this is the first ileum-cecum transition detected,            record average reflected red/green signal in small intestine            as small intestine reference signal        -   c. Mark location reversal (i.e., ingestible device returns            to terminal ileum) if            -   i. Reflected red/green is statistically comparable with                small intestine reference signal            -   ii. Coefficient of variation of reflected green/blue is                higher than a threshold        -   d. If a possible ileum-cecum transition is detected,            continue to scan for another 10 minutes for TLC1 (15 minutes            for PillCam) in case of false positive flag            -   i. If within this time frame (10 minutes for TLC1, 15                minutes for PillCam), location reversal is detected, the                previous ileum-cecum transition flag is a false positive                flag. Clear the flag and continue to check            -   ii. If no location reversal has been identified within                this time frame (10 minutes for TLC1, 15 minutes for                PillCam) following the possible ileum-cecum transition                flag, mark it as a confirmed ileum-cecum transition        -   e. Continue monitoring data for another 2 hours after the            confirmed ileum-cecum transition, in case of location            reversal            -   i. If a location reversal is identified, flag the                timestamp when reversal happened and then repeat steps                a-d to look for the next ileum-cecum transition            -   ii. If the ingestible device has not gone back to small                intestine 2 hours after previously confirmed ileum-cecum                transition, stop location reversal monitoring and assume                the ingestible device would stay in large intestinal                area

The flag setting and location reversal criteria particularly designedfor TLC1 device were as follows:

-   -   1. Set ileum-cecum transition flag if        -   a. The average reflected red/Green in the front window is            less than 0.7 or mean difference between the two windows is            higher than 0.6        -   b. And the coefficient of variation of reflected green/blue            is less than 0.02    -   2. Define as location reversal if        -   a. The average reflected red/green in the front window is            higher than small intestine reference signal        -   b. And the coefficient of variation of reflected green/blue            is higher than 0.086

For TLC1, 16 of the 18 subjects had CT images that confirmed that thedetected ileum-cecum transition fell between terminal ileum and colon.The total agreement between algorithm and CT scans was 16/18=89%.Regarding those two subject where the ileum-cecum transitionlocalization algorithm failed, for one subject the ileum-cecumtransition was detected while TLC1 was still in the subject's terminalileum, and for the other subject the ileum-cecum transition was detectedwhen the device was in the colon.

Among the 57 available PillCam endoscopy videos, for three subjects theendoscopy video ended before PillCam reached cecum, and another twosubjects had only very limited video data (less than five minutes) inthe large intestine. These five subjects were excluded from ileum-cecumtransition localization algorithm performance test. The performancesummary of ileum-cecum transition detection for PillCam is listed below:

-   -   1. Good cases (39 subjects):        -   a. For 31 subjects, the difference between the PillCam            detection and the physician's notes was less than five            minutes        -   b. For 3 subjects, the difference between the PillCam            detection and the physician's notes was less than 10 minutes        -   c. For 5 subjects, the difference between the PillCam            detection and the physician's notes was less than 20 minutes            (the full transition can take up to 20 minutes before the            signal settles)    -   2. Marginal/bad cases (13 subjects):        -   a. Marginal cases (9 subjects)            -   i. The PillCam ileum-cecum transition detection appeared                in the terminal ileum or colon, but the difference                between the two detections was within one hour        -   b. Failed cases (4 subjects)            -   i. Reasons of failure:                -   1. The signal already stabilized in the terminal                    ileum                -   2. The signal was highly variable from the entrance                    to exit                -   3. There was no statistically significant change in                    reflected red/green at ileum-cecum transition

The total agreement between ileocecal transition localization algorithmdetection and the physician's notes is 39/52=75% if considering goodcases only. Total agreement including possibly acceptable cases is48/52=92.3%.

Cecum-Colon Transition

Data demonstrated that, for TLC1, mean signal of reflected red/greenprovided the most statistical difference before and after thececum-colon transition. Data also demonstrated that, for TLC1, thecoefficient of variation of reflected blue provided the most statisticalcontrast at cecum-colon transition. The same signals were used forPillCam. The cecum-colon transition localization algorithm was asfollows:

-   -   1. Obtain 10 minutes of reflected red/green and reflected blue        signals after ileum-cecum transition, average the data and        record it as the cecum reference signals    -   2. Start to check cecum-colon transition after ingestible device        enters cecum (The cecum-colon transition algorithm is dependent        on the ileum-cecum transition flag)        -   a. Normalize the newly received data by the cecum reference            signals        -   b. Two-sliding-window analysis:            -   i. Use two adjacent 10 minute windows            -   ii. Set the transition flag if any of the following                criteria were met                -   The mean difference in reflected red/green was more                    than 4× the standard deviation of reflected                    red/green in the back (second) window                -   The mean of reflected red/green in the front (first)                    window was higher than 1.03                -   The coefficient of variation of reflected blue                    signal in the front (first) window was greater than                    0.23

The threshold values above were chosen based on a statistical analysisof data taken by TLC1.

For TLC1, 15 of the 18 subjects had the cecum-colon transition detectedsomewhere between cecum and colon. One of the subjects had thececum-colon transition detected while TLC1 was still in cecum. The othertwo subjects had both wrong ileum-cecum transition detection and wrongcecum-colon transition detection. The total agreement between algorithmand CT scans was 15/18=83%.

For PillCam, for three subjects the endoscopy video ended before PillCamreached cecum, and for another two subjects there was very limited videodata (less than five minutes) in the large intestine. These fivesubjects were excluded from cecum-colon transition localizationalgorithm performance test. The performance summary of cecum-colontransition detection for PillCam is listed below:

-   -   1. 27 cases had the cecum-colon transition detected somewhere        between the cecum and the colon    -   2. one case had the cecum-colon transition detected in the ileum    -   3. 24 cases had no cecum-colon transition localized

The total agreement: 27/52=52%.

Table 33 summarizes the localization accuracy results.

TABLE 33 Location accuracy Transition TLC1 PillCam Stomach-Duodenum 100%(17/17) 89% (48/54) Duodenum-Jejunum  94% (16/17) N/A Ileum-Cecum  89%(16/18) 75% (39/52) Ileum-terminal 100 % (18/18) 92% (48/52)ileum/cecum/colon

Example 15

In the following cases, each subject is treated by administering aningestible device as disclosed herein, said device containing a drug, ora pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug. The device has aself-localization mechanism that autonomously determines the devicelocation within the subject's GI tract. The device localizationmechanism includes one or more sensors associated with the device thatdetects light reflectance that is external to the device and present inthe GI tract. Based on pre-determined identification of disease site(s)in a particular section or subsection of the GI tract, as disclosed ineach case, the device is pre-programmed with instructions to release thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to orproximal to the section of the GI tract containing the disease site(s).The instructions are provided from at least one processor and/or atleast one controller associated with the at least one sensor. The devicecontains a therapeutically effective amount of the drug (preferably,tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or moreparticularly, tofacitinib citrate).

In some cases, a second agent is administered. In some particular cases,the second agent is an immunosuppressant (e.g., a corticosteroid), anaminosalicylate, an SIP modulator, a PDE4 inhibitor, an IL-12/IL-23inhibitor, an integrin inhibitor, a GM-CSF, an anti-TNF agent, or asecond JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the GM-CSF is administeredduring maintenance therapy.

Example 15-1a—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Duodenumby Releasing Drug in the Duodenum

In the following 4 cases, based on pre-determined identification ofdisease site(s) in the duodenum, the device is pre-programmed withinstructions to release the drug to the duodenum to treat the diseasesite(s).

(i) A 34-year old male subject suffering from symptoms ofgastrointestinal inflammation walks into a clinic. The subject returnsfor an endoscopy, which reveals that he has disease site(s) in thetissue in the duodenum. Subsequently, the subject is orally administeredthe ingestible device containing the therapeutically effective amount ofthe drug. After ingestion of the device, data collected from at leastone of the light sensors, optionally in conjunction with elapsed timethrough the GI tract after the oral administration, indicate that thedevice has transitioned from the stomach into the duodenum with at leastabout 90% accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectancedetected by the sensors includes green light and blue light; an increasein the ratio of the green to blue reflectance is used to determine thatthe device has transitioned from the stomach to the duodenum. The drugor pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to theduodenum containing one or more disease sites. In a follow-up visit, thesubject undergoes a repeat endoscopy to determine the effect of thetreatment.

(ii) Treatment of diffuse duodenitis associated with pancoloniculcerative colitis in the duodenum by releasing drug in the duodenum. A45-year old subject with a history of pancolonic ulcerative colitisundergoes laparoscopy-assisted proctocolectomy due to severesteroid-resistant disease. Two weeks after the surgery, the subjectcomplains of epigastralia and tarry stool. The subject undergoes anendoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract with biopsy and histology,which reveals that the subject has disease site(s) in the tissue in theduodenum. Subsequently, the subject is orally administered theingestible device containing the therapeutically effective amount of thedrug. After ingestion of the device, data collected from at least one ofthe light sensors, optionally in conjunction with elapsed time throughthe GI tract after the oral administration, indicate that the device hastransitioned from the stomach into the duodenum with at least about 90%accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectance detected by thesensors includes green light and blue light; an increase in the ratio ofthe green to blue reflectance is used to determine that the device hastransitioned from the stomach to the duodenum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to theduodenum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(iii) Treatment of gastroduodenal Crohn's disease by releasing drug inthe duodenum. A 33-year old subject suffering from one month ofepigastric pain and dyspepsia visits an outpatient clinic. The subjectundergoes esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsy, which revealsmultiple progressive ulcers and erosions in the tissue in the duodenum.Subsequently, the subject is orally administered the ingestible devicecontaining the therapeutically effective amount of the drug. Afteringestion of the device, data collected from at least one of the lightsensors, optionally in conjunction with elapsed time through the GItract after the oral administration, indicate that the device hastransitioned from the stomach into the duodenum with at least about 90%accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectance detected by thesensors includes green light and blue light; an increase in the ratio ofthe green to blue reflectance is used to determine that the device hastransitioned from the stomach to the duodenum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to theduodenum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(iv) Treatment of gastroduodenal Crohn's disease by releasing drug inthe duodenum. A 26-year old female subject suffering from nausea, weightloss and loss of appetite sees a gastroenterologist. The subjectundergoes an endoscopy, which reveals gastroduodenal Crohn's diseaseaffecting the subject's duodenum. Subsequently, the subject is orallyadministered the ingestible device containing the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the drug. ingestion of the device, data collectedfrom at least one of the light sensors, optionally in conjunction withelapsed time through the GI tract after the oral administration,indicate that the device has transitioned from the stomach into theduodenum with at least about 90% accuracy. In this particular case, thelight reflectance detected by the sensors includes green light and bluelight; an increase in the ratio of the green to blue reflectance is usedto determine that the device has transitioned from the stomach to theduodenum. The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing thedrug, is then released from the device based on the instructions,providing topical delivery of the drug, or the pharmaceuticalformulation containing the drug, to the duodenum containing one or moredisease sites. In a follow-up visit, the subject undergoes a repeatendoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

Example 15-1b—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Jejunumby Releasing Drug in the Jejunum

In the following 2 cases, based on pre-determined identification ofdisease site(s) in the jejunum, as disclosed in each case, the device ispre-programmed with instructions to release the drug to the jejunum totreat the disease site(s).

(i) A 68-year old female subject suffering from symptoms ofgastrointestinal pain and discomfort goes to see her doctor. The subjectsubsequently undergoes a video endoscopy, which reveals disease site(s)in the tissue in the jejunum. Subsequently, the subject is orallyadministered the ingestible device containing the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the drug. After ingestion of the device, datacollected from at least one of the light sensors, together with elapsedtime through the GI tract after the oral administration, indicates thatthe device has transitioned into the jejunum with at least about 90%accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectance detected by thesensors includes green light and blue light; an increase in the ratio ofthe green to blue reflectance is used to determine that the device hastransitioned from the stomach to the duodenum; a period of elapsed time(about 3 minutes) after the transition to the duodenum is then used todetermine that the device has transitioned from the duodenum to thejejunum. Optionally, peristaltic contraction frequency data are used tocorroborate that the device has entered the jejunum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to thejejunum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(ii) Treatment of Crohn's disease in the jejunum by releasing drug inthe jejunum. A subject having unexplained weight loss and fever goes tourgent care. The subject later undergoes an endoscopy, which revealsthat the subject has disease site(s) in the tissue in the jejunumassociated with Crohn's disease. Subsequently, the subject is orallyadministered the ingestible device containing the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the drug. After ingestion of the device, datacollected from at least one of the light sensors, together with elapsedtime through the GI tract after the oral administration, indicates thatthe device has transitioned into the jejunum with at least about 90%accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectance detected by thesensors includes green light and blue light; an increase in the ratio ofthe green to blue reflectance is used to determine that the device hastransitioned from the stomach to the duodenum; a period of elapsed time(about 3 minutes) after the transition to the duodenum is then used todetermine that the device has transitioned from the duodenum to thejejunum. Optionally, peristaltic contraction frequency data are used tocorroborate that the device has entered the jejunum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to thejejunum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

Example 15-1c—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Ileum byReleasing Drug in the Ileum

In the following 3 cases, based on pre-determined identification ofdisease site(s) in the ileum, as disclosed in each case, the device ispre-programmed with instructions to release the drug to the ileum totreat the disease site(s).

(i) A 42-year old female subject suffering from gastrointestinalcramping and fatigue makes an appointment with a gastroenterologist. Thesubject undergoes an endoscopy, which reveals that she has diseasesite(s) in the tissue in the ileum. Subsequently, the subject is orallyadministered the ingestible device containing the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the drug. After ingestion of the device, datacollected from at least one of the light sensors, together with elapsedtime through the GI tract after the oral administration, indicates thatthe device has transitioned from the jejunum into the ileum with atleast about 80% accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectancedetected by the sensors includes red light. Once the device has reachedthe jejunum (essentially as determined in Example 15-1b(i)), a detecteddecrease in red light reflectance is used to determine that the devicehas transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to theileum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(ii) Treatment of ulcerative colitis with backwash ileitis by releasingdrug in the ileum. A 42-year old female subject with a history ofpancolitis visits her treating physician. The subject undergoes anendoscopy, which reveals that the subject has patchy cryptitis and cryptabscesses in the distal ileum thought to be due to backwash of cecalcontents (“backwash ileitis”). Subsequently, the subject is orallyadministered the ingestible device containing the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the drug. After ingestion of the device, datacollected from at least one of the light sensors, together with elapsedtime through the GI tract after the oral administration, indicates thatthe device has transitioned from the jejunum into the ileum with atleast about 80% accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectancedetected by the sensors includes red light. Once the device has reachedthe jejunum (essentially as determined in Example 15-1b(i)), a detecteddecrease in red light reflectance is used to determine that the devicehas transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to theileum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(iii) Treatment of Crohn's disease in the ileum by releasing drug in theileum. A subject suffering from symptoms of Crohn's disease, includingabdominal pain and cramping, walks into a clinic. The subject undergoesan endoscopy, which reveals that the subject has disease site(s) in thetissue in the ileum. Subsequently, the subject is orally administeredthe ingestible device containing the therapeutically effective amount ofthe drug. After ingestion of the device, data collected from at leastone of the light sensors, together with elapsed time through the GItract after the oral administration, indicates that the device hastransitioned from the jejunum to the ileum with at least about 80%accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectance detected by thesensors includes red light. Once the device has reached the jejunum(essentially as determined in Example 15-1b(i)), a detected decrease inred light reflectance is used to determine that the device hastransitioned from the jejunum to the ileum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to theileum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

Example 15-1d—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Cecum byReleasing Drug in the Cecum

In the following 3 cases, based on pre-determined identification ofdisease site(s) in the cecum, as disclosed in each case, the device ispre-programmed with instructions to release the drug to the cecum totreat the disease site(s).

(i) A 25-year old male subject suffering from symptoms ofgastrointestinal inflammation walks into a clinic. The subject undergoesan endoscopy, which reveals disease site(s) in the tissue in the cecum.Subsequently, the subject is orally administered the ingestible devicecontaining the therapeutically effective amount of the drug. Afteringestion of the device, data collected from at least one of the lightsensors, optionally in conjunction with elapsed time through the GItract after the oral administration, indicates that the device hastransitioned into the cecum with at least about 80% accuracy. In thisparticular case, the light reflectance detected by the sensors includesred, green and blue light. A decrease in the ratio of the red to greenreflectance, together with a decrease in the ratio of the green to bluereflectance, are used to determine that the device has transitioned fromthe ileum to the cecum. The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulationcontaining the drug, is then released from the device based on theinstructions, providing topical delivery of the drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to the cecum containingone or more disease sites. The subject subsequently undergoes anendoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(ii) Treatment of ulcerative colitis in the cecum by releasing drug inthe cecum. A subject with a history of ulcerative colitis returns to theclinic. The subject undergoes an endoscopy, which reveals that thesubject has disease site(s) in the tissue in the cecum. Subsequently,the subject is orally administered the ingestible device containing thetherapeutically effective amount of the drug. After ingestion of thedevice, data collected from at least one of the light sensors,optionally in conjunction with elapsed time through the GI tract afterthe oral administration, indicates that the device has transitioned intothe cecum with at least about 80% accuracy. In this particular case, thelight reflectance detected by the sensors includes red, green and bluelight. A decrease in the ratio of the red to green reflectance, togetherwith a decrease in the ratio of the green to blue reflectance, are usedto determine that the device has transitioned from the ileum to thececum. The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug,is then released from the device based on the instructions, providingtopical delivery of the drug, or the pharmaceutical formulationcontaining the drug, to the cecum containing one or more disease sites.The subject subsequently undergoes an endoscopy to determine the effectof the treatment.

(iii) Treatment of Crohn's disease in the cecum by releasing drug in thececum. A subject suffering from symptoms of Crohn's disease, includingfatigue, reduced appetite and frequent, recurring diarrhea goes to alocal clinic. The subject undergoes an endoscopy, which reveals that thesubject has disease site(s) in the tissue in the cecum. Subsequently,the subject is orally administered the ingestible device containing thetherapeutically effective amount of the drug. After ingestion of thedevice, data collected from at least one of the light sensors,optionally in conjunction with elapsed time through the GI tract afterthe oral administration, indicates that the device has transitioned intothe cecum with at least about 80% accuracy. In this particular case, thelight reflectance detected by the sensors includes red, green and bluelight. A decrease in the ratio of the red to green reflectance, togetherwith a decrease in the ratio of the green to blue reflectance, are usedto determine that the device has transitioned from the ileum to thececum. The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug,is then released from the device based on the instructions, providingtopical delivery of the drug, or the pharmaceutical formulationcontaining the drug, to the cecum containing one or more disease sites.The subject subsequently undergoes an endoscopy to determine the effectof the treatment.

Example 15-1e—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Colon byReleasing Drug in the Colon

In the following 3 cases, based on pre-determined identification ofdisease site(s) in the colon, as disclosed in each case, the device ispre-programmed with instructions to release the drug to the colon totreat the disease site(s).

(i) A 57-year old male subject suffering frequent, recurring diarrheagoes to an outpatient facility for an endoscopy, which reveals diseasesite(s) in the tissue in the colon. The subject undergoes an endoscopy,which reveals that the subject has disease site(s) in the tissue in thecolon. Subsequently, the subject is orally administered the ingestibledevice containing the therapeutically effective amount of the drug.After ingestion of the device, data collected from at least one of thelight sensors, together with elapsed time through the GI tract after theoral administration, indicates that the device has transitioned into thecolon with at least about 80% accuracy. In this particular case, thelight reflectance detected by the sensors includes red light, greenlight and blue light. Once the device is localized to the cecum(essentially as described in Example 15-1d(i)), a change in the ratio ofthe red to green reflectance is used to determine that the device hastransitioned from the cecum further into the colon. Alternatively oradditionally, a change in the coefficient of variation (CV) of thedetected blue reflectance is used to determine that the device hastransitioned from the cecum further into the colon. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to thecolon containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(ii) Treatment of ulcerative colitis in the colon by releasing drug inthe colon. A subject suffering from tenesmus and rectal bleeding sees agastroenterologist. The subject undergoes an endoscopy, which revealsthat the subject has disease site(s) in the tissue in the colon.Subsequently, the subject is orally administered the ingestible devicecontaining the therapeutically effective amount of the drug. Afteringestion of the device, data collected from at least one of the lightsensors, together with elapsed time through the GI tract after the oraladministration, indicates that the device has transitioned into thecolon with at least about 80% accuracy. In this particular case, thelight reflectance detected by the sensors includes red light, greenlight and blue light. Once the device is localized to the cecum(essentially as described in Example 15-1d(i)), a change in the ratio ofthe red to green reflectance is used to determine that the device hastransitioned from the cecum to the colon. Alternatively or additionally,a change in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the detected bluereflectance is used to determine that the device has transitioned fromthe cecum to the colon. The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulationcontaining the drug, is then released from the device based on theinstructions, providing topical delivery of the drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to the jejunumcontaining one or more disease sites. The subject subsequently undergoesan endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(iii) Treatment of Crohn's disease in the colon by releasing drug in thecolon. A subject suffering from Crohn's disease undergoes an endoscopy,which reveals disease site(s) in the tissue in the colon. Subsequently,the subject is orally administered the ingestible device containing thetherapeutically effective amount of the drug. After ingestion of thedevice, data collected from at least one of the light sensors, togetherwith elapsed time through the GI tract after the oral administration,indicates that the device has transitioned into the colon with at leastabout 80% accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectancedetected by the sensors includes red light, green light and blue light.Once the device is localized to the cecum (essentially as described inExample 15-1d(i)), a change in the ratio of the red to green reflectanceis used to determine that the device has transitioned from the cecum tothe colon. Alternatively or additionally, a change in the coefficient ofvariation (CV) of the detected blue reflectance is used to determinethat the device has transitioned from the cecum to the colon. The drug,or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then releasedfrom the device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery ofthe drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to thecolon containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

Example 15-1f—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Stomachby Releasing Drug in the Stomach

A subject suffering from nausea, weight loss and loss of appetite sees agastroenterologist. The subject undergoes an endoscopy, which revealsdisease site(s) in the stomach. Subsequently the subject is orallyadministered an ingestible device as disclosed herein containing atherapeutically effective amount of drug. The device contains aself-localization mechanism that autonomously determines the devicelocation within the subject's GI tract. The device localizationmechanism includes one or more sensors associated with the device thatdetects light reflectance that is external to the device and present inthe GI tract. The device is pre-programmed with instructions to releasethe drug to the stomach. The instructions are provided from at least oneprocessor and/or at least one controller associated with the at leastone sensor. After ingestion of the device, data collected from at leastone of the light sensors, in conjunction with elapsed time (about 1minute) after the oral administration, indicates that the device hasentered the stomach. The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulationcontaining the drug, is then released from the device based on theinstructions, providing topical delivery of the drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to the stomachcontaining one or more disease sites. The subject subsequently undergoesan endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

Example 15-2a—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Jejunumby Releasing Drug in the Duodenum

In the following 2 cases, based on pre-determined identification ofdisease site(s) in the jejunum, as disclosed in each case, the device ispre-programmed with instructions to release the drug to the duodenum totreat the disease site(s).

(i) A subject suffering from symptoms of a gastrointestinal inflammatorydisease walks sees her doctor. The subject later undergoes an endoscopywith biopsy, which reveals disease site(s) in the tissue in the jejunum.Subsequently, the subject is orally administered the ingestible devicecontaining the therapeutically effective amount of the drug. Afteringestion of the device, data collected from at least one of the lightsensors, optionally in conjunction with elapsed time through the GItract after the oral administration, indicate that the device hastransitioned from the stomach into the duodenum with at least about 90%accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectance detected by thesensors includes green light and blue light; an increase in the ratio ofthe green to blue reflectance is used to determine that the device hastransitioned from the stomach to the duodenum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to thejejunum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(ii) Treatment of Crohn's disease in the jejunum by releasing drug inthe duodenum. A subject suffering from abdominal pain, cramping aftermeals, and diarrhea is diagnosed by endoscopy with jejunoileitis, a formof Crohn's disease that affects the jejunum. Subsequently, the subjectis orally administered the ingestible device containing thetherapeutically effective amount of the drug. After ingestion of thedevice, data collected from at least one of the light sensors,optionally in conjunction with elapsed time through the GI tract afterthe oral administration, indicate that the device has transitioned fromthe stomach into the duodenum with at least about 90% accuracy. In thisparticular case, the light reflectance detected by the sensors includesgreen light and blue light; an increase in the ratio of the green toblue reflectance is used to determine that the device has transitionedfrom the stomach to the duodenum. The drug, or the pharmaceuticalformulation containing the drug, is then released from the device basedon the instructions, providing topical delivery of the drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to the jejunumcontaining one or more disease sites. The subject subsequently undergoesan endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

Example 15-2b—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Ileum byReleasing Drug in the Jejunum

In the following 3 cases, each subject is treated by administering adevice as disclosed herein containing a self-localization mechanism thatautonomously determines the device location within the subject's GItract. The device localization mechanism includes one or more sensorsassociated with the device that detects light reflectance that isexternal to the device and present in the GI tract. Based onpre-determined identification of disease site(s) in the ileum, asdisclosed in each case, the device is pre-programmed with instructionsto release the drug to the jejunum to treat the disease site(s). Theinstructions are provided from at least one processor and/or at leastone controller associated with the at least one sensor. The devicecontains a therapeutically effective amount of drug.

(i) A subject suffering from symptoms of gastrointestinal inflammationand recent weight loss walks into a clinic. The subject undergoes anendoscopy, which reveals that the subject has disease site(s) in thetissue in the ileum. Subsequently, the subject is orally administeredthe ingestible device containing the therapeutically effective amount ofthe drug. After ingestion of the device, data collected from at leastone of the light sensors, together with elapsed time through the GItract after the oral administration, indicates that the device hastransitioned into the jejunum with at least about 90% accuracy. In thisparticular case, the light reflectance detected by the sensors includesgreen light and blue light; an increase in the ratio of the green toblue reflectance is used to determine that the device has transitionedfrom the stomach to the duodenum; a period of elapsed time (about 3minutes) after the transition to the duodenum is then used to determinethat the device has transitioned from the duodenum to the jejunum.Optionally, peristaltic contraction frequency data are used tocorroborate that the device has entered the jejunum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to theileum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(ii) Treatment of ulcerative colitis with backwash ileitis by releasingdrug in the jejunum. A 47-year old male subject who previously underwenttotal proctocolectomy returns to the clinic for a follow-up visit. Thesubject undergoes an endoscopy, which reveals that the subject hasincreased neutrophilic and mononuclear inflammation in the laminapropria, along with patchy cryptitis in the ileum. Subsequently, thesubject is orally administered the ingestible device containing thetherapeutically effective amount of the drug. After ingestion of thedevice, data collected from at least one of the light sensors, togetherwith elapsed time through the GI tract after the oral administration,indicates that the device has transitioned into the jejunum with atleast about 90% accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectancedetected by the sensors includes green light and blue light; an increasein the ratio of the green to blue reflectance is used to determine thatthe device has transitioned from the stomach to the duodenum; a periodof elapsed time (about 3 minutes) after the transition to the duodenumis then used to determine that the device has transitioned from theduodenum to the jejunum. Optionally, peristaltic contraction frequencydata are used to corroborate that the device has entered the jejunum.The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is thenreleased from the device based on the instructions, providing topicaldelivery of the drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing thedrug, to the ileum containing one or more disease sites. The subjectsubsequently undergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of thetreatment.

(iii) Treatment of Crohn's disease in the ileum (ileocolitis) byreleasing drug in the jejunum. A subject suffering from diarrhea andcramping in the lower right part of the abdomen undergoes an endoscopy,which reveals that the subject has ileocolitis. Subsequently, thesubject is orally administered the ingestible device containing thetherapeutically effective amount of the drug. After ingestion of thedevice, data collected from at least one of the light sensors, togetherwith elapsed time through the GI tract after the oral administration,indicates that the device has transitioned into the jejunum with atleast about 90% accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectancedetected by the sensors includes green light and blue light; an increasein the ratio of the green to blue reflectance is used to determine thatthe device has transitioned from the stomach to the duodenum; a periodof elapsed time (about 3 minutes) after the transition to the duodenumis then used to determine that the device has transitioned from theduodenum to the jejunum. Optionally, peristaltic contraction frequencydata are used to corroborate that the device has entered the jejunum.The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is thenreleased from the device based on the instructions, providing topicaldelivery of the drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing thedrug, to the ileum containing one or more disease sites. The subjectsubsequently undergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of thetreatment.

Example 15-2c—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Cecum byReleasing Drug in the Ileum

In the following 3 cases, based on pre-determined identification ofdisease site(s) in the cecum, as disclosed in each case, the device ispre-programmed with instructions to release the drug to the ileum totreat the disease site(s). The instructions are provided from at leastone processor and/or at least one controller associated with the atleast one sensor. The device contains a therapeutically effective amountof drug.

(i) A subject having diarrhea, pain and fatigue walks into a clinic. Thesubject undergoes an endoscopy, which reveals that the subject hasdisease site(s) in the tissue in the cecum. Subsequently, the subject isorally administered the ingestible device containing the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the drug. After ingestion of the device, datacollected from at least one of the light sensors, together with elapsedtime through the GI tract after the oral administration, indicates thatthe device has transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum with at leastabout 80% accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectancedetected by the sensors includes red light. Once the device has reachedthe jejunum (essentially as determined in Example 15-1b(i)), a detecteddecrease in red light reflectance is used to determine that the devicehas transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to thececum containing the one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(ii) Treatment of ulcerative colitis in the cecum by releasing drug inthe ileum. A subject suffering from symptoms of ulcerative colitis,including diarrhea, pain and fatigue walks into a clinic. The subjectundergoes an endoscopy, which reveals that the subject has diseasesite(s) in the tissue in the cecum. Subsequently, the subject is orallyadministered the ingestible device containing the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the drug. After ingestion of the device, datacollected from at least one of the light sensors, together with elapsedtime through the GI tract after the oral administration, indicates thatthe device has transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum with at leastabout 80% accuracy. In this particular case, the light reflectancedetected by the sensors includes red light. Once the device has reachedthe jejunum (essentially as determined in Example 15-1b(i)), a detecteddecrease in red light reflectance is used to determine that the devicehas transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum. The drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then released fromthe device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery of thedrug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to thececum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(iii) Treatment of Crohn's disease in the cecum by releasing drug in theileum. A subject suffering from symptoms of Crohn's disease walks into aclinic. The subject undergoes an endoscopy, which reveals that thesubject has disease site(s) in the tissue in the cecum. Subsequently,the subject is orally administered the ingestible device containing thetherapeutically effective amount of the drug. After ingestion of thedevice, data collected from at least one of the light sensors, togetherwith elapsed time through the GI tract after the oral administration,indicates that the device has transitioned from the jejunum to the ileumwith at least about 80% accuracy. In this particular case, the lightreflectance detected by the sensors includes red light. Once the devicehas reached the jejunum (essentially as determined in Example 15-1b(i)),a detected decrease in red light reflectance is used to determine thatthe device has transitioned from the jejunum to the ileum. The drug, orthe pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, is then releasedfrom the device based on the instructions, providing topical delivery ofthe drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to thececum containing one or more disease sites. The subject subsequentlyundergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

Example 15-2d—Treatment of Inflammatory Disease Site(s) in the Colon byReleasing Drug in the Cecum

In the following 3 cases, based on pre-determined identification ofdisease site(s) in the colon, as disclosed in each case, the device ispre-programmed with instructions to release the drug to the cecum totreat the disease site(s). The instructions are provided from at leastone processor and/or at least one controller associated with the atleast one sensor. The device contains a therapeutically effective amountof drug.

(i) A subject having abdominal pain and bloody bowel movements sees agastroenterologist. The subject undergoes an endoscopy, which revealsdisease site(s) in the tissue in the colon. Subsequently, the subject isorally administered the ingestible device containing the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the drug. After ingestion of the device, datacollected from at least one of the light sensors, optionally inconjunction with elapsed time through the GI tract after the oraladministration, indicates that the device has transitioned into thececum with at least about 80% accuracy. In this particular case, thelight reflectance detected by the sensors includes red, green and bluelight. A decrease in the ratio of the red to green reflectance, togetherwith a decrease in the ratio of the green to blue reflectance, are usedto determine that the device has transitioned from the ileum to thececum. The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug,is then released from the device based on the instructions, providingtopical delivery of the drug, or the pharmaceutical formulationcontaining the drug, to the colon containing one or more disease sites.The subject subsequently undergoes an endoscopy to determine the effectof the treatment.

(ii) Treatment of ulcerative colitis in the colon by releasing drug inthe cecum. A subject suffering from a recurrent urge to have a bowelmovement sees a specialist. The subject undergoes an endoscopy, whichreveals that the subject has disease site(s) in the tissue in the colon.Subsequently, the subject is orally administered the ingestible devicecontaining the therapeutically effective amount of the drug. Afteringestion of the device, data collected from at least one of the lightsensors, optionally in conjunction with elapsed time through the GItract after the oral administration, indicates that the device hastransitioned into the cecum with at least about 80% accuracy. In thisparticular case, the light reflectance detected by the sensors includesred, green and blue light. A decrease in the ratio of the red to greenreflectance, together with a decrease in the ratio of the green to bluereflectance, are used to determine that the device has transitioned fromthe ileum to the cecum. The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulationcontaining the drug, is then released from the device based on theinstructions, providing topical delivery of the drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to the colon containingone or more disease sites. The subject subsequently undergoes anendoscopy to determine the effect of the treatment.

(iii) Treatment of Crohn's disease in the colon by releasing drug in thececum. A subject suffering from skin lesions, joint pain, diarrhea, andpain around the anus undergoes an endoscopy and is diagnosed withCrohn's (granulomatous) colitis. Subsequently, the subject is orallyadministered the ingestible device containing the therapeuticallyeffective amount of the drug. After ingestion of the device, datacollected from at least one of the light sensors, optionally inconjunction with elapsed time through the GI tract after the oraladministration, indicates that the device has transitioned into thececum with at least about 80% accuracy. In this particular case, thelight reflectance detected by the sensors includes red, green and bluelight. A decrease in the ratio of the red to green reflectance, togetherwith a decrease in the ratio of the green to blue reflectance, are usedto determine that the device has transitioned from the ileum to thececum. The drug, or the pharmaceutical formulation containing the drug,is then released from the device based on the instructions, providingtopical delivery of the drug, or the pharmaceutical formulationcontaining the drug, to the colon containing one or more disease sites.The subject subsequently undergoes an endoscopy to determine the effectof the treatment.

Example 15-2e—Treatment of Gastroduodenal Crohn's Disease by ReleasingDrug in the Stomach

A subject suffering from nausea, weight loss and loss of appetite sees agastroenterologist. The subject undergoes an endoscopy, which revealsgastroduodenal Crohn's disease affecting the stomach and duodenum.Subsequently the subject is orally administered an ingestible device asdisclosed herein containing a therapeutically effective amount of drug.The device contains a self-localization mechanism that autonomouslydetermines the device location within the subject's GI tract. The devicelocalization mechanism includes one or more sensors associated with thedevice that detects light reflectance that is external to the device andpresent in the GI tract. The device is pre-programmed with instructionsto release the drug to the stomach. The instructions are provided fromat least one processor and/or at least one controller associated withthe at least one sensor. After ingestion of the device, data collectedfrom at least one of the light sensors, in conjunction with elapsed time(about 1 minute) after the oral administration, indicates that thedevice has entered the stomach. The drug, or the pharmaceuticalformulation containing the drug, is then released from the device basedon the instructions, providing topical delivery of the drug, or thepharmaceutical formulation containing the drug, to the stomach anddistal to the duodenum containing one or more disease sites. The subjectsubsequently undergoes an endoscopy to determine the effect of thetreatment.

Example 16—Intracecal Administration of Therapeutic Antibodies in aColitis Animal Model that has Previously Received an Adoptive T-CellTransfer

A set of experiments was performed to compare the efficacy of targetedintracecal (IC) anti-mouse-TNFα antibody (a surrogate for adalimumab)and anti-mouse-interleukin (IL) 12p40 antibody (a surrogate ofanti-human-IL12p40 antibody) with systemic intraperitoneal (IP)injection in an adoptive T cell transfer induced chronic colitis mousemodel.

Materials Test System

-   -   Species/strain: Mice, C57Bl/6 (donors) and RAG2^(−/−)        (recipients; C57Bl/6 background)    -   Physiological state: Normal/immunodeficient    -   Age/weight range at start of study: 6-8 weeks (20-24 g)    -   Animal supplier: Taconic    -   Randomization: Mice were randomized into seven groups of 15 mice        each, and two groups of eight mice each.    -   Justification: T cells isolated from male C57Bl/6 wild type        donors were transferred into male RAG2^(−/−) recipient mice to        induce colitis.    -   Replacement: Animals were not replaced during the course of the        study.

Animal Housing and Environment

-   -   Housing: Mice were housed in groups of 8-15 animals per cage        prior to cannulation surgery. After cannulation surgery,        cannulated animals were single-housed for seven days        post-surgery. After this point, animals were again group-housed        as described above. Non-cannulated animals (Group 9) were housed        at 8 mice per cage. ALPHA-Dri® bedding was used. Prior to        colitis induction (i.e., during the cannulation surgeries),        bedding was changed a minimum of once per week. After colitis        induction, bedding was changed every two weeks, with ¼ of dirty        cage material captured and transferred to the new cage.        Additionally, bedding from Group 9 animals was used to        supplement the bedding for all other groups at the time of cage        change.    -   Acclimation: Animals were acclimatized for a minimum of 7 days        prior to study commencement. During this period, the animals        were observed daily in order to reject animals that presented in        poor condition.    -   Environmental conditions: The study was performed in animal        rooms provided with filtered air at a temperature of 70+/−5° F.        and 50%+/−20% relative humidity. Animal rooms were set to        maintain a minimum of 12 to 15 air changes per hour. The room        was on an automatic timer for a light/dark cycle of 12 hours on        and 12 hours off, with no twilight.    -   Food/water and contaminants: Animals were maintained with        Labdiet 5053 sterile rodent chow. Sterile water was provided ad        libitum.

Test Article: IgG Control

-   -   Name of the Test Article: InVivoMAb polyclonal rat IgG    -   Source: BioXCell, catalog #BP0290    -   Storage conditions: 4° C.    -   Vehicle: Sterile PBS    -   Dose: 0.625 mg/mouse; 0.110 mL/mouse IP and IC    -   Formulation:        -   Formulation Stability: Prepare fresh daily        -   For Group 3: On each day of dosing, dilute stock pAb to            achieve 2.145 mL of a 5.68 mg/mL solution.        -   For Group 4: On each day of dosing, dilute stock pAb to            achieve 2.145 mL of a 5.68 mg/mL solution

Test Article: Anti-IL12 p40

-   -   Name of the Test Article: InVivoMAb anti-mouse IL-12 p40    -   Source: BioXCell, catalog #BE0051    -   Storage conditions: 4° C.    -   Vehicle: Sterile PBS    -   Dose: 0.625 mg/mouse (IP and IC); 0.110 mL/mouse IP and IC    -   Formulation:        -   Formulation Stability: Prepare fresh daily        -   For Group 5: On each dosing day, the stock mAb was diluted            to achieve 1.716 mL of a 5.68 mg/mL solution.        -   For Group 6: On each dosing day, the stock mAb was diluted            to achieve 1.716 mL of a 5.68 mg/mL solution.            Test Article: anti-TNFα    -   Name of the Test Article: InVivoPlus anti-mouse TNFα, clone        XT3.11    -   Source: BioXCell, catalog #BP0058    -   Storage conditions: 4° C.    -   Vehicle: Sterile PBS    -   Dose: 0.625 mg/mouse (IP and IC); 0.110 mL/mouse IP and IC    -   Formulation:        -   Formulation Stability: Prepare fresh daily        -   For Group 7: On each dosing day, the stock mAb was diluted            to achieve 1.716 mL of a 5.68 mg/mL solution.            For Group 8: On each dosing day, the stock mAb was diluted            to achieve 1.716 mL of a 5.68 mg/mL solution.

Methods

The details of the study design are summarized in Table 34. A detaileddescription of the methods used in this study is provided below.

TABLE 34 Study Design Cell Blood No. Cecal Transfer Schedule CollectionEndpoints Group Animals Cannula (Day 0) Treatment Dose* Route (Days0-42**) (RO) Endoscopy (Day 42) 1 8 YES — — — — — Day 13 Days 14, 3Hours Post 2 15 0.5 × 10⁶ Vehicle (PBS; IP) — IP, IC IP: 3x/week 28, 42Dose: naïve Vehicle (PBS; IC) IC: QD Colon weight/ 3 15 T_(H) cells IgGControl (IP) 625 μg IP: 3x/week length, stool Vehicle (PBS; IC) IC: QDscore 4 15 Vehicle (PBS; IP) 625 μg IP: 3x/week Terminal IgG Control(IC) IC: QD collection 5 15 Anti-IL 12p40 (IP) 625 μg IP: 3x/week (allgroups) Vehicle (PBS; IC) IC: QD Cecal Contents, 6 15 Vehicle (PBS; IP)625 μg IP: 3x/week Colon Contents, Anti-IL 12p40 (IC) IC: QD Plasma,small 7 15 Anti-TNFα (IP) 625 μg IP: 3x/week intestinal Vehicle (PBS;IC) IC: QD tissue, colon 8 15 Vehicle (PBS; IP) 625 μg IP: 3x/weektissue, mLN, Anti-TNFα (IC) IC: QD and Peyer’s Patches 9 8 NO — — — — —— — — *Per mouse; **Test Article was administered in 0.110 mL/animal ICor IP from Day 0-42; IC = intracecal injection; IP = intraperitonealinjection; QD = once a day; RO = Retro-Oribital eye bleed

A cohort of animals underwent surgical implantation of a cecal cannulaat least 10 days to 2 weeks prior to the experiment for the ease ofbolus topical delivery to the cecum. A sufficient number of animalsunderwent implantation to allow for enough cannulated animals to beenrolled in the main study. An additional n=8 animals (Group 9) servedas no surgery/no disease controls.

Colitis was induced by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 0.5×10⁶CD44/CD62L+ T-cells from C₅₇BL/6 donor mice to male RAG2^(−/−) recipientmice in Groups 2 to 8 on Day 0. The donor cells were processed by firstharvesting spleens from 80 C57Bl/6 mice and then isolating theCD44⁻/CD62L⁺ T cells using Miltenyi Magnetic-Activated Cell Sorting(MACS) columns.

To minimize variation due to methods of administration, animals weretreated both by IP injection every third day (3×/wk) and IC injectiononce daily for 42 consecutive days (qdx42d) of either the test articleor the control (vehicle solution or IgG control). Groups were asoutlined in Table 38, also summarized as follows: Group 1=untreated (nodisease controls); Group 2=vehicle [phosphate buffer saline (PBS)](IP)+vehicle (IC); Group 3=IgG (IP)+vehicle (IC); Group 4=vehicle(IP)+IgG (IC); Group 5=anti-IL12β40 (IP)+vehicle (IC); Group 6=vehicle(IC)+anti-IL12β40 (IC); Group 7=anti-TNFα (IP)+vehicle (IC); Group8=vehicle (IP)+anti-TNFα (IC); Group 9=no surgery, untreated(no-cannulation and no-disease controls (sentinel animals for bedding)).Treatment with test article was initiated on Day 0 and was continueduntil Day 42 as outlined in Table 34.

All recipient mice were weighed daily and assessed visually for thepresence of diarrhea and/or bloody stool. The cages were changed everytwo weeks starting on Day 7, with care taken to capture ¼ of dirty cagematerial for transfer to the new cage. On Day 13, blood was collectedvia RO eye bleed, centrifuged, and plasma was aliquoted (50 μL andremaining) and frozen for downstream analysis. The pelleted cells werere-suspended in buffer to determine the presence of T cells by FACSanalysis of CD45⁺/CD4⁺ events.

On Day 13, after dosing, peripheral blood from all surviving mice wasanalyzed by flow cytometry from the presence of CD45+/CD4+ T cells.

The mice underwent high definition video endoscopy on Days 14(pre-dosing; baseline), 28, and 42 (before euthanasia) to assess theextent of colitis severity. Images were captured from each animal at themost severe region of disease identified during endoscopy.

Stool consistency was scored during endoscopy using the parametersdescribed herein on Days 14, 18 and 42.

Disease Activity Index (DAI) was calculated using a combination of bodyweight (BW) loss score, colitis score, stool consistency score. The DAI(combined value from 0 to 13) was calculated using colitis score, stoolconsistency score, and BW loss score to provide an overall evaluation ofthe disease intensity (see Table 35). The score from animals withunscheduled death was carried forward to limit any bias that may beintroduced by mortality.

The animals from all groups were euthanized by CO₂ inhalation on Day 42following endoscopy and three hours after dosing. Terminal blood sampleswere collected for bioanalysis of inflammatory cytokines, and tissuessamples were collected and fixed for histopathological evaluation.Plasma obtained from these samples was split into two separatecryotubes, with 50 μL in one tube (Bioanalysis) and the remainder in asecond tube (TBD). The cecum and colon contents were removed and thecontents collected, weighed, and snap frozen in separate cryovials. Themesenteric lymph nodes were collected and flash-frozen in liquidnitrogen. The small intestine were excised and rinsed, and the mostdistal 2-cm of ileum was placed in formalin for 24 hours and thentransferred to 70% ethanol for subsequent histological evaluation. ThePeyer's patches were collected from the small intestine, and wereflash-frozen in liquid nitrogen. The colon was rinsed, measured,weighed, and then trimmed to 6-cm in length and divided into 5 pieces asdescribed in the above Examples. The most proximal 1-cm of colon wasseparately weighed, and flash-frozen for subsequent bioanalysis (PK) oftest article levels. Of the remaining 5-cm of colon, the most distal andproximal 1.5-cm sections were each placed in formalin for 24 hours andthen transferred to 70% ethanol for subsequent histological evaluation.The middle 2-cm portion was bisected longitudinally, and each piece wasweighed, placed into two separate cryotubes, and snap frozen in liquidnitrogen; one of the samples was used for cytokine analysis and theother was used for myeloperoxidase (MPO) analysis. All plasma and frozencolon tissue samples were stored at −80° C. until used for endpointanalysis.

The colon weight (mg) to length (cm) ratio was calculated for individualmice.

A more detailed description of the protocols used in this study aredescribed below.

Cecal Cannulation

Animals were placed under isoflurane anesthesia, and the cecum wasexposed via a mid-line incision in the abdomen. A small point incisionwas made in the distal cecum through which 1-2 cm of the cannula wasinserted. The incision was closed with a purse-string suture using 5-0silk. An incision was made in the left abdominal wall through which thedistal end of the cannula was inserted and pushed subcutaneously to thedorsal aspect of the back. The site was washed copiously with warmedsaline prior to closing the abdominal wall. A small incision was made inthe skin of the back between the shoulder blades, exposing the tip ofthe cannula. The cannula was secured in place using suture, wound clips,and tissue glue. All of the animals received 1 mL of warm sterile saline(subcutaneous injection) and were monitored closely until fullyrecovered before returning to the cage. All animals receivedbuprenorphine at 0.6 mg/kg BID for the first 3 days, and Baytril at 10mg/kg QD for the first 5 days following surgery.

Disease Induction Colitis was induced on Day 0 in male RAG2^(−/−) miceby IP injection (200 μL) of 0.5×10⁶ CD44⁻/CD62L⁺ T cells (in PBS)isolated and purified from C57Bl/6 recipients.

Donor Cell Harvest

Whole spleens were excised from C57Bl/6 mice and immediately placed inice-cold PBS. The spleens were dissociated to yield a single cellsuspension and the red blood cells were lysed. The spleens were thenprocessed for CD4⁺ enrichment prior to CD44⁻CD62L⁺ sorting by MACS.

Dosing

See Table 34.

Body Weight and Survival

The animals were observed daily (morbidity, survival, presence ofdiarrhea and/or bloody stool) in order to assess possible differencesamong treatment groups and/or possible toxicity resulting from thetreatments. Animals were weighed daily and their percent body weightrelative to Day 0 was calculated.

Animals Found Dead or Moribund

The animals were monitored on a daily basis and those exhibiting weightloss greater than 30% were euthanized, and did not have samplescollected.

Endoscopy

Each mouse underwent video endoscopy on Days 14 (pre-dosing; baseline),28, and 42 (before euthanasia) using a small animal endoscope (KarlStorz Endoskope, Germany), under isoflurane anesthesia. During eachendoscopic procedure, still images as well as video were recorded toevaluate the extent of colitis and the response to treatment.Additionally, an image from each animal at the most severe region ofdisease identified during endoscopy was captured. Colitis severity wasscored using a 0-4 scale (0=normal; 1=loss of vascularity; 2=loss ofvascularity and friability; 3=friability and erosions; 4=ulcerations andbleeding). Additionally, stool consistency was scored during endoscopyusing the scoring system described herein.

Sample Collection

Terminal blood (plasma and cell pellet), Peyer's patches (Groups 1-8only), small intestine and colon mLN (Groups 1-8 only), cecum contents,colon contents, small intestine, and colon were collected at euthanasia,as follows.

Blood: Terminal blood was collected by cardiac puncture and plasmagenerated from these samples. The resulting plasma was split into twoseparate cryotubes with 50 μL in one tube (Bioanalysis), and theremainder in a second tube (TBD).

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes: The mesenteric lymph nodes were collected,weighed, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80° C.

Small Intestine: The small intestine was excised and rinsed, and themost distal 2-cm of ileum will be placed in formalin for 24 hours andthen transferred to 70% ethanol for subsequent histological evaluation.

Peyer's Patches: The Peyer's patches were collected from the smallintestine. The collected Peyer's patches were weighed, snap-frozen inliquid nitrogen, and stored at −80° C.

Cecum Colon Contents: The cecum and colon were removed from each animaland contents collected, weighed, and snap-frozen in separate cryovials.

Colon: Each colon was rinsed, measured, weighed, and then trimmed to6-cm in length and divided into 5 pieces as outlined herein. The mostproximal 1-cm of colon was separately weighed, and snap frozen forsubsequent bioanalysis (PK) of test article levels. Of the remaining5-cm of colon, the most distal and proximal 1.5-cm sections were placedin formalin for 24 hours and then transferred to 70% ethanol forsubsequent histological evaluation. The middle 2-cm portion was bisectedlongitudinally, and each piece weighed, placed into two separatecryotubes, and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen; one of these samples wasused for cytokine analysis and the other sample was used formyeloperoxidase analysis.

Cytokine Levels in Colon Tissue

Cytokine levels (IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 p40, andTNFα) were assessed in colon tissue homogenate (all groups) by multiplexanalysis. Myeloperoxidase levels were assessed by ELISA in colon tissuehomogenate (all groups).

Histopathology

Ileum, proximal colon, and distal colon samples from seventy-one micewere fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Samples were trimmed intothree cross sections per portion and processed routinely into two blocksper animal (ileum in one block, proximal and distal colon in a secondblock). One slide from each block was sectioned at approximately 5microns and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Glass slides wereevaluated with light microscopy by a board-certified veterinarypathologist. Ileum, proximal colon, and distal colon samples were scoredindividually. Lesions in H&E-stained samples were given a severity score0-51 (0=not present/normal, 1=minimal, <10% of tissue affected; 2=mild,10-25% of tissue affected; 3=moderate, 26-50% of tissue affected;4=marked, 51-79% of tissue affected; 5=severe, >75% of the tissueaffected). Inflammation, crypt damage, erosion, and hyperplasia scoreswere added together to determine a sum colitis score for each sample.

Lymphocyte counts were performed in a subset of samples: proximal anddistal colon from Groups 2 (vehicle), 7 (anti-TNF alpha IP; vehicle IC),and 8 (anti-TNF alpha IC; vehicle IP). In each piece of tissue, arandomly identified site was divided into approximately four segmentsextending from the lumen to the muscularis mucosae; 100 μm2 fields wereused in the proximal colon, and 50 μm2 fields were used in the distalcolon due to the differences in mucosal thickness. Using H&E-stainedslides, the number of cells with lymphocyte morphology (small roundnucleus with condensed chromatin) were counted within the overlyingsurface epithelium, in each field from lumen to muscularis mucosae, andwithin a 100 μm2 field surrounding an adjacent submucosal blood vessel.

Statistical Analysis

As presented in the figures, non-parametric data was analyzed byKruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparisons test used tocompare all groups to one another and individual pair-wise comparisonswas analyzed by Mann Whitney U-Test. All statistical analyses wereperformed using GraphPad Prism 7 (La Jolla, Calif.).

Results Survival

The observed mortality rate was within the expected range given thedesign including surgical intervention, T-cell transfer inimmunologically compromised animals followed by chronic development ofcolitis over a 6-week study period (Ostanin D V et al. Am J PhysiolGastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009, 296(2):G135-G146).

The survival of animals was compared; no significant difference insurvival rate was found in treatments of anti-IL12β40 and anti-TNFα witheither route of administration compared to vehicle or IgG controls(p>0.08, log-rank; Kaplan-Meier). The timing of animal deaths did notcorrespond to changes in efficacy endpoints, such as body weight, thatwere evaluated longitudinally. As noted above, changes in DAI scorewhich includes, BW loss, stool consistency and colitis severity werecarried forward to limit any bias that may be introduced by mortality.

Colon Weight:Length Ratio

The mean colon weight:length ratio was significantly elevated in vehiclecontrol animals (Group 2) compared to naïve (Group 1); no othersignificant differences in mean colon weight:length ratio were observed.

Disease Activity Index

The Disease Activity Index was determined in each mouse using a totalscore from the scoring system depicted in Table 35.

TABLE 35 Disease Activity Index scoring system Disease Activity IndexDescription Score Colitis Severity Normal 0 Loss of vascularity 1 Lossof vascularity and friability 2 Friability and erosions 3 Ulcerationsand bleeding 4 Stool Consistency Normal 0 Loose stool, soft, staying inshape 1 Abnormal form with excess 2 moisture Watery or diarrhea 3 Bloodydiarrhea 4 Body Weight Loss (%) X < 0% or gain weight 0 2% ≤ X < 5% 1 5%≤ X < 10% 2 10% ≤ X < 15% 3 15% ≤ X < 20% 4 20% ≤ X < 25% 5 25% ≤ X <30% 6 X ≥ 35% 7 Total Score 15 

The data in FIG. 103 show that mice intracecally administered anti-TNFαantibody (Group 8) had decreased disease activity index (DAI) ascompared to mice intraperitoneally administered anti-TNFα antibody(Group 7) at Day 42 of the study. The data in FIG. 105 show that miceintracecally administered anti-IL12 p40 antibody (Group 6) had decreaseddisease activity index (DAI) as compared to mice intraperitoneallyadministered anti-IL12 p40 antibody (Group 5) at Day 28 and Day 42 ofthe study.

Inflammatory Cytokines in Colonic Tissue

The concentration of inflammatory cytokines was evaluated in the colonictissue in vehicle or IgG control groups.

A significant reduction of inflammatory cytokines, including IL 17A,IL-4, TNFα, and IL-22, were found in groups treated with anti-TNFα (IC(Group 8) or IP (Group 7)) when compared with vehicle (IP/IC) control orits respective IgG controls (IC or IP) in colon tissue (FIG. 104). Micetreated with anti-TNFα antibody IC (Group 8) had decreased levels ofTNFα, IL-17A, and IL-4 in colonic tissue as compared to the levels incolonic tissue of mice treated with anti-TNFα IP (Group 7) when assessedat Day 42 of the study.

A significant reduction of IL-22, IL-6, IL17A, TNFα, IL-1b, and IFNγcytokine was found in groups treated with anti-IL12β40 (IP or IC) whencompared with vehicle (IP/IC) control in colon tissue (FIG. 106). Miceintracecally administered anti-IL12 p40 antibody (Group 6) had decreasedlevels of IFNK, IL-6, IL-17A, TNFα, IL-22, and IL-1b in colonic tissueas compared to the levels in colonic tissue in vehicle-administeredcontrol mice (Group 2).

Body Weight Loss

Treatments with either systemic (IP) or topical (IC) administration ofan anti-TNFα antibody or anti-IL12p40 antibody led to a significantdecrease in body weight (BW) loss over time from Day 0 to Day 42.

The change in body weight over the course of the experiment from Day 0through Day 42 is shown in FIGS. 107A and 107B. No apparent signs ofdisease were observed within the first week after induction of colitis.In control groups treated with PBS vehicle and/or IgG, BW loss did notbegin until Days 14 through 16 and continued in the 3rd and 4th weekfollowing transfer during the acute phase. The weight loss wasmaintained until study termination on Day 42. Administration ofanti-TNFα antibody or anti-IL12p40 antibody through either IP or IC hada significant reduction in AUC of the BW loss (%) from Day 0 to Day 42along with the weight increase maintained from Day 21 to Day 42 (FIGS.107A and 107B). Overall, intracecal administration of anti-IL12p40antibody had the earliest recovery of weight loss and most significantreduction in overall BW loss from Day 0˜Day 42 in comparison to thevehicle control group amount of all treatment groups (FIG. 107B).

Histopathology Colitis Score

Lesions of ileitis and colitis, including inflammation, crypt damage,occasional erosions, and epithelial hyperplasia, were induced with theT-cell transfer in this model. Lesions were the least severe in ileumsections and the most severe in the proximal colon. Both IP and ICadministration of anti-IL12β40 and anti-TNFα resulted in a reduction insum ileitis/colitis scores compared to PBS vehicle control. Targeted ICanti-TNFα treatment showed a significant improvement in the meanhistopathologic score when compared with the vehicle controls given byeither route (IP or IC) in proximal and distal colon tissues (FIG. 108).

Lymphocyte Counts

Targeted IC anti-TNFα treatment showed the greatest magnitude oflymphocyte reductions in all counted fields, from inner lumen tosubmucosa of proximal colon when compared to the vehicle control group(Group 8 vs. Group 2, P<0.05*, FIG. 109A). A similar trend in lymphocytecount reductions was found in the distal colon, although to a lesserdegree. Results are shown in FIG. 109. Mean counts and scores for allfields were generally the highest in vehicle-treated animals (Group 2,data not shown) and lower in those given anti-TNFα by IP (Group 7, datanot shown) or IC (Group 8, FIG. 109B).

Thus, significantly reduced body weight loss (%), decreased DiseaseActivity Index, improved histological score and reduced tissueinflammatory cytokines were found in animals receiving targeted (IC)anti-TNFα antibody when compared with vehicle controls. Targeted ICdelivery was significantly more efficacious when compared to systemic(IP) anti-TNFα antibody in end points of total histologic score andlymphocyte count from inner lumen to submucosa of proximal colon.

Example 17—Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Assessment of TofacitinibCitrate Dosed Orally Versus Intracecally in a Dextran Sulfate Sodium(DSS)-Induced Colitis Mouse Model Study Design

The overall study design is summarized in Table 36. Briefly, at least 10days prior to the start of the study (Day −10), a cohort of male C₅₇BL/6mice underwent surgical implantation of a cecal cannula. Colitis wasinduced in 110 mice (Groups 2-7) by exposure to 3% DSS-treated drinkingwater from Day 0 to Day 5. Five animals (Group 1) served as no-diseasecontrols; the other animals received a single dose of vehicle (Group 2)or tofacitinib citrate suspension containing about 0.5% excipients viaoral gavage (PO; Groups 3 and 4) or intracecal injection via thesurgically implanted indwelling catheter (IC; Groups 5, 6 and 7) once onDay 12 (peak disease status). All animals were weighed daily andassessed visually for the presence of diarrhea and/or blood in stool. Asubset of animals per group was sacrificed for terminal PK collectionsat various time points post-dose. Terminal samples (plasma, cecalcontents, colon contents, cecal tissue and colon tissue) were collectedat terminal sacrifice. All K₂EDTA plasma and tissue homogenate (proximalcolon, cecum and associated lumen contents) were stored at −80° C. untilfurther analysis.

TABLE 36 Description of Treatment Groups Number Dose Group of CecalColitis (mg/kg) Number Animals Cannula Induction Treatment (Day 12)¹Route PK Schedule 1 5 no (a) (a) (a) (a) 24 h post-dose (n = 5) 24 h 210 3% DSS in Control 0 PO 1 and 24 h drinking vehicle post-dose water (n= 5 per Days 0-5 timepoint) 3 20 Tofacitinib 15 1, 3, 12, 24 h 4 20citrate 45 post-dose 5 20 yes suspension 1 IC (n = 5 per 6 20 3timepoint) 7 20 10 DSS = dextran sulfate sodium; IC = Intracecalinjection; PK = Pharmacokinetics; PO = oral gavage (a) Five animalsserved as no-disease controls. ¹All dose levels are expressed based ontofacitinib citrate salt form.

Sample Bioanalysis

Plasma samples and tissue homogenate (proximal colon, cecum andassociated lumen contents) were assessed for tofacitinib. Briefly,samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS against matrix-matched standardcurves. Three additional samples were above their respectivequantitation limits, and extrapolated data was reported.

To evaluate pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of tofacitinib in theDSS-induced colitis mouse model, several cytokines involved in theJAK/STAT signaling pathway, i.e., IL-6, GM-CSF, IL-15, IL-2, IL-12,IL-13, TNF-α, and INF-7, were measured in both plasma and colon tissueby ELISA.

The study design was complex and involved surgical procedure in adisease model The PK/PD parameters were derived from limited timepointsand should be considered best estimates only.

All PK/PD concentrations are expressed as active drug moiety (anhydroustofacitinib free base).

Pharmacokinetic Statistical Analysis

PK modeling was performed using mean plasma or tissue concentrations oftofacitinib versus time curves. The following PK parameters werecalculated with a one-compartmental model using Excel software: time tomaximum concentration: T_(max); half-life: t_(1/2), maximumconcentration: C_(max); clearance (Cl), area under theconcentration-time curve from the start of dosing to the lastprotocol-specified time point: AUC_((0-24h)). The absolute oralbioavailability was estimated to be 74% based on: Xeljanz® (Tofacitinibtablets for oral administration) Prescribing Information Revised11/2012.

Results Drug Tissue Concentrations

Animals dosed PO with tofacitinib citrate (Groups 3-4) demonstrated thehighest mean plasma tofacitinib concentrations at all timepoints, whilelimited blood exposure was observed in animals treated IC (Groups 5-6)(See FIG. 110). Plasma T_(max) occurred between 1.2 and 1.6 h post-dosein all groups, regardless of dosing route. Colon tissue T_(max) occurredbetween 1.43 and 1.86 h post-dose in all IC groups, and at 2.25 and 2.33h post-dose in PO groups (Table 37). At similar dose levels, IC deliveryof tofacitinib citrate (IC, 10 mg/kg) resulted in an 18-fold highertofacitinib AUC colon tissue/plasma ratio when compared to PO delivery(PO, 15 mg/kg) (AUC ratio 193.76 vs. 10.6, respectively; Table 37).Plasma and tissue tofacitinib exposure (AUC_(0-24 h)) are also shown inFIG. 111.

TABLE 37 Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for tofacitinibover 24 hours after a single dose administration of tofacitinib citratesuspension on Day 12 in DSS-induced colitis mouse model Pharmacokineticparameters Pharmacodynamics Group Route/ Biological C_(max) AUC Tissue/T_(max) T_(1/2) Clearance IC₅₀ coverage (h)^(a) Number Dose Matrix(ng/mL) (ng · h/mL) Plasma ratio (h) (h) (mL/h) JAK1/3^(b) JAK1/2^(c)JAK2/2^(d) 3 PO/15 Plasma 65.5 372.09 10.6 1.61 2.53 656.28 1 0 0 mg/kgColon tissue 552.7 3954.9 2.25 3.23 61.82 12 3 0 4 PO/45 Plasma 467.11976.24 7.09 1.36 1.64 370.7 1 3 1 mg/kg Colon tissue 1774.9 14006.552.33 3.4 52.3 12 12 3 5 IC/1 Plasma 1.3 6.13 253.05 1.56 1.73 2653.91 00 0 mg/kg Colon tissue 271.7 1551.21 1.61 2.56 10.5 3 3 0 6 IC/3 Plasma33.2 115.45 128.76 1.21 1.19 423.05 1 0 0 mg/kg Colon tissue 2960.214865.55 1.43 2.23 3.29 24 3 3 7 IC/10 Plasma 57.8 223.27 193.76 1.271.47 729.17 3 0 0 mg/kg Colon tissue 7644.9 43261.18 1.86 2.16 3.76 2412 3 PO = oral gavage; IC = Intra-cecal injection; IC₅₀ = Half-maximuminhibitory concentration; Groups 1 and 2: not applicable^(a)Concentrations above the IC₅₀ over the 24-hour period; ^(b)IC₅₀ ofJAK1/3 heterodimer = 56 nM (28.25 ng/mL) ^(c)IC₅₀ of JAK1/2 heterodimer= 406 nM^(e) (204.83 ng/mL); ^(d)IC₅₀ ofJAK2/2 homodimer inhibition =1377 nM^(e) (694.7 ng/mL) ^(e)Meyer et al. (2010) J. Inflamm. 7-41.

Cytokines

Inflammatory cytokine IL-6 has been shown to play a critical role in theresponse of uncontrolled intestinal inflammation through JAK1/JAK2 andJAK1/TYK2 signaling pathways (Meyer et al. (2010) J.Inflamm. 7-41).

FIG. 112 shows results obtained for IL-6 in colon tissue on Day 12. IL-6expression was induced by DSS treatment in both plasma (data not shown)and colon tissue (FIG. 109A) of PO and IC treatment groups; significantinduction (p<0.05) was observed on Day 12 when compared with naïveanimals (Group 1).

In plasma, inhibition of IL-6 expression was observed in groups treatedwith tofacitinib citrate via PO or IC administration at 1 h and 3 hpost-treatment; recovery of IL-6 expression (50 to 100%) was observed at12 h and 24 h post-treatment (data not shown).

In colon tissue, inhibition of IL-6 expression was sustained through 24h post-dose in colon tissue in all IC treated groups and in the highdose PO group (45 mg/kg) (FIG. 112B). Recovery from IL-6 inhibition wasobserved in the low dose PO group (15 mg/kg) by 12 h post-dose.

The concentration of GM-CSF was not significantly different between theDSS-treatment groups and the naïve group, nor was there a significantdifference in GM-CSF levels between IC and PO treatment groups in eitherplasma or colon tissue, despite high exposure of tofacitinib found incolon tissue of IC groups dosed at 3 and 10 mg/kg (data not shown).

Exemplary Embodiments

Exemplary embodiments include:

1) A method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in asubject, comprising:

administering to the subject a pharmaceutical formulation that comprisesa JAK inhibitor, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is released at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximateto one or more sites of disease.

2) The method of embodiment 1, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation isadministered in an ingestible device.

3) The method of embodiment 1, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation isreleased from an ingestible device.

4) The method of embodiment 2 or 3, wherein the ingestible devicecomprises a housing, a reservoir containing the pharmaceuticalformulation, and a release mechanism for releasing the pharmaceuticalformulation from the device, wherein the reservoir is releasably orpermanently attached to the exterior of the housing or internal to thehousing.

5) The method of embodiment 2 or 3, wherein the ingestible devicecomprises a housing, a reservoir containing the pharmaceuticalformulation, and a release mechanism for releasing the pharmaceuticalformulation from the device, wherein the reservoir is internal to thedevice.

6) A method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in asubject, comprising:

administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising a housing,a reservoir containing a pharmaceutical formulation, and a releasemechanism for releasing the pharmaceutical formulation from the device;wherein:

the reservoir is releasably or permanently attached to the exterior ofthe housing or internal to the housing; and the pharmaceuticalformulation comprises a JAK inhibitor, and

the ingestible device releases the pharmaceutical formulation at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximateto one or more sites of disease.

7) A method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in asubject, comprising:

administering to the subject an ingestible device comprising a housing,a reservoir containing a pharmaceutical formulation, and a releasemechanism for releasing the pharmaceutical formulation from the device;

wherein the reservoir is internal to the device; the pharmaceuticalformulation comprises a JAK inhibitor, and the ingestible devicereleases the pharmaceutical formulation at a location in thegastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one or moresites of disease.

8) The method of any one of embodiments 4 to 7, wherein the housing isnon-biodegradable in the GI tract.

9) The method of any one of embodiments 2 to 8, wherein the release ofthe formulation is triggered autonomously.

10) The method of any one of embodiments 2 to 9, wherein the device isprogrammed to release the formulation with one or more release profilesthat may be the same or different at one or more locations in the GItract.

11) The method of any one of embodiments 2 to 10, wherein the device isprogrammed to release the formulation at a location proximate to one ormore sites of disease.

12) The method of embodiment 11, wherein the location of one or moresites of disease is predetermined.

13) The method of any one of embodiments 4 to 12, wherein the reservoiris made of a material that allows the formulation to leave thereservoir.

14) The method of embodiment 13, wherein the material is a biodegradablematerial.

15) The method of any one of embodiments 2 to 14, wherein the release ofthe formulation is triggered by a pre-programmed algorithm.

16) The method of any one of embodiments 2 to 15, wherein the release ofthe formulation is triggered by data from a sensor or detector toidentify the location of the device.

17) The method of embodiment 16, wherein the data is not based solely ona physiological parameter.

18) The method of any one of embodiments 2 to 17, wherein the devicecomprises a detector configured to detect light reflectance from anenvironment external to the housing.

19) The method of embodiment 18, wherein the release is triggeredautonomously or based on the detected reflectance.

20) The method of any one of embodiments 2 to 19, wherein the devicereleases the formulation at substantially the same time as one or moresites of disease are detected.

21) The method of any one of embodiments 4 to 20, wherein the releasemechanism is an actuation system.

22) The method of embodiment 21, wherein the actuation system is achemical actuation system.

23) The method of embodiment 21, wherein the actuation system is amechanical actuation system.

24) The method of embodiment 21, wherein the actuation system is anelectrical actuation system.

25) The method of embodiment 21, wherein the actuation system comprisesa pump and releasing the formulation comprises pumping the formulationout of the reservoir.

26) The method of embodiment 21, wherein the actuation system comprisesa gas generating cell.

27) The method of any one of embodiments 2 to 26, wherein the devicecomprises an anchoring mechanism.

28) The method of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, wherein theformulation comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the JAKinhibitor.

29) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theformulation comprises a human equivalent dose (HED) of the JAKinhibitor.

30) A method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in asubject, comprising:

releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract ofthe subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, whereinthe method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a JAK inhibitor.

31) The method of embodiment 30, wherein the pharmaceutical compositionis an ingestible device and the method comprises administering orally tothe subject the pharmaceutical composition.

32) The method of embodiment 30 or 31, wherein the method does notcomprise releasing more than 10% of the JAK inhibitor at a location thatis not proximate to a site of disease.

33) The method of embodiment 30 or 31, wherein the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor at a location that is a site ofdisease or proximate to a site of disease that is 2-100 times greaterthan at a location that is not proximate to a site of disease.

34) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma ofthe subject that is less than 3 μg/mL.

35) The method of embodiment 34, wherein the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subject that isless than 0.3 μg/mL.

36) The method of embodiment 35, wherein the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subject that isless than 0.01 μg/mL.

37) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 33, wherein the methodprovides a C₂₄ value of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subjectthat is less than 3 μg/mL.

38) The method of embodiment 8, wherein the method provides a C24 valueof the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subject that is less than 0.3μg/mL.

39) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 38, wherein the JAKinhibitor is present in a therapeutically effective amount.

40) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 39, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the expression of JAK1.

41) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 39, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the expression of JAK2.

42) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 39, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the expression of JAK3.

43) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 39, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the expression of TYK-2.

44) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 39, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the kinase activity of TYK-2.

45) The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 44, wherein the JAKinhibitor is present in a pharmaceutical formulation within the device.

46) The method of embodiment 45, wherein the formulation is a solutionof the JAK inhibitor in a liquid medium.

47) The method of embodiment 46, wherein the formulation is a suspensionof the JAK inhibitor in a liquid medium.

48) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 47, wherein the diseaseof the GI tract is an inflammatory bowel disease.

49) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 47, wherein the diseaseof the GI tract is ulcerative colitis.

50) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 47, wherein the diseaseof the GI tract is Crohn's disease.

51) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the large intestine of thesubject.

52) The method of embodiment 51, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the large intestine.

53) The method of embodiment 51, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the large intestine.

54) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the ascending colon of thesubject.

55) The method of embodiment 54, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the ascending colon.

56) The method of embodiment 54, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the ascending colon.

57) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the cecum of the subject.

58) The method of embodiment 57, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the cecum.

59) The method of embodiment 57, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the cecum 60) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50,wherein the JAK inhibitor is released at a location in the sigmoid colonof the subject.

61) The method of embodiment 60, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the sigmoid colon.

62) The method of embodiment 60, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the sigmoid colon.

63) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the transverse colon of thesubject.

64) The method of embodiment 63, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the transverse colon.

65) The method of embodiment 63, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the transverse colon.

66) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the descending colon of thesubject.

67) The method of embodiment 66, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the descending colon.

68) The method of embodiment 66, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the descending colon.

69) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the small intestine of thesubject.

70) The method of embodiment 69, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the small intestine.

71) The method of embodiment 69, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the small intestine.

72) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the duodenum of the subject.

73) The method of embodiment 72, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the duodenum.

74) The method of embodiment 72, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the duodenum.

75) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the jejunum of the subject.

76) The method of embodiment 75, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the jejunum.

77) The method of embodiment 75, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the jejunum.

78) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 50, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the ileum of the subject.

79) The method of embodiment 78, wherein the location is in the proximalportion of the ileum.

80) The method of embodiment 78, wherein the location is in the distalportion of the ileum.

81) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein thelocation at which the JAK inhibitor is released is 10 cm or less fromone or more sites of disease.

82) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein thelocation at which the JAK inhibitor is released is 5 cm or less from oneor more sites of disease.

83) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein thelocation at which the JAK inhibitor is released is 2 cm or less from oneor more sites of disease.

84) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released by mucosal contact.

85) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the JAKinhibitor is delivered to the location by a process that does notcomprise systemic transport of the JAK inhibitor.

86) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, furthercomprising identifying the one or more sites of disease by a methodcomprising imaging of the gastrointestinal tract.

87) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein themethod comprises identifying the disease site prior to administering thepharmaceutical composition.

88) The method of embodiment 87, wherein the method comprises releasingthe JAK inhibitor substantially at the same time as identifying thedisease site.

89) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprising (a)identifying a subject having a disease of the gastrointestinal tract and(b) evaluating the subject for suitability to treatment.

90) The method of any one of embodiments 30 or 32 to 44 or 46 to 89,wherein releasing the JAK inhibitor is triggered by one or more of: a pHin the jejunum from 6.1 to 7.2, a pH in the mid small bowel from 7.0 to7.8, a pH in the ileum from 7.0 to 8.0, a pH in the right colon from 5.7to 7.0, a pH in the mid colon from 5.7 to 7.4, a pH in the left colonfrom 6.3 to 7.7, such as 7.0.

91) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein releasing theJAK inhibitor is not dependent on the pH at or in the vicinity of thelocation.

92) The method of any one of embodiments 30 or 32 to 44 or 46 to 89,wherein releasing the JAK inhibitor is triggered by degradation of arelease component located in the device.

93) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein releasing theJAK inhibitor is not triggered by degradation of a release componentlocated in the device.

94) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein releasing theJAK inhibitor is not dependent on enzymatic activity at or in thevicinity of the location.

95) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein releasing theJAK inhibitor is not dependent on bacterial activity at or in thevicinity of the location.

96) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein thecomposition comprises a plurality of electrodes comprising a coating,and releasing the JAK inhibitor is triggered by an electric signal bythe electrodes resulting from the interaction of the coating with theone or more sites of disease.

97) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein releasing theJAK inhibitor is triggered by a remote electromagnetic signal.

98) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein releasing theJAK inhibitor is triggered by generation in the composition of a gas inan amount sufficient to expel the JAK inhibitor.

99) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein releasing theJAK inhibitor is triggered by an electromagnetic signal generated withinthe device according to a pre-determined drug release profile.

100) The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 89, wherein theingestible device comprises an ingestible housing, wherein a reservoirstoring the JAK inhibitor is attached to the housing.

101) The method of embodiment 100, further comprising:

detecting when the ingestible housing is proximate to a respectivedisease site of the one of the one or more sites of disease,

wherein releasing the JAK inhibitor comprises releasing thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor from the reservoirproximate the respective disease site in response to the detection.

102) The method of embodiment 101, wherein detecting comprises detectingvia one or more sensors coupled to the ingestible housing.

103) The method of embodiment 102, wherein the one or more sensorscomprise a plurality of coated electrodes and wherein detectingcomprises receiving an electric signal by one or more of the coatedelectrodes responsive to the one or more electrode contacting therespective disease site.

104) The method of embodiment 101, wherein releasing comprises openingone or more valves in fluid communication with the reservoir.

105) The method of embodiment 104, wherein the one or more valves iscommunicably coupled to a processor positioned in the housing, theprocessor communicably coupled to one or more sensors configured todetect the one or more sites of disease.

106) The method of embodiment 101, wherein releasing comprises pumpingthe therapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor from thereservoir via pump positioned in the ingestible housing.

107) The method of embodiment 106, wherein the pump is communicablycoupled to a processor positioned in the housing, the processorcommunicably coupled to one or more sensors configured to detect the oneor more sites of disease.

108) The method of embodiment 100, wherein the therapeutically effectiveamount of the JAK inhibitor is stored in the reservoir at a reservoirpressure higher than a pressure in the gastrointestinal tract of thesubject.

109) The method of embodiment 100, further comprising anchoring theingestible housing at a location proximate to the respective diseasesite in response to the detection.

110) The method of embodiment 109, wherein anchoring the ingestiblehousing comprises one or more legs to extend from the ingestiblehousing.

111) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein theamount of the JAK inhibitor that is administered is from about 1 mg toabout 500 mg.

112) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the JAKinhibitor is selected from tofacitinib (Xeljanz®), filgotinib (GLPG0634,Galapagos NV); TD-1473 (Theravance Biopharma, Inc.); ruxolitinib; andgeneric equivalents thereof.

113) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the JAKinhibitor is ruxolitinib.

114) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 113, wherein the amountof the JAK inhibitor is less than an amount that is effective when JAKinhibitor is administered systemically.

115) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, comprisingadministering (i) an amount of the JAK inhibitor that is an inductiondose.

116) The method of embodiment 115, further comprising (ii) administeringan amount of the JAK inhibitor that is a maintenance dose following theadministration of the induction dose.

117) The method of embodiment 115 or 116, wherein the induction dose isadministered once a day.

118) The method of embodiment 115 or 116, wherein the induction dose isadministered once every three days.

119) The method of embodiment 115 or 116, wherein the induction dose isadministered once a week.

120) The method of embodiment 116, wherein step (ii) is repeated one ormore times.

121) The method of embodiment 116, wherein step (ii) is repeated once aday over a period of about 6-8 weeks.

122) The method of embodiment 116, wherein step (ii) is repeated onceevery three days over a period of about 6-8 weeks.

123) The method of embodiment 116, wherein step (ii) is repeated once aweek over a period of about 6-8 weeks.

124) The method of embodiment 116, wherein the induction dose is equalto the maintenance dose.

125) The method of embodiment 116, wherein the induction dose is greaterthan the maintenance dose.

126) The method of embodiment 116, wherein the induction dose is 5 timesgreater than the maintenance dose.

127) The method of embodiment 116, wherein the induction dose is 2 timesgreater than the maintenance dose.

128) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein themethod comprises releasing the JAK inhibitor at the location in thegastrointestinal tract as a single bolus.

129) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 127, wherein the methodcomprises releasing the JAK inhibitor at the location in thegastrointestinal tract as more than one bolus.

130) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 127, wherein the methodcomprises delivering the JAK inhibitor at the location in thegastrointestinal tract in a continuous manner.

131) The method of embodiment 130, wherein the method comprisesdelivering the JAK inhibitor at the location in the gastrointestinaltract over a time period of 20 or more minutes.

132) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 131, wherein the methoddoes not comprise delivering a JAK inhibitor rectally to the subject.

133) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 131, wherein the methoddoes not comprise delivering a JAK inhibitor via an enema to thesubject.

134) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 131, wherein the methoddoes not comprise delivering a JAK inhibitor via suppository to thesubject.

135) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 131, wherein the methoddoes not comprise delivering a JAK inhibitor via instillation to therectum of the subject.

136) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 131, wherein the methoddoes not comprise surgical implantation.

137) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 136, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the kinase activity of JAK1.

138) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 136, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the kinase activity of JAK2.

139) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 136, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the kinase activity of JAK3.

140) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 136, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the kinase activity of a single JAK isoform.

141) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 136, wherein the JAKinhibitor decreases the kinase activity of two or more (e.g., 3 or 4)of: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2.

142) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 96 or 98 to 141, whereinthe composition is an autonomous device.

143) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 142, wherein thecomposition comprises a mechanism capable of releasing the JAKinhibitor.

144) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 143, wherein thecomposition comprises a tissue anchoring mechanism for anchoring thecomposition to the location.

145) The method of embodiment 144, wherein the tissue anchoringmechanism is capable of activation for anchoring to the location.

146) The method of embodiment 144 to 145, wherein the tissue anchoringmechanism comprises an osmotically-driven sucker.

147) The method of embodiment 144, 145, or 146, wherein the tissueanchoring mechanism comprises a connector operable to anchor thecomposition to the location.

148) The method of embodiment 147, wherein the connector is operable toanchor the composition to the location using an adhesive, negativepressure and/or fastener.

149) The method of embodiment 100, wherein the reservoir is ananchorable reservoir.

150) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein thepharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device, comprising:

a) a housing;

b) a reservoir located within the housing and containing the JAKinhibitor,

c) a mechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor from the reservoir; and

d) an exit valve configured to allow the JAK inhibitor to be releasedout of the housing from the reservoir.

151) The method of embodiment 150, wherein the ingestible device furthercomprises:

an electronic component located within the housing; and a gas generatingcell located within the housing and adjacent to the electroniccomponent, wherein the electronic component is configured to activatethe gas generating cell to generate gas.

152) The method of embodiment 150 or 151, wherein the ingestible devicefurther comprises: a safety device placed within or attached to thehousing, wherein the safety device is configured to relieve an internalpressure within the housing when the internal pressure exceeds athreshold level.

153) The method of embodiment 30 to 89, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is an ingestible device, comprising:

a) a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

b) an electronic component located within the housing;

c) a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component, wherein the electronic component is configured toactivate the gas generating cell to generate gas;

d) a reservoir located within the housing, wherein the reservoir storesa dispensable substance and a first end of the reservoir is attached tothe first end of the housing;

e) an exit valve located at the first end of the housing, wherein theexit valve is configured to allow the dispensable substance to bereleased out of the first end of the housing from the reservoir; and

f) a safety device placed within or attached to the housing, wherein thesafety device is configured to relieve an internal pressure within thehousing when the internal pressure exceeds a threshold level.

154) The method of embodiment 30 to 89, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is an ingestible device, comprising:

a) a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

b) an electronic component located within the housing,

c) a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component, wherein the electronic component is configured toactivate the gas generating cell to generate gas;

d) a reservoir located within the housing, wherein the reservoir storesa dispensable substance and a first end of the reservoir is attached tothe first end of the housing;

e) an injection device located at the first end of the housing, whereinthe jet injection device is configured to inject the dispensablesubstance out of the housing from the reservoir; and

f) a safety device placed within or attached to the housing, wherein thesafety device is configured to relieve an internal pressure within thehousing.

155) The method of embodiment 30 to 89, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is an ingestible device, comprising:

a) a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

b) an optical sensing unit located on a side of the housing, wherein theoptical sensing unit is configured to detect a reflectance from anenvironment external to the housing;

c) an electronic component located within the housing;

d) a gas generating cell located within the housing and adjacent to theelectronic component, wherein the electronic component is configured toactivate the gas generating cell to generate gas in response toidentifying a location of the ingestible device based on thereflectance;

e) a reservoir located within the housing, wherein the reservoir storesa dispensable substance and a first end of the reservoir is attached tothe first end of the housing;

f) a membrane in contact with the gas generating cell and configured tomove or deform into the reservoir by a pressure generated by the gasgenerating cell; and

g) a dispensing outlet placed at the first end of the housing, whereinthe dispensing outlet is configured to deliver the dispensable substanceout of the housing from the reservoir.

156) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein thepharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device as disclosed in U.S.Patent Application Ser. No. 62/385,553, incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety.

157) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein thepharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device as disclosed in U.S.Patent Application Ser. No. 62/478,955, incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety.

158) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 89, wherein thepharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device comprising alocalization mechanism as disclosed in international patent applicationPCT/US2015/052500, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

159) A method of treating a disease of the large intestine of a subject,comprising:

releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the proximal portion of thelarge intestine of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites ofdisease,

wherein the method comprises administering endoscopically to the subjecta therapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor, wherein themethod does not comprise releasing more than 20% of the JAK inhibitor ata location that is not proximate to a site of disease.

160) A method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in asubject, comprising:

releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the proximal portion of thelarge intestine of the subject that is proximate to one or more sites ofdisease, wherein the method comprises administering endoscopically tothe subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is an ingestible device.

161) The method of embodiment 159 or 160, wherein the method does notcomprise releasing more than 20% of the JAK inhibitor at a location thatis not proximate to a site of disease

162) The method of embodiment 159, 160 or 161 wherein the method doesnot comprise releasing more than 10% of the JAK inhibitor at a locationthat is not proximate to a site of disease.

163) The method of any one of embodiments 159, 160 or 161, wherein themethod provides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor at a location thatis a site of disease or proximate to a site of disease that is 2-100times greater than at a location that is not proximate to a site ofdisease.

164) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 163, wherein the methodprovides a concentration of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of thesubject that is less than 5000 ng/mL, or less than 3000 ng/mL.

165) The method of embodiment 164, wherein the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subject that isless than 500 ng/mL, or less than 300 ng/mL.

166) The method of embodiment 165, wherein the method provides aconcentration of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subject that isless than 50 ng/mL, or less than 10 ng/mL.

167) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 163, wherein the methodprovides a C₂₄ value of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subjectthat is less than 5000 ng/mL, or less than 3000 ng/mL.

168) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 163, wherein the methodprovides a C₂₄ value of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subjectthat is less than 500 ng/mL, or less than 300 ng/mL.

169) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 163, wherein the methodprovides a C₂₄ value of the JAK inhibitor in the plasma of the subjectthat is less than 50 ng/mL, or less than 10 ng/mL.

170) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 163, wherein thecomposition does not comprise an enteric coating.

171) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 170, wherein the JAKinhibitor is not a cyclic peptide.

172) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 170, wherein the JAKinhibitor is present in a pharmaceutical formulation within the device.

173) The method of embodiment 172, wherein the formulation is a solutionof the JAK inhibitor in a liquid medium.

174) The method of embodiment 172, wherein the formulation is asuspension of the JAK inhibitor in a liquid medium.

175) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 174, wherein thedisease of the large intestine is an inflammatory bowel disease.

176) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 174, wherein thedisease of the large intestine is ulcerative colitis.

177) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 174, wherein thedisease the large intestine is Crohn's disease.

178) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 177, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the proximal portion of theascending colon.

179) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 177, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the proximal portion of thececum.

180) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 177, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the proximal portion of thesigmoid colon.

181) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 177, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the proximal portion of thetransverse colon.

182) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 177, wherein the JAKinhibitor is released at a location in the proximal portion of thedescending colon.

183) The method of any one of embodiments 159 to 177, wherein the methodcomprises administering to the subject a reservoir comprising thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor, wherein thereservoir is connected to the endoscope.

184) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, furthercomprising administering a second agent orally, intravenously orsubcutaneously, wherein the second agent is the same JAK inhibitor; adifferent JAK inhibitor; or an agent having a different biologicaltarget from the JAK inhibitor, wherein the second agent is an agentsuitable for treating an inflammatory bowel disease.

185) The method of embodiment 184, wherein the JAK inhibitor isadministered prior to the second agent.

186) The method of embodiment 184, wherein the JAK inhibitor isadministered after the second agent.

187) The method of embodiment 184, wherein the JAK inhibitor and thesecond agent are administered substantially at the same time.

188) The method of embodiment 184, wherein the second agent isadministered intravenously.

189) The method of embodiment 184, wherein the second agent isadministered subcutaneously.

190) The method of any one of embodiments 184 to 189, wherein the amountof the second agent is less than the amount of the second agent when theJAK inhibitor and the second agent are both administered systemically.

191) The method of embodiment 190, wherein the second agent is a JAKinhibitor.

192) The method of embodiment 190, wherein second agent is methotrexate.

193) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 183, wherein the methoddoes not comprise administering a second agent.

194) The method of any one of embodiments 148 to 193, wherein the methodcomprises identifying the disease site prior to endoscopicadministration.

195) The method of any one of embodiments 148 to 193, wherein the methodcomprises identifying the disease site substantially at the same time asreleasing the JAK inhibitor.

196) The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein themethod comprising monitoring the progress of the disease.

197) The method of embodiment 196, wherein monitoring the progress ofthe disease comprises measuring the weight of the subject over a periodof about 1-14 weeks, such as about 6-8 weeks following administration ofthe JAK inhibitor.

198) The method of embodiment 196 or 197, wherein monitoring theprogress of the disease comprises measuring the food intake of thesubject over a period of about 1-14 weeks, such as about 6-8 weeksfollowing administration of the JAK inhibitor.

199) The method of embodiment 196, 197 or 198, wherein monitoring theprogress of the disease comprises measuring the level of blood in thefeces of the subject over a period of about 1-14 weeks, such as about6-8 weeks following administration of the JAK inhibitor.

200) The method of embodiment 196, 197 or 198, wherein monitoring theprogress of the disease comprises measuring the level of abdominal painof the subject over a period of about 1-14 weeks, such as about 6-8weeks following administration of the JAK inhibitor.

201) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 200, wherein the methoddoes not comprise administering a JAK inhibitor with a spray catheter.

202) The method of any one of embodiments 30 to 201, wherein the methodcomprises administering a JAK inhibitor with a spray catheter.

203) A method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in asubject, comprising:

releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract ofthe subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, whereinthe method comprises administering to the subject a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the JAKinhibitor the method comprising one or more of the following steps:

a) identifying a subject having a disease of the gastrointestinal tract;

b) determination of the severity of the disease;

c) determination of the location of the disease;

d) evaluating the subject for suitability to treatment;

e) administration of an induction dose of the JAK inhibitor;

f) monitoring the progress of the disease; and/or

g) optionally repeating steps e) and f) one or more times.

204) The method of embodiment 203, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is an ingestible device and the method comprisesadministering orally to the subject the pharmaceutical composition.

205) The method of embodiment 203 or 204, wherein the method comprisesadministering one or more maintenance doses following administration ofthe induction dose in step e).

206) The method of embodiment 205, wherein the induction dose is a doseof the JAK inhibitor administered in an ingestible device.

207) The method of embodiment 205 or 206, wherein the maintenance doseis a dose of the JAK inhibitor administered in an ingestible device asdisclosed herein.

208) The method of embodiment 205 or 206, wherein the maintenance doseis a dose of the JAK inhibitor delivered systemically.

209) The method of embodiment 205, wherein the induction dose is a doseof the JAK inhibitor delivered systemically.

210) The method of embodiment 205 or 209, wherein the maintenance doseis a dose of the JAK inhibitor administered in an ingestible device.

211) The method of embodiment 205, wherein the induction dose is a doseof a second agent as delivered systemically.

212) The method of embodiment 205 or 209, wherein the maintenance doseis a dose of the JAK inhibitor administered in an ingestible device.

213) A JAK inhibitor delivery apparatus comprising:

a) an ingestible housing comprising a reservoir having a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the JAKinhibitor stored therein;

b) a detector coupled to the ingestible housing, the detector configuredto detect when the ingestible housing is proximate to a respectivedisease site of the one of the one or more sites of disease;

c) a valve system in fluid communication with the reservoir system; and

d) a controller communicably coupled to the valve system and thedetector, the controller configured to cause the valve system to open inresponse to the detector detecting that the ingestible housing isproximate to the respective disease site so as to release thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor at the respectivedisease site.

214) The JAK inhibitor delivery apparatus according to embodiment 213,further comprising a pump positioned in the ingestible housing, the pumpconfigured to pump the therapeutically effective amount of the JAKinhibitor from the reservoir in response to activation of the pump bythe controller responsive to detection by the detector of the ingestiblehousing being proximate to the respective disease site.

215) The JAK inhibitor delivery apparatus according to embodiment 214,wherein the controller is configured to cause the pump to pump thetherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor from the reservoiraccording to the following protocol.

216) The JAK inhibitor delivery apparatus according to embodiment 213,wherein the valve system comprises a dissolvable coating.

217) The JAK inhibitor delivery apparatus according to embodiment 213,wherein the valve system comprises one or more doors configured foractuation by at least one of sliding, pivoting, and rotating.

218) The JAK inhibitor delivery apparatus according to embodiment 213,wherein the valve system comprises an electrostatic shield.

219) The JAK inhibitor delivery apparatus according to embodiment 213,wherein the reservoir comprises a pressurized cell.

220) The JAK inhibitor delivery apparatus according to embodiment 213,further comprising at least one actuatable anchor configured to retainthe ingestible housing at the respective disease site upon actuation.

221) The JAK inhibitor delivery apparatus according to embodiment 213,herein the actuatable anchor is retractable.

222) A composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of theJAK inhibitor of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein thecomposition is capable of releasing the JAK inhibitor at a location inthe gastrointestinal tract of the subject.

223) The composition of embodiment 222, wherein the compositioncomprises a tissue anchoring mechanism for anchoring the composition tothe location.

224) The composition of embodiment 223, wherein the tissue anchoringmechanism is capable of anchoring for anchoring to the location.

225) The composition of embodiment 223 or 224, wherein the tissueanchoring mechanism comprises an osmotically-driven sucker.

226) The composition of embodiment 223, 224 or 225, wherein the tissueanchoring mechanism comprises a connector operable to anchor thecomposition to the location.

227) The composition of embodiment 226, wherein the connector isoperable to anchor the composition to the location using an adhesive,negative pressure and/or fastener.

228) A JAK inhibitor for use in a method of treating a disease of thegastrointestinal tract in a subject, wherein the method comprises orallyadministering to the subject an ingestible device loaded with the JAKinhibitor, wherein the JAK inhibitor is released by the device at alocation in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximateto one or more sites of disease.

229) The JAK inhibitor for use of embodiment 228, wherein the JAKinhibitor is contained in a reservoir suitable for attachment to adevice housing, and wherein the method comprises attaching the reservoirto the device housing to form the ingestible device, prior to orallyadministering the ingestible device to the subject.

230) An attachable reservoir containing a JAK inhibitor for use in amethod of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract, wherein themethod comprises attaching the reservoir to a device housing to form aningestible device and orally administering the ingestible device to asubject, wherein the JAK inhibitor is released by device at a locationin the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that is proximate to one ormore sites of disease.

231) A composition comprising or consisting of an ingestible deviceloaded with a therapeutically effective amount of a JAK inhibitor, foruse in a method of treatment, wherein the method comprises orallyadministering the composition to the subject, wherein the JAK inhibitoris released by the device at a location in the gastrointestinal tract ofthe subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

232) The JAK inhibitor for use according to embodiment 228 or 229, theattachable reservoir compartment for use according to embodiment 230, orthe composition for use according to embodiment 231, wherein the sitesof disease have been pre-determined.

233) The JAK inhibitor for use according to embodiment 228 or 229, theattachable reservoir compartment for use according to embodiment 230, orthe composition for use according to embodiment 231, wherein theingestible device further comprises an environmental sensor and themethod further comprises using the environmental sensor to identify thelocation of one or more sites of disease.

234) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse the composition for use, according to embodiment 233, wherein theenvironmental sensor is an imaging sensor and the method furthercomprising imaging the gastrointestinal tract to identify the locationof one or more sites of disease.

235) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse, or the composition for use, according to embodiment 234, whereinthe imaging detects inflamed tissue and/or lesions associated with adisease of the gastrointestinal tract.

236) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse or the composition for use, according to any one of embodiments 228to 234, wherein the disease of the GI tract is one or more of aninflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

237) An ingestible device loaded with a therapeutically effective amountof a JAK inhibitor, wherein the device is controllable to release theJAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subjectthat is proximate to one or more sites of disease.

238) The device of embodiment 237 for use in a method of treatment ofthe human or animal body.

239) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse or the composition for use according to any one of embodiments 228to 236, or the device according to embodiment 237 or embodiment 238,wherein the ingestible device comprises:

a) a housing defined by a first end, a second end substantially oppositefrom the first end, and a wall extending longitudinally from the firstend to the second end;

b) a reservoir located within the housing and containing the JAKinhibitor wherein a first end of the reservoir is connected to the firstend of the housing;

c) a mechanism for releasing the JAK inhibitor from the reservoir; and

d) an exit value configured to allow the JAK inhibitor to be releasedout of the housing from the reservoir.

240) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse or the composition for use according to any one of embodiments 228to 236, or the device according to embodiment 237 or embodiment 238,wherein the ingestible device comprises:

a) an ingestible housing comprising a reservoir compartment having atherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor stored therein;

b) a release mechanism having a closed state which retains the JAKinhibitor in the reservoir and an open state which releases the JAKinhibitor from the reservoir to the exterior of the device; and

c) an actuator which changes the state of the release mechanism from theclosed to the open state.

241) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse, the composition for use, or the device according to embodiments 239or 240, wherein the ingestible device further comprises an environmentalsensor for detecting the location of the device in the gut and/or fordetecting the presence of disease in the GI tract.

242) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse, the composition for use, or the device according to embodiment 241,wherein the ingestible device further comprises a communication systemfor transmitting data from the environmental sensor to an externalreceiver.

243) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse, the composition for use, or the device according to embodiment 241or 242, wherein the ingestible device further comprises a processor orcontroller which is coupled to the environmental sensor and to theactuator and which triggers the actuator to cause the release mechanismto transition from its closed state to its open state when it isdetermined that the device is in the presence of diseased tissue and/oris in a location in the gut that has been predetermined to be proximalto diseased tissue.

244) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse, the composition for use, or the device according to embodiment 242,wherein the communication system further comprises means for receiving asignal from an external transmitter, and wherein the actuator is adaptedto be triggered in response to the signal.

245) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse, the composition for use, or the device according to any one ofembodiments 239 to 244, wherein the ingestible device further comprisesa communication system for transmitting localization data to an externalreceiver.

246) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse, the composition for use, or the device according to any one ofembodiments 239 to 242, wherein the ingestible device further comprisesa communication system for transmitting localization data to an externalreceiver and for receiving a signal from an external transmitter;wherein the actuator is adapted to be triggered in response to thesignal.

247) The JAK inhibitor for use, the attachable reservoir compartment foruse, the composition for use, or the device according to any one ofembodiments 148 to 246, wherein the ingestible device further comprisesa deployable anchoring system and an actuator for deploying theanchoring system, wherein the anchoring system is capable of anchoringor attaching the ingestible device to the subject's tissue.

248) The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 221, wherein the methodcomprises determining the level of the JAK inhibitor at the location ofdisease following administration of the device.

249) The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 221 or 248, wherein themethod comprises determining that the level of JAK inhibitor at thelocation of disease at the time point following administration of thedevice is higher than the level of the JAK inhibitor at the samelocation of disease at substantially the same time point followingsystemic administration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor.

250) The method of embodiment 248, wherein the method comprisesdetermining the level of the JAK inhibitor in the GI tissue of thesubject at a time point following administration of the device.

251) The method of embodiment of any one of embodiments 31 to 221 or250, wherein the method comprises determining the level of the JAKinhibitor in one or more of the lumen/superficial mucosa, the laminapropria, the submucosa, and the tunica muscularis/serosa in the subjectat a time point following administration of the device.

252) The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 221 or 250, wherein themethod comprises determining that the level of the JAK inhibitor in theGI tissue at a time point following administration of the device ishigher than the level of the JAK inhibitor in the GI tissue of a subjectat substantially the same time point following systemic administrationof an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor.

253) The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 221 or 251, wherein themethod comprises determining that the level of the JAK inhibitor in thelumen/superficial mucosa in the subject following administration of thedevice is elevated as compared to the level of JAK inhibitor in thelumen/superficial mucosa in a subject at substantially the same timepoint following systemic administration of an equal amount of the JAKinhibitor.

254) The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 221 or 248 to 253,wherein the method comprises determining the level of the JAK inhibitorin the tissue of the subject within a time period of about 10 minutes to10 hours following administration of the device.

255) The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 221 or 248 to 254,wherein the method comprises determining a level of a marker at thelocation of disease in the subject following administration of thedevice.

256) The method of embodiment 255, wherein the marker is a biomarker andthe method comprises determining that the level of the biomarker at thelocation of disease in the subject at a time point followingadministration of the device is decreased as compared to a level of thebiomarker in the subject prior to administration of the device or alevel of the biomarker in a subject at the same location of disease atsubstantially the same time point following systemic administration ofan equal amount of the JAK inhibitor.

257) The method of embodiment 256, wherein the level of the biomarker inthe subject at a time point following administration of the device is 1%decreased to 99% decreased as compared to the level of the biomarker inthe subject prior to administration of the device or the level of thebiomarker in a subject at the same location of disease at substantiallythe same time point following systemic administration of an equal amountof the JAK inhibitor.

258) The method of embodiment 256 or 257, wherein the method comprisesdetermining the level of the biomarker in the subject at a time pointthat is 10 minutes to 10 hours following administration of the device.

259) The method of embodiment 256, 257, or 258, wherein the level of thebiomarker is one or more of: the level of interferon-K in GI tissue, thelevel of IL-1β in GI tissue, the level of IL-6 in GI tissue, the levelof IL-22 in GI tissue, the level of IL-17A in the GI tissue, the levelof TNFα in GI tissue, the level of IL-2 in GI tissue.

260) The method of embodiment 255, wherein the method comprisesdetermining that the level of the marker at the time point followingadministration of the device is decreased relative to the level of themarker in the subject prior to administration of the device or the levelof the marker in a subject at the same location of disease atsubstantially the same time point following systemic administration ofan equal amount of the JAK inhibitor.

261) The method of embodiment 260, wherein the level of the marker inthe subject at the time point following administration of the device is1% decreased to 99% decreased as compared to the level of the marker inthe subject prior to administration of the device or the level of themarker in a subject at the same location of disease at substantially thesame time point following systemic administration of an equal amount ofthe JAK inhibitor.

262) The method of embodiment 260 or 261, wherein the method comprisesdetermining the level of the marker in the subject within a time periodof about 10 minutes to about 10 hours following administration of thedevice.

263) The method of embodiment 260, 261 or 262, wherein the level of themarker is an endoscopy score in the subject.

264) The method of embodiment 238, wherein the method comprisesdetermining that the level of the marker in the subject at the timepoint following administration of the device is elevated as compared tothe level of the marker in the subject prior to administration of thedevice or the level of the marker in a subject at the same location ofdisease at substantially the same time point following systemicadministration of an equal amount of the JAK inhibitor.

265) The method of embodiment 247, wherein the level of the marker inthe subject following administration of the device is 1% increased to400% increased as compared to the level of the marker in the subjectprior to administration of the device or the level of the marker in asubject at the same location of disease at substantially the same timepoint following systemic administration of an equal amount of the JAKinhibitor.

266) The method of embodiment 264 or 265, wherein the method comprisesdetermining the level of the marker in the subject within a time periodof about 10 minutes to about 10 hours of administration of the device.

267) The method of embodiment 264, 265 or 266 wherein the level of themarker is one or both of subject weight and stool consistency.

268) The method of any one of embodiments 31 to 221 or 248 to 267,wherein the method comprises determining the time period of onset oftreatment following administration of the device.

269) A method for treating colitis in a subject, wherein the colitis isassociated with treatment of the subject with one or moreimmuno-oncology agents, the method comprising releasing a JAK inhibitorat a location in the gastrointestinal tract of the subject that isproximate to one or more sites of disease, wherein the method comprisesadministering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising atherapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor.

270) The method of embodiment 269, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is an ingestible device and the method comprisesadministering orally to the subject the pharmaceutical composition.

271) The method of embodiment 269 or 270, wherein at least one of theone or more immuno-oncology agents is a chemotherapeutic agent.

272) The method of embodiment 271, wherein the chemotherapeutic agent isa chemotherapeutic immunomodulator.

273) The method of embodiment 272, wherein the chemotherapeuticimmunomodulatory is an immune checkpoint inhibitor.

274) The method of embodiment 273, wherein the immune checkpointinhibitor targets or decreases an activity of an immune checkpointprotein selected from the group consisting of: CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1,PD-1-PD-L1, PD-1-PD-L2, interleukin 2 (IL 2), indoleamine2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), IL 10, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), Tcell immunoglobulin and mucin 3 (TIM3 or HAVCR2), Galectin 9-TIM3,Phosphatidylserine-TIM3, lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein (LAG3),MHC class II-LAG3, 4 1BB-4 1BB ligand, OX40-OX40 ligand, GITR, GITRligand-GITR, CD27, CD70-CD27, TNFRSF25, TNFRSF25-TL1A, CD40L, CD40-CD40ligand, HVEM-LIGHT-LTA, HVEM, HVEM-BTLA, HVEM-CD160, HVEM-LIGHT,HVEM-BTLA-CD160, CD80, CD80-PDL-1, PDL2-CD80, CD244, CD48-CD244, CD244,ICOS, ICOS-ICOS ligand, B7 H3, B7 H4, VISTA, TMIGD2, HHLA2-TMIGD2,Butyrophilins, including BTNL2, Siglec family, TIGIT and PVR familymembers, KIRs, ILTs and LIRs, NKG2D and NKG2A, MICA and MICB, CD244,CD28, CD86-CD28, CD86-CTLA, CD80-CD28, CD39, CD73 Adenosine-CD39-CD73,CXCR4-CXCL12, Phosphatidylserine, TIM3, Phosphatidylserine-TIM3,SIRPA-CD47, VEGF, Neuropilin, CD160, CD30, and CD155.

275) The method of embodiment 273, wherein the immune checkpointinhibitor is selected from the group consisting of: Urelumab, PF05082566, MEDI6469, TRX518, Varlilumab, CP 870893, Pembrolizumab (PD1),Nivolumab (PD1), Atezolizumab (formerly MPDL3280A) (PDL1), MEDI4736(PD-L1), Avelumab (PD-L1), PDR001 (PD1), BMS 986016, MGA271, Lirilumab,IPH2201, Emactuzumab, INCB024360, Galunisertib, Ulocuplumab, BKT140,Bavituximab, CC 90002, Bevacizumab, and MNRP1685A, and MGA271.

276) The method of embodiment 273, wherein the immune checkpointinhibitor targets CTLA-4.

277) The method of embodiment 273, wherein the immune checkpointinhibitor is an antibody.

278) The method of embodiment 277, wherein the antibody is ipilimumab ortremelimumab.

279) The method of embodiment 273, wherein the immune checkpointinhibitor targets PD1 or PD-L1.

280) The method of embodiment 273, wherein the immune checkpointinhibitor is selected from the group of: nivolumab, lambroizumab, andBMS-936559.

281) The method of embodiment 269, wherein at least one of the one ormore immuno-oncology agents is a T-cell that expresses a chimericantigen receptor (a CAR-T cell).

282) The method of any one of embodiments 269 to 281, wherein thetreatment of the subject with one or more immuno-oncology agents furtherincludes treatment of the patient with an immunosuppressant.

283) The method of embodiment 269, wherein at least one of the one ormore immuno-oncology agents is a PI-3 kinase inhibitor.

284) A method for treating colitis in a subject comprising:

a) determining that the subject has colitis associated with treatment ofthe subject with one or more immuno-oncology agents; and

b) releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tractof the subject that is proximate to one or more sites of colitis,wherein the method comprises administering to the subject apharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amountof the JAK inhibitor. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcomposition is an ingestible device. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition is an ingestible device and the methodcomprises administering orally to the subject the pharmaceuticalcomposition.

285) A method for treating colitis, comprising releasing a JAK inhibitorat a location in the gastrointestinal tract of a subject who has beendetermined to have colitis associated with treatment of the subject withone or more immuno-oncology agents, wherein the location is proximate toone or more sites of colitis, wherein the method comprises administeringto the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the JAK inhibitor.

286) The method of embodiment 254 or 285, wherein the pharmaceuticalcomposition is an ingestible device and the method comprisesadministering orally to the subject the pharmaceutical composition.

287) An ingestible device, comprising:

a) a JAK inhibitor;

b) one or more processing devices; and

c) one more machine readable hardware storage devices storinginstructions that are executable by the one or more processing devicesto determine a location of the ingestible device in a portion of a GItract of a subject to an accuracy of at least 85%.

288) The ingestible device of embodiment 287, wherein the accuracy is atleast 90%.

289) The ingestible device of embodiment 287, wherein the accuracy is atleast 95%.

290) The ingestible device of embodiment 287, wherein the accuracy is atleast 97%.

291) The ingestible device of embodiment 287, wherein the accuracy is atleast 98% 292) The ingestible device of embodiment 287, wherein theaccuracy is at least 99%.

293) The ingestible device of embodiment 287, wherein the accuracy is100%.

294) The ingestible device of embodiment 287, wherein the portion of theGI tract of the subject comprises the duodenum.

295) The ingestible device of embodiment 287, wherein the portion of theGI tract of the subject comprises the jejunum.

296) The ingestible device of embodiment 287, wherein the portion of theGI tract of the subject comprises the terminal ileum, cecum and colon.

297) The ingestible device of any of embodiments 287-296, furthercomprising first and second light sources, wherein the first lightsource is configured to emit light at a first wavelength, and the secondlight source is configured to emit light at a second wavelengthdifferent from the first wavelength.

298) The ingestible device of embodiment 297, further comprising firstand second detectors, wherein the first detector is configured to detectlight at the first wavelength, and the second detector is configured todetect light at the second wavelength.

299) An ingestible device, comprising:

a) a JAK inhibitor;

b) one or more processing devices; and

c) one more machine readable hardware storage devices storinginstructions that are executable by the one or more processing devicesto determine that the ingestible device is in the cecum of a subject toan accuracy of at least 70%.

300) The ingestible device of embodiment 299, wherein the accuracy is atleast 75%.

301) The ingestible device of embodiment 299, wherein the accuracy is atleast 80%.

302) The ingestible device of embodiment 299, wherein the accuracy is atleast 85%.

303) The ingestible device of embodiment 299, wherein the accuracy is atleast 88% 304) The ingestible device of embodiment 299, wherein theaccuracy is at least 89%.

305) An ingestible device, comprising:

a) a JAK inhibitor;

b) one or more processing devices; and

c) one more machine readable hardware storage devices storinginstructions that are executable by the one or more processing devicesto transmit data to a device capable of implementing the data todetermine a location of the medical device in a portion of a GI tract ofa subject to an accuracy of at least 85%.

306) The ingestible device of embodiment 305, wherein the accuracy is atleast 90%.

307) The ingestible device of embodiment 305, wherein the accuracy is atleast 95%.

308) The ingestible device of embodiment 305, wherein the accuracy is atleast 97%.

309) The ingestible device of embodiment 305, wherein the accuracy is atleast 98% 310) The ingestible device of embodiment 305, wherein theaccuracy is at least 99%.

311) The ingestible device of embodiment 305, wherein the accuracy is100%.

312) The ingestible device of embodiment 305, wherein the portion of theportion of the GI tract of the subject comprises the duodenum.

313) The ingestible device of embodiment 305, wherein the portion of theportion of the GI tract of the subject comprises the jejunum.

314) The ingestible device of embodiment 305, wherein the portion of theportion of the GI tract of the subject comprises the terminal ileum,cecum and colon.

315) The ingestible device of any of embodiments 305 to 314, furthercomprising first and second light sources, wherein the first lightsource is configured to emit light at a first wavelength, and the secondlight source is configured to emit light at a second wavelengthdifferent from the first wavelength.

316) The ingestible device of embodiment 315, further comprising firstand second detectors, wherein the first detector is configured to detectlight at the first wavelength, and the second detector is configured todetect light at the second wavelength.

317) The ingestible device of any of embodiments 305 to 315, wherein thedata comprise intensity data for at least two different wavelengths oflight.

318) An ingestible device, comprising:

a) a JAK inhibitor;

b) one or more processing devices; and

c) one more machine readable hardware storage devices storinginstructions that are executable by the one or more processing devicesto transmit data to an external device capable of implementing the datato determine that the ingestible device is in the cecum of subject to anaccuracy of at least 70%.

319) The ingestible device of embodiment 318, wherein the accuracy is atleast 75%.

320) The ingestible device of embodiment 318, wherein the accuracy is atleast 80%.

321) The ingestible device of embodiment 318, wherein the accuracy is atleast 85%.

322) The ingestible device of embodiment 318, wherein the accuracy is atleast 88% 323) The ingestible device of embodiment 318, wherein theaccuracy is at least 89%.

324) The device of any one of embodiments 287 to 317, wherein the JAKinhibitor is present in a therapeutically effective amount.

325) A method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in asubject, comprising:

releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract ofthe subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, whereinthe method comprises administering orally to the subject the ingestibledevice of any one of embodiments 287 to 324, the method furthercomprising determining a location of the ingestible medical device in aportion of a GI tract of a subject to an accuracy of at least 85%.

326) The method of embodiment 325, wherein the accuracy is at least 90%.

327) The method of embodiment 325, wherein the accuracy is at least 95%.

328) The method of embodiment 325, wherein the accuracy is at least 97%.

329) The method of embodiment 325, wherein the accuracy is at least 98%330) The method of embodiment 325, wherein the accuracy is at least 99%.

331) The method of embodiment 325, wherein the accuracy is 100%.

332) The method of embodiment 325, wherein the portion of the portion ofthe GI tract of the subject comprises the duodenum.

333) The method of embodiment 325, wherein the portion of the portion ofthe GI tract of the subject comprises the jejunum.

334) The method of embodiment 325, wherein the portion of the portion ofthe GI tract of the subject comprises the terminal ileum, cecum andcolon.

335) The method of embodiment 325, wherein determining the location ofthe ingestible device within the GI tract of a subject comprisesdetermining reflected light signals within the GI tract, wherein thereflected signals comprise light of at least two different wavelengths.

336) The method of embodiment 335, wherein the reflected signalscomprise light of at least three different wavelengths.

337) The method of embodiment 335 or 336, wherein:

a) the reflected light comprise first and second wavelengths;

b) the first wavelength is between 495-600 nm; and

c) the second wavelength is between 400-495 nm.

338) The method of embodiment 337, wherein the first and secondwavelengths are separated by at least 50 nm.

339) A method of treating a disease of the gastrointestinal tract in asubject, comprising:

releasing a JAK inhibitor at a location in the gastrointestinal tract ofthe subject that is proximate to one or more sites of disease, whereinthe method comprises administering orally to the subject the ingestibledevice of any one of embodiments 287 to 324, the method furthercomprising determining a location of an ingestible medical device withinthe GI tract of a subject based on measured reflected light signalswithin the GI tract, wherein the reflected signals comprise light of atleast two different wavelengths.

340) The method of embodiment 339, wherein the reflected signalscomprise light of at least three different wavelengths.

341) The method of embodiment 339, wherein:

a) the at least two different wavelengths comprise first and secondwavelengths;

b) the first wavelength is between 495-600 nm; and

c) the second wavelength is between 400-495 nm.

342) The method of embodiment 341, wherein the first and secondwavelengths are separated by at least 50 nm.

343) The method of any one of embodiments 325 to 342, wherein the JAKinhibitor is present in a therapeutically effective amount 344) Aningestible device, comprising:

a) a housing;

b) a gas generating cell located within the housing; and

c) a storage reservoir located within the housing,

wherein:

the storage reservoir stores a JAK inhibitor; and

the ingestible device is configured so that, when the gas generatingcell generates a gas, the JAK inhibitor exits the ingestible device viaan opening in the ingestible device.

345) The ingestible device of embodiment 344, further comprising aninjection device configured so that, when the gas generating cellgenerates the gas, the gas moves the injection device to force the JAKinhibitor out of the ingestible device via the opening.

346) The ingestible device of embodiment 345, wherein the injectiondevice comprises a syringe.

347) The ingestible device of embodiment 345 or 346, further comprisinga component configured to position the injection device at an epitheliallayer and spread the epithelial layer prior to a delivery of the JAKinhibitor.

348) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 344 to 347, furthercomprising a membrane configured so that, when the gas generating cellgenerates the gas, the gas moves the membrane to force the JAK inhibitorout of the ingestible device via the opening.

349) The ingestible device of embodiment 348, wherein the membranecomprises a piston configured so that, when the gas generating cellgenerates the gas, the gas moves the membrane to force the JAK inhibitorout of the ingestible device via the opening.

350) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 344 to 349, furthercomprising an optical sensing unit supported by the housing, wherein theoptical sensing unit is configured to detect a reflectance from anenvironment external to the housing.

351) The ingestible device of embodiment 350, wherein the ingestibledevice is configured to determine a location of the ingestible devicebased on the reflectance detected by the optical sensing unit.

352) The ingestible device of embodiment 350 or embodiment 351, whereinthe gas generating cell generates the gas based on the reflectancedetected by the optical sensing unit.

353) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 344 to 352, furthercomprising an electronic component within the housing, wherein theelectronic component is configured to active the gas generating cell.

354) The ingestible device of embodiment 353, wherein the gas generatingcell is adjacent the electronic component.

355) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 344 to 354, furthercomprising a safety device configured to relieve an internal pressurewithin the housing.

356) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 344 to 355,wherein:

a) the housing has a first end, a second end and a wall extendingbetween the first and second ends; and

b) the storage reservoir is adjacent to the first end.

357) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 344 to 356, whereinthe storage reservoir stores a therapeutically effective amount of theJAK inhibitor.

358) A reservoir configured for use in an ingestible device, wherein thereservoir comprises a therapeutic agent.

359) The reservoir of embodiment 358, wherein the reservoir comprises ahousing and the housing comprises a plastic.

360) The reservoir of embodiment 358 or 359, wherein the plasticcomprises at least one material selected from the group consisting ofPVC, silicone and polycarbonate.

361) The reservoir of any of embodiments 358 to 360, wherein theingestible device when fully assembled and packaged satisfies theregulatory requirements for marketing a medical device in the UnitedStates of America.

362) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 361, wherein thetherapeutic agent comprises a JAK inhibitor.

363) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 362, wherein thereservoir is configured to partially fit within the housing of theingestible device.

364) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 363, wherein thereservoir is configured to entirely fit within the housing of theingestible device 365) The reservoir of any of embodiments 358 to 362,wherein the reservoir is configured to attach to the housing of theingestible device.

366) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 365, wherein thereservoir is configured to friction fit with the ingestible device.

367) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 366, wherein thereservoir is configured to be held to the ingestible device via abiasing mechanism.

368) The reservoir of embodiment 367, wherein the biasing mechanismcomprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of aspring, a latch, a hook, a magnet, and electromagnetic radiation.

369) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 368, wherein thereservoir is configured to fit into a groove or a track in the housingof the ingestible device.

370) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 369, wherein thereservoir is configured to snap fit to the ingestible device.

371) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 370, wherein thereservoir is configured to be pierced.

372) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 371, wherein thereservoir comprises a plastic.

373) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 372, wherein thereservoir comprises at least one material selected from the groupconsisting of PVC, polycarbonate and silicone.

374) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 373, wherein thereservoir comprises a metal or an alloy.

375) The reservoir of embodiment 374, wherein the reservoir comprisesstainless steel.

376) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 375, wherein thereservoir is configured to carry electronic components.

377) A kit, comprising:

a) an ingestible device; and

b) a reservoir configured for use in an ingestible device, wherein thereservoir comprises a therapeutic agent.

378) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 287 to 298, furthercomprising one or more elements of a device as recited in any one ofembodiments 100, 151, 152, 233, or 239 to 247.

379) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 299 to 304, furthercomprising one or more elements of a device as recited in any one ofembodiments 100, 151, 152, 233, or 239 to 247.

380) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 305 to 317, furthercomprising one or more elements of a device as recited in any one ofembodiments 100, 151, 152, 233, or 239 to 247.

381) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 318 to 324, furthercomprising one or more elements of a device as recited in any one ofembodiments 100, 151, 152, 233, or 239 to 247.

382) The ingestible device of any one of embodiments 344 to 357, furthercomprising one or more elements of a device as recited in any one ofembodiments 100, 151, 152, 233, or 239 to 247.

383) The reservoir of any one of embodiments 358 to 376, wherein thereservoir is configured for use in a device of any one of embodiments287 to 324, 344 to 357, or 378 to 382.

Other Embodiments

The various embodiments of systems, processes and apparatuses have beendescribed herein by way of example only. It is contemplated that thefeatures and limitations described in any one embodiment may be appliedto any other embodiment herein, and flowcharts or examples relating toone embodiment may be combined with any other embodiment in a suitablemanner, done in different orders, or done in parallel. It should benoted, the systems and/or methods described above may be applied to, orused in accordance with, other systems and/or methods. Variousmodifications and variations may be made to these example embodimentswithout departing from the spirit and scope of the embodiments, and theappended listing of embodiments should be given the broadestinterpretation consistent with the description as a whole.

1.-205. (canceled)
 206. A method of treating a gastrointestinal (GI)inflammatory disease or condition in a subject in need thereof,comprising: topically administering to the subject a pharmaceuticalformulation comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a JAKinhibitor, said topical administration comprising: orally administeringan ingestible device to the subject, said device containing thepharmaceutical formulation; and releasing the pharmaceutical formulationfrom the device (a) to a section or subsection of the subject's GI tractcontaining one or more inflammatory disease sites; or (b) proximal to asection or subsection of the subject's GI tract containing one or moreinflammatory disease sites; thereby treating at least one of the one ormore disease sites.
 207. The method of claim 206, wherein the devicecomprises a self-localization mechanism configured to determine a devicelocation within the subject's GI tract, and the method further comprisesdetermining the device location within the subject's GI tract via thedevice self-localization mechanism.
 208. The method of claim 207,wherein determining the device location within the subject's GI tractvia the device self-localization mechanism comprises detecting one ormore device transitions between portions of the subject's GI tract;optionally, the one or more device transitions occurs between portionsof the GI tract selected from the group consisting of: mouth andstomach; esophagus and stomach; stomach and duodenum; duodenum andjejunum; jejunum and ileum; ileum and cecum; and cecum and ascendingcolon; and combinations of any two or more of the foregoing.
 209. Themethod of claim 208, wherein the device self-localizes to the stomach,duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, or traverse colon withat least 80% accuracy; optionally, with at least 85% accuracy.
 210. Themethod of claim 206, wherein the release of the formulation from thedevice is autonomously triggered based on the self-localization of thedevice to a pre-selected location within the subject's GI tract;optionally, the pre-selected location is selected from the groupconsisting of the stomach, the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum, thececum, the ascending colon, and the traverse colon.
 211. The method ofclaim 210, wherein the release of the formulation from the device occursat substantially the same time as the device self-localizes to thepre-selected location.
 212. The method of claim 206, wherein the methodprovides a ratio of JAK inhibitor concentration in the subject's GItissue to JAK inhibitor concentration in the subject's blood, serum, orplasma ranging from about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about 2:1 to about2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about 600:1.
 213. Themethod of claim 206, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of theJAK inhibitor is an induction dose.
 214. The method of claim 206,wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the JAK inhibitor is amaintenance dose.
 215. The method of claim 206, wherein the JAKinhibitor is present in the pharmaceutical formulation at aconcentration of at least about 75% (w/w), about 80% (w/w), about 85%(w/w), or at least about 90% (w/w); optionally, at least about 95%,about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99% (w/w).
 216. The method ofclaim 206, wherein the JAK inhibitor is a small molecule, and thepharmaceutical formulation containing the small molecule JAK inhibitoroptionally comprises one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients,wherein the small molecule is optionally selected from abrocitinib,baricitinib, BMS-986165, decernotinib (VX509), filgotinib, itacitinib,oclacitinib, peficitinib, PF-06651600, PF-06700841, R333 (R932333), R348(R932348), ruxolitinib, solcitinib, TD-1473, TD-3504, tofacitinib andupadacitinib, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, prodrug ormetabolite thereof.
 217. The method of claim 216, wherein the smallmolecule is tofacitinib or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate,prodrug or metabolite thereof.
 218. A method of treating an inflammatorybowel disease (IBD) in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising:topically administering a pharmaceutical formulation comprising atherapeutically effective amount of tofacitinib (JAK Inhibitor), or abiosimilar thereof, (a) to a section or subsection of thegastrointestinal (GI) tract of the subject; or (b) proximal to a sectionor subsection of the GI tract of the subject; wherein said section orsubsection contains one or more inflammatory disease sites; therebytreating at least one of the one or more inflammatory disease sites.219. The method of claim 218, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation iscontained in an ingestible device, said device comprising aself-localization mechanism configured to determine a device locationwithin the subject's GI tract, and the method further comprisesdetermining the device location within the subject's GI tract via thedevice self-localization mechanism.
 220. The method of claim 218,wherein the topical administration comprises: orally administering theingestible device to the subject; and releasing the pharmaceuticalformulation from the device (a) to a section or subsection of thesubject's GI tract containing one or more inflammatory disease sites; or(b) proximal to a section or subsection of the subject's GI tractcontaining one or more inflammatory disease sites.
 221. The method ofclaim 219, wherein determining the device location within the subject'sGI tract via the device self-localization mechanism comprises detectingone or more device transitions between portions of the subject's GItract; optionally, the one or more device transitions occurs betweenportions of the GI tract selected from the group consisting of: mouthand stomach; esophagus and stomach; stomach and duodenum; duodenum andjejunum; jejunum and ileum; ileum and cecum; and cecum and ascendingcolon; and combinations of any two or more of the foregoing.
 222. Themethod of claim 218, wherein the method provides a ratio of tofacitinib,or the biosimilar thereof, concentration in the subject's GI tissue totofacitinib, or the biosimilar thereof, concentration in the subject'sblood, serum, or plasma ranging from about 2:1 to about 3000:1, about2:1 to about 2000:1, about 2:1 to about 1000:1, or about 2:1 to about600:1.
 223. An ingestible device comprising: a pharmaceuticalformulation comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a JAKinhibitor; one or more processing devices; and one more machine-readablehardware storage devices storing instructions that are executable by theone or more processing devices to (a) determine a location of theingestible device in the GI tract of the subject; and (b) release theformulation from the device at a pre-selected location of the GI tract;wherein the ingestible device is a self-localizing ingestible deviceconfigured for use in treating an inflammatory gastrointestinal diseaseor condition in a subject.
 224. The ingestible device of claim 223,wherein the device self-localizes in the pre-selected location of the GItract of the subject with an accuracy of at least 80%; optionally, thepre-selected location is selected from the group consisting of stomach,duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and traverse colon.225. The ingestible device of claim 224, further comprising: a housing;a force generator located within the housing; and a storage reservoirlocated within the housing, wherein the storage reservoir stores thepharmaceutical formulation; wherein the ingestible device is configuredsuch that the force generator generates a force, thereby initiating therelease of the formulation from the ingestible device into thepre-selected location of the GI tract.